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Biochemistry 2 > Final: ETC and oxidative phosphorylation > Flashcards

Final: ETC and oxidative phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

what organelle produces ATP?

A

mitochondria

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2
Q

mitochondria anatomy

A

inner and outer membrane

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3
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mito membrane

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4
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation (meaning of each word)?

A 
oxidation = molecules give up electrons
phosphorylation = addition of phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
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5
Q

oxidative phosphorylation overview sentence

A

make ATP by donating electrons to complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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6
Q

what are the complexes?

A

proteins or lipids coupled with metals (EX: iron and copper)

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7
Q

what is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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8
Q

overall purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

create a proton gradient which is used to create ATP

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9
Q

What does ETC start with?

A

NADH and FADH2

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10
Q

where do we get NADH and FADH2 from?

A

1) glycolysis in cytoplasm
2) citric acid cycle in mitochondria
3) fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria

dehydrogenases help generate NADH and FADH2

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11
Q

how do NADH and FADH2 from cytoplasm (glycolysis) enter mitochondria for ETC?

A

the malate-aspartate shuttle (enter as NADH)

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (enter ETC at FADH2)

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12
Q

what can we do with NAD+ created by complex I

A

can be re-used by dehydrogenases to create more NADH

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13
Q

relationship between CAC and ETC

A

they share a step! complex II (succinate dehydrogenase is also in CAC)
their activity rises and falls together

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14
Q

what happens in hypoxia (no oxygen)

A

ETC is interrupted, ATP synthesis doesn’t happen

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15
Q

what does ETC produce?

A

the passing of electrons creates an electrical current which provides energy that allows protons to be pumped out of the mitochondria and into the space between the outer and inner mito membrane

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16
Q

how do complexes push protons?

A

as electrons move through, the complexes change conformation to push protons across

17
Q

what do protons use to get across the mito membrane?

A

mito membrane is impermeable to protons

they use F0 proton channel attached to enzyme F1

18
Q

ADP/ATP antiport

A

pumps protons out of mitochondria and into cytoplasm

ATP leaves, a new ADP goes in to start cycle again

19
Q

energy payoff for NADH

A

1 NADH makes 3 ATP

this is bc NADH activates 3 proton pumps (1, 3, and 4)

20
Q

energy payoff for FADH2

A

1 FADH2 makes 2 ATP

bc it skips complex 1

21
Q

those payoffs are called

A

P/O (phosphate: oxygen) ratios

bc they require oxygen as final electron acceptor

22
Q

P/O ratio

A

rate of ATP produced per oxygen consumed for each molecule

these are approximates

23
Q

is ETC under hormonal control?

A

NO!

it is controlled by energy levels

24
Q

high ATP

A

slow down ETC

25
Q

high ADP

A

means low energy, speeds up ETC

26
Q

drugs do what to OX phos

A

break it up via uncoupling or inhibition

27
Q

uncoupling

A

ETC is normally coupled with ATP synthesis (they happen together)
uncoupling agents break this link by inserting their own proton channels (ionophores) inter inner mitochondrial membrane or by carrying protons back into mito matrix

28
Q

uncoupling agents cause bypass of what?

A

F0 (now F1 can’t phosphorylate ADP into ATP)

they dissipate proton gradient

29
Q

inhibition

A

chemicals/drugs inhibit components of ETC
STOPS flow of electrons through ETC
leads to decrease in ATP synthesis

30
Q

what builds up during inhibition?

A

electron donors: NADH and FADH2
this means body will stop making more
metabolic rate falls

31
Q

mitochondria inner membrane…why is it folded?

A

to increase surface area for ETC!

32
Q

energy requiring step of ATP synthesis

A

ATP release from ATP synthase requires most energy

ATP synthesis itself doesn’t require energy

33
Q

flow of protons through ATP synthase

A

flow of protons through F0 subunit causes rotation of F- plus gamma.
This rotation drives conformational changes in beta subunits that mediate binding of substrates, ATP synthesis, and release of ATP.

34
Q

proton gradient requirements (2)

A

functional ETC and a proton-impermeable membrane

35
Q

ETC and ATP synthesis inhibition

A

if one is inhibited, so is the other

36
Q

malate-aspartate shuttle

A

Malate to mitochondrial matrix
Malate to oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate then leaves mitochondria as aspartate to reset the cycle
In cytoplasm aspartate then becomes oxaloacetate again

37
Q

glycerophosphate shuttle

A

transfers NADH in cytosol to mitochondria since inner mito membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+

Biochemistry 2 (32 decks)

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