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Music History and Appreciation > Final Definitions > Flashcards

Final Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Sequence

A

A pattern repeated at a higher or lower pitch

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2
Q

Diatonic

A

Chords builtt from the seven tones of a major or minor scale

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3
Q

Homophonic texture

A

A melody with accompanying harmony

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4
Q

Patronage

A

Sponsorship by the aristocracy or the church

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5
Q

Theme

A

A musical idea used as a building block in the construction of a composition

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6
Q

Thematic development

A

The expansion of a theme through varying its melodic outline, rhythm, or harmony

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7
Q

Motives

A

The smallest melodic or rhythmic units, composing a theme

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8
Q

Ostinato

A

A short, repeated musical pattern

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9
Q

Absolute music

A

Music with no program

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10
Q

Multimovement cycle

A

The three or four movement form favored by Classical composers

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11
Q

Sonata-Allegro Form

A

A movement form where drama is presented in two opposing keys through an exposition, development, and recapitulations

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12
Q

Exposition

A

First section of sonata-allegro. Presents the two opposing keys and their themes.

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13
Q

Theme group

A

A theme of several related ideas

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14
Q

Bridge

A

A transition into a different key

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15
Q

Development

A

Modulation between keys, the conflict of the movement. Builds tension before the return to the home key.

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16
Q

Recapitulation

A

Return to the first theme in the tonic

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17
Q

Coda

A

Closing ideas leading to a final cadence in the home key

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18
Q

Theme and Variation

A

A common form for second movements where the theme is stated the varied through the piece. Variation can be melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic.

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19
Q

Minuet and Trio

A

Two dances usually presented as the third movement of a Classical symphony.

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20
Q

De capo

A

“From the beginning;” refers to replaying the first section of the piece after the second section, as in A-B-A.

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21
Q

Rounded Binary Form

A

The return of the main theme at the end of each section of the minuet and trio

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22
Q

Scherzo

A

Literally “jest.” Introduced as a replacement for the minuet by the anti-aristocratic Beethoven.

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23
Q

Rondo

A

A style based on the recurrence of a musical idea between contrasting episodes

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24
Q

String quartet

A

Two violins, a viola, and a cello

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25
Q

Divertimento and serenade

A

Light chamber genres played for evening occasions in the Classical period

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26
Q

Rocket theme

A

A quick, aggressive rhythmic theme rising from the lower to higher register

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27
Q

Steamroller Effect

A

A drawn out crescendo

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28
Q

Monothematic

A

A work or movement with a single theme

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29
Q

Modified sonata-allegro

A

A sonata-allegro movement with no development

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30
Q

Countermelody

A

A new melody arising after the main melody

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31
Q

Inversion

A

The turning of a motive or theme upside down

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32
Q

Cadenza

A

A virtuosic solo passage in the manner of improvisation towards the end of the movement

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33
Q

First-movement concerto form

A

Sonata allegro-form with a double exposition

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34
Q

Requiem

A

A mass for the dead

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35
Q

Secco

A

“Dry,” with spare accompaniment

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36
Q

Opera seria

A

Serious or tragic Italian opera

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37
Q

Opera buffa, ballad opera, opera comique

A

Comic opera

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38
Q

Viennese School (first)

A

Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

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39
Q

Folk song

A

Traditions songs and dances from native peoples

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40
Q

Exoticism

A

The interest in the music and culture of distant or foreign lands

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41
Q

Lied

A

A German solo art song, usually with piano accompaniment

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42
Q

Song cycle

A

A collection of art songs with a common theme

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43
Q

Through-composed form

A

A piece of music that proceeds from beginning to end with no repetition

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44
Q

Character piece

A

A short, lyrical piano work, the instrumental equivalent tp the song

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45
Q

Mazurka

A

A traditional Polish dance, famously composed by Chopin

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46
Q

Rubato

A

“Robbed time.” Where certain liberties are taken with the rhythm without upsetting the basic beat.

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47
Q

Ring shout

A

An extended call-and-response fed by religious fervor practiced by black slaves in the US.

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48
Q

Pentatonic scake

A

A five note scale

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49
Q

Program music

A

Instrumental music with literary or pictorial associations

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50
Q

Incidental music

A

Music accompanying a play, often including an overture

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51
Q

Symphonic poem

A

A one movement programmatic orchestra work designed by Franz Liszt. Also called a “tone poem.”

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52
Q

idée fixe

A

The “fixed idea,” a recurring musical theme unifying a multi movement work. Famously used in Symphony Fantastique

53
Q

Thematic transformation

A

The changing of a theme by altering the harmony, rhythm, meter, temp, etc.

54
Q

Pedal point

A

A sustained pitch over which harmonies change

55
Q

Bel canto

A

“Beautiful singing;” A hallmark style of Italian opera.

56
Q

Singspiel

A

A light, comic drama (in German) with spoken dialogue

57
Q

Melodrama

A

Scenes with spoken dialogue but striking orchestral accompaniment

58
Q

Music drama

A

The Wagnerian understanding of opera as the “total work of art,” with music, drama, art and poetry all masterfully commanded in the hands of a genius.

59
Q

Leitmotif

A

Lit. “leading motive.” A recurring theme throughout a work meant to indicate something.

60
Q

Grand opera

A

A French style of opera focused on epic historical themes for propagandist purposes.

61
Q

Naturalism

A

Based on the writings of Emile Zola, an art form focused on the realist and relatable rather than the wild or fantastic.

62
Q

Habanera

A

A Cuban dance-song from Havana, showcased in “Carmen”

63
Q

Verismo

A

Post-Romantic operatic trend. Focused on the realism, a progression of naturalist trends.

64
Q

Whole-tone scale

A

A scale composed only of whole steps, with no half steps. Lacks the pull towards a tonic.

65
Q

Part songs

A

Songs with three or four voice parts

66
Q

Melodie

A

A late-Romantic French art song (self-consciously separate from the German lied)

67
Q

Ballet

A

A French court dance that evolved to be part of scene transitions in French opera, and then into its own genre

68
Q

Pas de deux

A

Lit. “Dance for two.”

69
Q

Impressionism

A

A movement in reaction to realism that desired to capture the emotion of moments through light rather than capturing a detailed picture

70
Q

Symbolism

A

A movement that attempted to show things or ideas through suggestion rather than depiction

71
Q

Futurism

A

Declared an alienation from established institutions and focused on the dynamism of the 20th century

72
Q

Dadaism

A

Reacted to the horror of WWI by refusing to see art a something to be admired and making works of absurdity.

73
Q

Surrealism

A

Explored the world of dreams

74
Q

Cubism

A

Painting in geometric patterns (Embodied by Pablo Picasso)

75
Q

Expressionism

A

German movement which tried to dig deep into the psyche and uncover its darkest tendencies

76
Q

Second Viennese School

A

Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern

77
Q

Neo-Classical style

A

Return to the balance and order of the Classical era and to absolute music

78
Q

Formalism

A

The valuing of the formal above the expressive

79
Q

Avant-garde

A

The cutting edge of the artistic community, pushing the bounds of what is possible and/or permissible

80
Q

Changing meter

A

The constant shifting of the metrical flow

81
Q

Polyrhythm

A

The simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns

82
Q

Polychords

A

Highly dissonant chords of six or seven notes

83
Q

Polyharmony

A

The playing of two or more streams of harmony against each other

84
Q

Polytonality

A

The contrasting of two keys by presenting them simultaneously

85
Q

Atonal music

A

Music with on tonic

86
Q

Serialism

A

Refers to the twelve-tone system developed by Schoenberg, based on twelve chromatic notes in a “tone row.”

87
Q

Dodecaphonic

A

A Greek term meaning “twelve tone” sometimes used to refer to Schoenberg’s system.

88
Q

Transposed row

A

Same intervals, but different pitch

89
Q

Inversion (tone row)

A

Movements of the rows notes in the opposite direction

90
Q

Retrograde (tone row)

A

The arrangement of the pitches in reverse order

91
Q

Retrograde inversion

A

Turns the row upside down and backwards

92
Q

Sprechstimme

A

Speech-like melody

93
Q

Klangfarbenmelodie

A

Tone-color melody

94
Q

Total serialism

A

Webern’s expansion on Schoenberg’s idea of serialism to induce harmony, meter, timbre, etc.

95
Q

Ethnomusicology

A

The study of musical in its cultural and global contexts

96
Q

Vaudeville

A

A musical comedy show centered around making fun of immigrants

97
Q

Tin Pan Alley

A

Turn of the century commercial music tradition, derived from a street in Manhattan

98
Q

Strains

A

Regular sections from a march, each of which is repeated.

99
Q

Ragtime

A

An African-American piano genre popularized by Scott Joplin

100
Q

Blue notes

A

Notes in jazz/blues that focus on pitch blending

101
Q

Scat-singing

A

An instrumental-like approach to singing

102
Q

Chorus

A

A single statement of a melodic-harmonic progression

103
Q

Swing/Big Band Era

A

The successor to jazz; primarily in the Depression era

104
Q

Shakes

A

Shaking the lips to fluctuate between pitches

105
Q

Bebop (Bop)

A

A jazz style characterized by fast tempos and complex harmonies.

106
Q

Cool jazz

A

A laid-back style characterized by dense harmonies

107
Q

West coast jazz

A

A small-group jazz form with contrapuntal improv

108
Q

Riff

A

A short, melodic ostinato

109
Q

Underscoring

A

Music that is outside the drama, coming from an invisible orchestra

110
Q

Source music

A

Music within the drama

111
Q

Rhythm and Blues (R&B)

A

A genre of dance music with its roots in jazz

112
Q

Rockabilly

A

A combination of rock and roll with more “hillbilly,” country themes

113
Q

Soul

A

A blend of gospel, pop, and R&B

114
Q

Motown

A

A black-owned record label from Detroit

115
Q

Chance or aleatoric

A

Music which is based off a chance, like the rolling of dice

116
Q

Musique concrète

A

Uses sounds made by any natural source and then recorded onto magnetic tape to create music

117
Q

Tape music

A

Music built on musique concrete where music natural or electronic is recorded onto tape and then manipulated to create new music

118
Q

Synthesizer

A

The second (but most widely used) electronic musical instrument

119
Q

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

A

The program/means for talking to synthesizers and creating music

120
Q

Glissandi

A

Where a pitch slides up and down through frequencies that lie between pitches in the standard Western scale

121
Q

Flutter-tonguing

A

Moving the tongue quickly as if rolling and R while blowing into an instrument to create a distinctive sound

122
Q

Process music

A

The repetition of a simple musical idea over and over with gradual change and variation

123
Q

Phase music

A

Playing of tape music (usually) at different speeds to the music moves in and out of sync

124
Q

Polyrhythm

A

A style of music where each musician plays a unique rhythm

125
Q

Minimalism

A

A musical style which favors consonant harmonies and simple melodies that are combined and recombined over long periods of time

126
Q

Tintinnabulation

A

Shimmering, bell-like timbres

127
Q

Spiritual minimalism

A

A branch of minimalism focused on spiritual themes

128
Q

Microtones

A

Tones in smaller than half steps

129
Q

Drones

A

Continuous pitches held while other musical lines interweave

Music History and Appreciation (4 decks)

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