final deck

Question 1

Veto Player

Answer 1

An individual or collective actor whose agreement is essential for any policy change

Question 2

Institutionalization

Answer 2

the degree to which government processes and procedures are established, predictable and routinized

Question 3

Political Accountability

Answer 3

the ability of the citizenry directly or indirectly, to control political leaders and institutions

Question 4

Vertical Accountability

Answer 4

the ability of individuals and groups in a society to hold state institutions accountable.

Question 5

Horizontal Accountability

Answer 5

refers to the ability of the state’s institutions to hold one another accountable.

Question 6

Head of State

Answer 6

The official, symbolic representative of a country, authorized to speak on its behalf and represent it, particularly in world affairs, usually a president or monarch.

Question 7

Head of Government

Answer 7

The Key executive power in a state, usually a president or prime minister

Question 8

Parlimentarism

Answer 8

A term denoting a parliamentary system of democracy in which the executive and legislative branches are fused via parliament’s election of the chief executive. Power is concentrated in one place with few veto powers “majoritarian”. oldest model of democracy doesn’t separate executive and legislative powers. westminster

Question 9

Prime Minister

Answer 9

The head of government in parliamentary and semi presidential systems

Question 10

Vote of No Confidence

Answer 10

In parliamentary systems a vote by parliament to remove a government (prime minister and candidate) from power.

Question 11

Presidential System

Answer 11

A term denoting a presidential system of democracy in which the executive and legislature are elected independently and have separate and independent powers.

Question 12

Semi Presidentialism

Answer 12

A term denoting a semi presidential system of democracy in which executive power is divided between a directly elected president and a prime minister elected by a parliament.

Question 13

Cohabitation

Answer 13

share of power between a president and prime minister from different parties in a semipresidential system

Question 14

Judicial Review

Answer 14

The authority of the judiciary to decide whether a specific law contradicts a country’s constitution. Great Britain doesn’t have judicial review

Question 15

Common Law

Answer 15

legal system originating in Britian in which judges base decisions not only on their understanding of the written law but also on their understanding of past court cases: in contrast to code law.

Question 16

Code Law

Answer 16

legal system originating in ancient roman law and modified by napoleon in france in which judges may only follow the law as written and must ignore past decisions: in contrast to common law

Question 17

Bureacracy

Answer 17

officials appointed on the basis of marit and expertize who impliment policies lawfully, treat all citizens equally according to relevant law, and are held accountable by the head of the executive branch. key component to liberal democracy

Question 18

Principle Agent Problem

Answer 18

A problem in which a principal hires an agent to preform a task but the agent’s self interest doesn’t necessarily align with the principal’s, so the agent may not carry out the task as assigned.

Question 19

Legislative Oversight

Answer 19

members of the legislature, usually in committees, over the bureaucracy.

Question 20

Branches of Institutions

Answer 20

Judicial, beaucracy, legistlative, executive

Question 21

Collective Action Problem

Answer 21

individuals being unwilling to engage in a particular activity because of their rational belief that their individual actions will have little or no effect, yet collectively suffering adverse consequences when all fail to act.

Question 22

Single Member District

Answer 22

Electoral system in which each geographic district elects a single representative to a legislature.

Question 23

Plurality

Answer 23

the receipt of the most votes, but not the majority

Question 24

First Past the Post

Answer 24

a smd system in which the canidate with the plurality of votes wins

Question 25

Proportional Representation

Answer 25

electoral system in which seats in a legislature are apportioned on a purely proportional basis, giving each party the share of seats that matches its share of the total vote.

Question 26

Closed-list proportional representation

Answer 26

electoral system in which each party presents a ranked list of candidates, voters vote for the party rather than for individual candidates, and each party awards the seats it wins to the candidates on its list of rank order.

Question 27

Open List PR

Answer 27

Electoral system in which multiple candidates run in each district, voters vote for the individual candidate of their choice, and the candidates with the most votes in the party get seats the party wins.

Question 28

Dominate Party System

Answer 28

party system in which multiple parties exist but the same one wins every election and governs continuously.

Question 29

Two Party System

Answer 29

party system in which only two parties are able to garner enough votes to win an election, through more may compete: the uk an as are key examples

Question 30

Two and a Half Party System

Answer 30

party system in which two large pargies win the most vots but typically neither gains the majority, third party must join with the bigger ones for them to get the majority

Question 31

Duvergers Law

Answer 31

Institutionalist argument by french political scientist named maurice duverger that smd electoral systems will produce two major parties, eliminating the smaller ones.

Question 32

Neocorpratism

Answer 32

also called societal corporatism; corporatism that evolves historically and voluntarily rather than being mandated by the state, Germany is a key example.

Question 33

Interest Group Pluralism

Answer 33

interest group system in which many groups exist to represent particular interests and government remains officially neutral among them the US is a good example. Many groups independently represent the same broad interests.

Question 34

Peak Associations

Answer 34

organizations that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate aggreements with the state: the United States is a good example

Question 35

Patron Client Relationships

Answer 35

direct provision of material support to individual voters in exhcange for their support. most important where formal institutions are weakest or most restrictive. most important to authoritarian reimes, but live in democracies

Question 36

Social Movements

Answer 36

part of civil society: they have a loosely defined organizational structure and represent people who perceive themselves to be outside formal institutions seek major socioeconomic changes or employ non institutional forms of collective action.

Question 37

Types of Authoritarian Regimes

Answer 37

modernizing authoritarian, military, communist, theocratic, fascist, semi-authoritarian, personalist.

Question 38

Supreme Leader

Answer 38

individual who wields executive power with few formal limits in an authoritarian regime; in the islamic republic of iran, the formal title of the top ruling clerc

Question 39

Dictators Dilemma

Answer 39

an authoritarian ruler’s repression creates fear, which then breeds uncertianty about how much support the ruler has; in response, the ruler spends more resources than is reation to co-opt the opposition

Question 40

Regime Change

Answer 40

the process by which one regime changes to another. Democratization, Revolution from Below, Revolution From Above, Military Coup, Revolution, fascist Putsch, elections are not regime change

Question 41

Revolution

Answer 41

a relatively rapid transformation of the political system and social structure that results from the overthrow of the prior regime by mass participation in extralegal politcal action which is often though not always violent

Question 42

Revolutions from Above

Answer 42

revolutions in which the outcomes are negotiated among politcal elites, each with the backing of a segment of the populace

Question 43

Revolutions from Below

Answer 43

revolutions in which mass uprising of the populace to overthrow the government plays a central role

Question 44

Transitions to Democracy

Answer 44

a regime change typically involving a negotiated process that removes an authoritarian regime and concludes with a founding election of a new democratic regime

Question 45

Hardliners

Answer 45

leaders of an authoritarian regime who believe in repressing any opposition and preserving the status quo when faced with a demand for politcal liberalization or democratization

Question 46

Softliners

Answer 46

leaders of an authoritarian regime who are willing to consider comprimising with opponents as a means to survive demads for democratization

Question 47

Radicals

Answer 47

leaders of democracy movements who wish to achieve immidiate and complete democracy and are unwilling to comprimise with the existing regime

Question 48

Moderates

Answer 48

leaders of democracy movements who are willing to compromise with the authoritarian regime to gain partial democracy.

Question 49

Political Liberalization

Answer 49

the opening of the political system to greater participation: typically before a transition to democracy

Question 50

Pact

Answer 50

In a transtition to democracy, a conscious aggreement amond the most important political actors in the authoritarian regime and those in the civil society to establish a new form of government

Question 51

Democratic Consolidation

Answer 51

the widespread acceptance of democracy as the permanent form of political activity; all significant political elittes and their followers accpet democratic rules and are confident every one else does as well