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PLB 111 > Final deck > Flashcards

Final deck Flashcards

1
Q

How do plants fight gravity on land?

A

Lignin and evolution of vascular tissue

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2
Q

How do plants fight water loss on land (maintain water potential?)

A

stomatas with specialized walls. Cuticle

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3
Q

How do plants protect their gametes/zygotes from desiccation?

A

Sporopollenin polymer

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4
Q

What is the middle lamella and what does it contain (3)?

A

middle lamella is the apoplastic space inbetween primary walls that contains Mg2+, Ca2+ and pectins

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5
Q

What are the four ingredients in a primary cell wall?

A

Pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and proteins

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6
Q

Which is the hydrated and flexible one: primary or secondary cell wall?

A

Primary

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7
Q

What are the three differences between primary and secondary cell wall growth?

A

Primary: functions for cell growth and expansion, deposited during growth of cell, only withstands tensile forces
Secondary: functions for structural reinforcement, depostited after cell growth, and withstands tensile forces from gravity and hydrostatic pressure (keeps water inside)

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8
Q

When is the primary cell wall formed? When is the secondary wall formed?

A

Primary: formed during cell growth (cytokinesis)
secondary: formed after cell expansion is done

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9
Q

Where is extracellular cellulose made? Where is pectin made? Hemicellulose made?

A

Cellulose: made at the plasma membrane in cellulose synthase complexes.
Pectin: made at Golgi body
hemicellulose: made at the Golgi body

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10
Q

What hormone causes cell wall expansion? How does it do this?

A

Auxin promotes cell wall expansion by activating H+ pumps that acidify the matrix.

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11
Q

How does the acid-growth model work?

A

WHen the extracellular matrix is acidified, enzymes called expansins start breaking apart microfibrils. Increased water intake then expands the cell.

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12
Q

What is the difference between cellulose and amylose?

A

Cellulose is made by adding glucose monomers via an beta 1-4 bond, while amylose is made with an alpha 1-4 bond. This leads to a helical structure in amylose, and a pleated structure in cellulose

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13
Q

What is the difference between cellulose and hemicellulose?

A

Cellulose: made of only glucose beta 1-4 links
Hemicellulose: made of variable polysaccarides with 1-4 beta linkages

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14
Q

What is the difference between typical eudicot hemicellulose, and grass hemicellulose?

A

typical: GLC is main chain, and xylose chains allow for microfibril formation
Grasses: xylose main chain, while alt. sugars

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15
Q

What are pectins? where are they found?

A

Hydrophylic polysaccharides with acidic sugar residues. Found in primary cell wall

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16
Q

What is lignin made of? Where is it made?

A

Lignin is made of monolignols (phenylpropanoids) at the Cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complex

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17
Q

What is the phenylalanine ammonia lyase and when is it used?

A

PAL deaminates phenylalanine to start down the path of lignin formation

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18
Q

What pathway is needed to create lignin?

A

the Shikimate pathway

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19
Q

What is cutin and what is it used for?

A

Cutin is a fatty acid wax that is deposited on leaves to prevent desiccation

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20
Q

what is suberin used for? WHere is it and what is it made of?

A

Suberin is a FA-derived polymer that is a major component of the casparian strip

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21
Q

Which ions can dissolve in water? Which can dissolve in soil?

A

Water: anions and highly polar/stable gasses (N2, O2, and CO2)
soil: cations, N, P, and S

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22
Q

How is calcium, phosphorous, and nitrogen obtained by plants?

A

Calcium: though cation exchange by the plant roots
phosphorous: symbioses with fungi
nitrogen: symbioses with bacteria

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23
Q

What is the difference between eurdicot roots and monocot roots? (3)

A

Eudicots: has a tap root that defines axis, lateral branch root develop off of tap root, adventitous root develop from non-root organs
monocots: No tap root, instead has crown roots at top that anchor plant, seminal roots follow underneeth. Adventitious roots anchor plant in place

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24
Q

What four factors determine root uptake effectiveness?

A

1) rate of nutrient removal from soil
2) rate of growth outside of depletion zone
3) rates of active/passive transport into root
4) microbial symbiosis

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25
Q

What is the nutrient depletion zone?

A

An area that forms when rate of nutrient uptake exceeds rate of replenishment

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26
Q

what two ways do nutrients move along the root surface?

A

bulk flow, and diffusion

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27
Q

What three ways can plants give photosynthate to roots (rhizodeposits)?

A

1) sloughed-off cells: cells that contain high amounts of carbon compounds to feed microbes
2) mucilage: both protects and feeds microbes
3) signaling molecules: signals to microbes to move towords plant

28
Q

What are the two forms of fungal symbiosis? which one is the most common?

A

-Arbuscular mycorrhiza: fungi penetrates cortical cells and stays between cell wall and plasma membrane. Most common
-ectomycorrhiza: fungi do not penetrate root cells, but do penetrate the apoplast

29
Q

What are the two types of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection?

A

aurum-type and Paris-type

30
Q

What is a Hartig net?

A

A Hartig net is a network of mycorrhizal hyphae outside of the root

31
Q

Who creates NH4+ in the soil? Who breaks it down to NO3?

A

NH4+ is created by decomposers. It is then assimilated into NO3 by a series of nitrite and then nitrate fixing bacteria

32
Q

What enzyme is used for nitrate assimilation? what enzyme is used for nitrite assimilation?

A

Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase

33
Q

How do plants fix nitrogen into amino acids?

A

From NO3-, it is converted back to NH4+, then added to a Glutamate to make glutamine, which then is added to a 2-OG to make 2 glu by GOGAT

34
Q

What enzyme do microbes have that allow them to fix nitrogen in the air?

A

nitrogenase

35
Q

What are the four major types of lipids?

A

TAGs, Glyceroplipids, Waxes, and other (hormones and signaling)

36
Q

What is an oleosin and what is lipases

A

and oleosin is a ball of TAGs with their tails all inside. Lipases can then come in and cleave off a FA tail

37
Q

What two enzymes regulate malate concentration in the TCA cycle? Why do they do it?

A

Malic enzyme: allows for the incorporation of a second malate to the first to conjugate it into pyruvate. Lowers organic acid levels (including citrate)
PEP carboxylate: allows for additional TCA intermediates by turning a PEP into a malate. This allows for the removal of other intermediates for N assimilation or GNG

38
Q

What are the three steps in lignin biosynthesis

A

1)PAL deaminates Phe, which is then added to a CoA factor to designate it as a lignin precursor
2) precursor looses CoA, and is reduced to an aldehyde
3)Aldehyde is then reduced to an alcohol –> monolingnol

39
Q

what four enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation?

A

1)Nitrate reductase (reduces NO3 to NO2)
2) Nitrite reductase (reduces NO2 to NH4+)
3)Glutamine synthase (Fixes NH4+ to Glutamate to make a glutamine)
4)GOGAT (conjugates a Gln with a 2-OG to make two Glutamates)

40
Q

What enzyme is needed in order to fix N2 from the air?

A

Nitrogenase (reduces an N2 to 2 NH3s)(only found in bacteria)

41
Q

How many CesA subunits are there in a Cellulose synthase complex?

A

36 (6 per a rosette with 6 rosettes in a CSC)

42
Q

Describe a nutrient in all four groups and what it does

A

Group 1: N, or S. Involved in AA, DNA, and RNA formation
Group 2: P, Si, and B. Involved in DNA and RNA formation
Group 3: K, Ca++, Mg ++. Critical cofactors and ions
Groups 4: Fe, Mn, Cu. Enzyme cofactors

43
Q

Difference between Invertase, sucrose synthase, amylase, and startch phosphotase

A

Invertase: breaks sucrose into fructose and glucose
sucrose synthase: can transform UDP-GLc and fructose into sucrose, and visa versa
amylase: breakes amylopectin into maltose
startch phosphotase: uses phosphate to eat startch main frame

44
Q

What does the shikimate pathway produce?

A

Lignin and auxin and salicyclic acid

45
Q

What is the difference between phytoanticipins and phytoalexins?

A

Phytoalexins: inducible defense compounds
phytoanticipins: constitutive defense compounds

46
Q

What are the five types of chemical defenses? Which two are widely avaliable?

A

Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids are the most common, but glucosinolates, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides

47
Q

Is lignin a terpenoid or a phenylpropanoid

A

phenylpropanoid

48
Q

Which of the seven hormones are synthesized from isoprenoid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, the shikimate pathway, and the yang cycle?

A

Isoprenoids: GA, ABA, and some CKs
Lipid metabolism: JA
Nucleotide metabolism: some CKs
shikimate pathway: IAA
yang cycle: ethylene

49
Q

What does the Yang cycle do?

A

it recycles sulfur within the plant

50
Q

Which go to the nucleus and which cause a kinase cascade? Photochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

A

photochrome and cryptochrome go to the nucleus. Phototropin goes starts a kinase cascade

51
Q

Which experience phosphorylation during activation? Photochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

A

photochrome and phototropin are phosphorylated. Cryptochrome preforms a dimerization

52
Q

Which absorbs blue light and which absorbs red light? Phytochrome, cryptochrome and phototropin?

A

phytochrome absorbs red. Cryptochrome and phototropin absorbs blue

53
Q

Which have crown roots, seminal roots, and adventitious roots that can develop from root tissue?

A

Monocots

54
Q

Which have tap roots, lateral roots, and adventitious roots that cannot develop from the root tissue?

A

dicots

55
Q

What did Dr. Bloom’s CO2 enrichment study show?

A

That biomass at first went up, and then decreased with increased CO2. Believes that this is due to a cocurrent drop in NO3 assimilation

56
Q

Which cofactor prefers photorespiration, and which prefers photosynthesis? (Mg++ and Mn++)

A

Mn: prefers photorespiration
Mg: prefers photosynthesis

57
Q

What does the rubisco active site bind to?

A

Co2, O2, Me2+, RuBP, NADPH, and 6PG

58
Q

Which hormones work via repressor degredation,
versus kinase cascade,

A

Repressor degreation: GA, Eth, JA, IAA
Kinase Cascade: CK, ABA

59
Q

Where are receptors found for GA, IAA, ABA, Eth, JA, and CK found (3)?

A

ABA: plasma membrane
CK and Eth: ER membrane
JA, GA, and IAA: nucleus

60
Q

Which hormone is involved in stomatal closure?

A

ABA

61
Q

Which hormone is involved in wall acidification and cell expansion?

A

IAA

62
Q

Which hormone is involved with rhizobial infection

A

CK

63
Q

What do sieve elements do not have that other cells do?

A

No nuclei, vacuole, microfilaments, microtubules, golgi body, or ribosomes

64
Q

What are the cells found in xylem, and what are the cells found in phloem?

A

xylem: tracheids, vessels, parencyma
phloem: sieve tube cells, companion cells, and parencyma

65
Q

How many ATP and NADPHs made in photosynthesis per one CO2 fixed

A

3 ATPs and 2 NADPHs

66
Q

Which photosystem is found in the lumen, and which is found in the grana

A

PSII: grana
PSI: thylakoid

PLB 111 (9 decks)

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