Final Crime And Deviance Quiz

Question 1

Provide some examples of incapacitation

Answer 1

Long prison sentences, cutting off hands, chemical castration, and the death penalty

Question 2

What is the concept of retribution based on

Answer 2

Getting revenge for the crime committed

Question 3

Give some examples of restoration

Answer 3

Financially compensating the victim or organising a meeting between the offender and the victim to face consequences and encourage healing

Question 4

What did Durkheim believe was the primary purpose of criminal punishment

Answer 4

To enforce social regulation and morally unite members of a society in their collective outrage at the crime

Question 5

Define retributive and restitutive justice

Answer 5

Retributive= found in traditional societies with strong collective consciousness and is based on expressing outrage 
Restitutive= exists in modern societies with high degrees of individualism and focuses on repairing the harm done

Question 6

Why do Marxist sociologists believe criminal punishment is a ‘repressive state apparatus’

Answer 6

Because it protects ruling class property and discourages the working class from committing crimes or rebelling

Question 7

What did Melossi and Pavarini say about imprisonment

Answer 7

It is the main form of criminal punishment under capitalism because it mimics capitalist relations of production by enforcing offenders (workers) to give up their time

Question 8

What are the two types of punitive power in society Foucault focused on

Answer 8

Sovereign power and disciplinary power

Question 9

What did Foucault say about the panopticon prison

Answer 9

It exemplifies the nature of punishment and disciplinary power in society overall- forcing people to constantly self-surveil and monitor their own behaviour

Question 10

Define incapacitation

Answer 10

One of the most extreme methods of crime punishment focused on reduction and entails physically removing the capacity for the offender to re-offend in the same area

Question 11

The purpose of rehabilitation is to make the criminal pay for their crime for justice to be served. True or false

Answer 11

False

Question 12

What is victimisation in sociology

Answer 12

The study of who the victims of crime are, why some groups are more likely to become victims, and whether they are more susceptible to this because of certain characteristics

Question 13

Provide a definition of ‘victim’

Answer 13

A person who has suffered physical, mental, emotional, or financial harm or loss as a result of a crime

Question 14

Why is it important to study victims

Answer 14

To understand the circumstances of their victimhood, ensure they get justice, prevent further victimisation and keep the criminal justice process running

Question 15

What does examining patterns of victimisation tell us

Answer 15

The likelihood of victimisation is significantly affected by factors such as gender, class, ethnicity, age, (dis)ability, and wether they have already been a victim before

Question 16

Give an example of a subset of people that is at the highest risk of victimisation in their social group

Answer 16

According to the crime survey of England and Wales (2020), mixed-race people are most likely to be victimised across all ethnic minority groups

Question 17

Why are people who live in areas of high unemployment and deprivation more likely to be victimised

Answer 17

Crime rates are higher in such areas due to low enforcement of social control and the lack of security systems

Question 18

What are the two main approaches to victimology

Answer 18

Positivist victimology and critical victimology

Question 19

What are the three concerns of positivist victimology according to Miers

Answer 19

1) it aims to pinpoint the factors in individuals or their environments that increase the risk of victimisation
2) it focuses on interpersonal violent crimes
3) it aims to identify how victims contribute to their own victimisation

Question 20

What were the findings of Wolgang’s positivist research study

Answer 20

26% of homicides in Philadelphia between 1948-1952 were ‘victim-precipitated’

Question 21

Why has positivist victimology been criticised

Answer 21

It blames victims for their misfortune, takes away the agency of offenders, ignored wider structural factors, and focuses on one type of crime

Question 22

What is critical victimology based on and what does it argue

Answer 22

It is based on conflict theories such as Marxism and feminism. It’s argument is that some groups in society are powerless and structurally more vulnerable to victimisation, while also being denied victim status to cover up the crimes of the powerful

Question 23

What does the state play in making some groups in society ‘structurally powerless’

Answer 23

The state has the power to apply or deny the label of ‘victim’ as it wishes. As it usually sides with the powerful, it can deny already vulnerable groups the status of ‘victim’, making them structurally powerless

Question 24

Evaluate the critical victimology approach

Answer 24

It is useful in addressing societal power imbalances In victimisation, but also disregards the victim’s actions in the crime, and doesn’t analyse powerful groups who are still prone to being victims

Question 25

What did Tombs and Whyte say about corporate ‘safety’ crimes

Answer 25

They are often blamed on the workers rather than the employers who violated the law, leaving workers with no means of getting justice

Question 26

What is repeat victimisation

Answer 26

Repeat victimisation refers to the likelihood of an individual to be victimised again after they have already been victimised

Question 27

What is crime prevention

Answer 27

Strategies and measures that seek to prevent and reduce criminal activity before their occurrence

Question 28

What is ‘situational crime prevention’

Answer 28

An approach that aims to decrease opportunities to commit crimes. It does this by increasing the amount of effort required for the criminal activity and reducing the rewards obtained from it

Question 29

What are the three methods of crime prevention

Answer 29

Situational, environmental, and social and community prevention

Question 30

What is the ‘broken windows theory’

Answer 30

This is the logic which environmental crime prevention is based on. It states that physical signs of social disorder in an environment, such as broken windows or graffiti, invite criminal behaviour

Question 31

Provide examples of environmental methods of crime prevention

Answer 31

Zero Tolerance Policing, where minor offences are treated very seriously. Also, Anti-social Behaviour Orders, which heavily police non-criminal acts of nuisance

Question 32

What are the drawbacks of situational strategies of crime prevention

Answer 32

They displace crime rather than eradicating it. They can’t prevent the root causes of crime. Also, they only address ‘street’ crime

Question 33

What are the risk conditions that social and community measures refer to

Answer 33

Poverty, lack of secure housing, and unemployment

Question 34

What are targeted interventions give some examples

Answer 34

Targeted interventions refer to programmes that address and correct issues faced by vulnerable individuals/ groups, in an effort to reduce criminality. Examples are parenting courses and pre-school classes