final core 1 Flashcards
1
Q
●
A
Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and
2
Q
●
A
In other words, it is the branch of medicine that deals with the health status of a population
3
Q
●
A
Epidemiology considers the patterns of disease in terms of:
4
Q
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A
Epidemiology commonly uses statistics on:
5
Q
●
A
Its role is to help researchers and health authorities to:
6
Q
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A
It
7
Q
●
A
Observations and statistics help researchers and health authorities to:
8
Q
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A
Stats do not always show significant variations in the health status among population subgroups
9
Q
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A
It
10
Q
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A
Statistics tell us little about the degree and impact of illness.
11
Q
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A
Data on some areas, such as mental health, are incomplete or non-existent.
12
Q
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A
Do
13
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A
the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population
14
Q
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A
patterns of illness, disease and injury that do not result in death
15
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A
Morbidity levels increase as distance away from major cities increases.
16
Q
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A
Diseases
17
Q
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A
Measures include
18
Q
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A
the number of deaths in a group of people or from a disease over a specific time period, usually
19
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A
Stats:
20
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A
Over the last century, death rates have continuously declined
21
Q
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A
Main
22
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A
Most common causes of death are:
23
Q
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A
number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births.
24
Q
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A
considered to be the most important indicator of the health status of a nation
25
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can also predict adult life expectancy
26
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Infant mortality can be divided into:
27
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Stats:
28
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The decline in the infant mortality rate over recent decades can be attributed to:
29
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improved medical diagnosis and treatment of illness
30
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improved public sanitation
31
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health education
32
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Improved support services for parents and newborns and child
33
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length of time a person can expect to live
34
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More specifically, it refers to the average number of years of life remaining for a person at a
35
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Life expectancy at birth is a common indicator of health status and is o en used as evidence in
36
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Life expectancy is greater now than it was a few decades ago and is increasing. In other words,
37
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how much they contribute to the burden of illness in the community
38
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their potential for reducing this burden
39
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the health inequities experienced by certain groups within our society
40
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our growing and ageing population
41
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the high levels of chronic disease and other health problems evident in our society.
42
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refers to values “that favour measures that aim at decreasing or eliminating inequity; promoting
43
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Helps determine the impact these principles have on reducing health inequities and improving
44
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“Equity
45
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Due
46
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environments where “people live, work and play that protect people from threats to health and
47
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The government works to promote welcoming surroundings for everyone, but it also examines
48
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Diversity refers to the differences that exist between individuals and people groups.
49
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Australia is a very ethnic and diverse society, so there must be a variety of policies in place to
50
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The identification of priority population subgroups with inequitable health status is important
51
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The priority populations can also be based on geographical location such as rural and remote
52
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Epidemiology provides information on the incidence of mortality and morbidity in the Australian
53
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The prevalence of a condition is used to determine the number of people affected by the health
54
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The
55
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It
56
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Examples of diseases that have a high potential for being prevented include:
57
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These are lifestyle diseases mostly caused by inactivity and poor dietary choices, though this is
58
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A particular preventative action that has been taken recently is to reduce smoking in order to
59
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If prevention cannot occur, then early intervention is preferable, with higher rates of survival for
60
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These
61
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Early prevention and intervention → improved health status
62
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To reduce the burden of disease and create change → address both environmental determinants
63
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Direct - borne by the health care system
64
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Indirect - borne by individual or family
65
1
Why is it important to prioritise issues for health?
66
2
How do we identify health priority issues?
67
3
Describe the role of social justice in determining health priority issues
68
4
How can social justice contribute to improved health for all Australians?
69
1
Sociocultural determinants of health: family, peers, media, religion, culture
70
2
Socioeconomic determinants of health: employment, education and income
71
3
Environmental
72
Death
rates
73
The
ATSI
74
were
attributed
75
●
were employed, compared with those not employed (including those not in the labour force) (66%
76
forcible
removal
77
retention
of
78
indigenous
community.
79
The
empowerment
80
In
2006,
81
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Chronic disease is one of Australia’s greatest health concerns going forwards, and socioeconomically
82
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Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have:
83
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In 2011–12, people living in areas of the lowest socioeconomic status were 2.3 times as likely to smoke
84
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Other
85
income.
This
86
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Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have higher rates of homelessness - A lack of shelter and
87
●
Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have poorer access to health services and greater distances
88
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Socioeconomic
89
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Individuals
90
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Actions include
91
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Individuals can also help promote health in their family and friends by encouraging good health
92
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Communities can address health inequities by providing relevant health care and support services.
93
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The Australian Government addresses this inequity by supporting many community programs and
94
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Example of reduced-cost health care is Medicare. Medicare provides free or subsidised treatment
95
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Intersectoral collaboration is the best approach to the health inequities in this group as they are
96
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Health system: Persons with disabilities face barriers in all aspects of the health system.
97
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People with disability experience poorer health than other Australians. Nearly half of the people
98
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People with disabilities frequently use healthcare services and consult doctors, specialists, and
99
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Includes family, peers, media, religion and culture
100
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Just like other groups experiencing health issues, When it comes to people with disabilities there
101
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Income, employment and education
102
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Some people are limited in their access to education, requiring schools specifically designed for
103
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People with disabilities have lower levels of education compared to other Australians and many
104
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Include access to technology and health services and geographical location
105
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People with disabilities o en have reduced access to health services and some require technology
106
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The
107
Almost
half
108
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Early intervention programs
109
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Supported accommodation
110
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Living skills programs
111
●
Social groups
112
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Helping find employment
113
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Advocacy, and
114
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Awareness promotion
115
The
Australian
116
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Almost 1 in 5 Australians report having a disability with 1.4 million needing help with basic daily
117
●
2.1 million Australians of working age (15-64 years) have a disability.
118
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35.9% of Australia’s 8.9 million households include a person with disability.
119
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Only 4.4% of people with a disability in Australia use a wheelchair.
120
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Over three-quarters (76.8%) of people with disability reported a physical disorder as their main
121
High
levels
122
1)
OUTLINE the lifestyle behaviours that can contribute to chronic disease
123
2)
What is the most common Risk Factor for chronic disease
124
3)
How do multiple risk factors affect the likelihood of having some chronic diseases, for men
125
1)
Describe the three major types of CVD
126
2)
Describe Angina and atherosclerosis how do these contribute to CVD
127
3)
Identify the trend in cardiovascular disease. Explain the reasons for this trend using the
128
4)
What are the risk factors for CVD that people can modify to reduce the risk?
129
5)
What are the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants of CVD
130
6)
Outline the groups at risk of developing CVD
131
-
Tobacco smokers
132
-
People with a family history of CVD
133
-
People with hypertension
134
-
People with high blood lipids
135
-
Males
136
-
People who are sedentary
137
-
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, low SES groups and those living in rural and remote
138
●
Cancer refers to cells that have become abnormal and begin to multiply rapidly and cannot be
139
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It
140
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Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and can be deadly. O en to help minimise the damage
141
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There are four types: Skin, Breast, Lung and Prostate.
142
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Estimated number of cancer cases diagnosed in 2022 includes 88,982 males and 73,181 females
143
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Estimated number of deaths from cancer in 2022 includes 8,022 males and 21,974 females (total
144
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The risk of developing cancer increases with age.
145
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Age-standardised cancer mortality is expected to fall from 209 deaths per 100,000 people in 1982
146
●
The Australian population is ageing, and the risk of being diagnosed with cancer increases with
147
●
Lung Cancer
148
●
Prostate Cancer
149
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Skin Cancer
150
●
Breast Cancer
151
-
Protective
152
-
Risk factors may include older age, family or personal history, UV light exposure (the main source
153
-
Protective factors include regular breast self-examination for all women especially for those over
154
-
Risk factors include gender (females are more likely to develop this form of cancer), personal and
155
-
Protective factors include quitting smoking (reducing usage of tobacco), exercising more o en
156
-
Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, being overweight, lack of physical
157
-
Protective factors may include improving your diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular
158
-
Risk Factors may include age, ethnicity (you are also at more risk if you are an African American),
159
●
Elderly – 70% of diagnosis and 80% of cancer deaths were in people over 60 years of age because
160
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Males – cancer incidence was 1.4 times higher among males and death rates were 1.6 times
161
●
Rural and remote people – have higher mortality rates than other Australian from all cancers,
162
●
ATSI – are 10% more likely to be diagnosed and have 50% higher mortality rates from cancer due
163
●
Low SES – had higher rates of all cancers and higher death rates.
164
●
An injury is a negative effect that an incident has on the body.
165
●
They
166
●
Others
167
●
In Australia, injuries are a major factor in both mortality and morbidity.
168
●
The consequences of injury can be short term or long term; for example:
169
●
In 2010, deaths from injuries accounted for 6.2 percent of all deaths in Australia.
170
●
Injuries are a major health care issue in Australia, and the leading cause of death for people aged
171
●
575,000 hospitalisations in 2020–21
172
●
13,400 deaths in 2019–20
173
●
Injuries were the leading cause of death among young people in 2020, accounting for 73% of
174
●
The age-standardised rate of injury hospitalisation in 2020–21 was 7.9% higher than a year earlier.
175
●
Over the period from 2011–12 to 2016–17, the rate of hospitalisations increased by an annual
176
-
Protective factors may include not working in risky jobs, practising balance and body mechanics
177
-
Risk factors may include age (elderly), poor balance or working in a high-risk job, such a building,
178
-
Protective factors may include wearing a seatbelt, going the speed limit, wearing a helmet, and
179
-
Risk factors may include speeding, drunk driving, and fatigue. There are social and psychological
180
-
Protective factors may include development of resilience, employment, keeping a diary or journal
181
-
Risk
182
-
Protective factors may include the use of protective measures, risks assessments and workforce
183
-
Risk factors may include poor attitude to safety, unsafe work behaviours, and working in high risk
184
●
ATSI, who have higher rates for transport, violence, falls and drug related injury
185
●
Young children
186
●
People under 44, where injury accounts for almost ½ the deaths
187
●
Males between 15-25 years of age, particularly for transport injury
188
●
Unsafe drivers, particularly speeding or fatigue.
189
●
Workers in high-risk employment (e.g, construction)
190
●
People in rural and remote locations, due to the nature of their work and the greater distance to
191
●
The elderly
192
1
Go to the ABS population projections below. Take note of the population when:
193
The
ageing
194
In
2017 people aged 65 years and over made up 15% of Australia's population. This is projected to
195
-
The strain on aged care services is becoming more apparent as the population of people aged 85
196
-
As the ageing population increases, the number of working aged people supporting aged people
197
-
The issue with an ageing population was that there were fewer people working, putting a strain
198
-
As the growing and raging population increases the population living with chronic disease and
199
-
For example, over the last two decades, the number of centenarians (people aged 100 and up) has
200
-
An
201
●
There are health care professionals, who provide advice about lifestyle, managing disease, and
202
●
The government has appointed an Ambassador for Ageing, who is responsible for:
203
●
There
204
●
Using some of the annual growth in the housing equity of older Australians could help ensure
205
●
The national research priority ‘Promoting and maintaining good health’ → a national research
206
-
provides accommodation and care to older
207
-
can be a long-term move for individuals
208
-
This service is also offered on a temporary
209
-
For older people who can no longer live at
210
1
Identify the diseases that more commonly affect older people
211
2
Why are these diseases more prevalent amongst older people?
212
3
How will the prevalence of these diseases be affected by an ageing population?
213
1
Identify the chronic conditions
214
2
How can these trends be reversed?
215
-
Stopping smoking (or never starting) lowers the risk of serious health problems, such as heart
216
-
Eating healthy helps prevent, delay, and manage heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic
217
-
Regular
218
-
Over time, excessive drinking can lead to high blood pressure, various cancers, heart disease,
219
-
To
220
-
Oral
221
-
Insufficient sleep has been linked to the development and poor management of diabetes, heart
222
-
If
223
3
What is the relationship between these health conditions and disability?
224
4
What is the impact of chronic diseases and disability on the workforce?
225
5
According to the abs (link below)- how many people over 65 have a disability?
226
6
What is a carer? according to the abs, what is the trend of carers?
227
7
What are the areas of assistance required for older people
228
8
What is the average age for a carer? what relation would they have to the baby boomers?
229
●
Population growth and ageing increase the demand for healthcare services, which reduces the
230
●
Recently,
231
●
The government has taken action in response to workforce shortages by improving Australia’s
232
●
This then encourages people to plan for financial security and independence for their late years
233
1
Assess the impact of a growing and ageing population on carers of the elderly and volunteer
234
2
Investigate reasons for the projected shortage of carers in the future.
235
3
Suggest measures that could be taken to encourage people to carry out caring and voluntary
236
4
Investigate the three types of carer or volunteer organisations available to meet the needs of
237
-
The
238
-
Carer
239
-
Educational
240
-
Advocacy
241
promotes
the
242
-
Advocacy and policy development: Volunteering Australia works to influence government
243
-
Research
244
-
Capacity
245
-
Recognition
246
-
They help frail, older people and younger people with disabilities and their carers to maintain
247
-
They deliver over 4.5 million meals each year
248
-
They offer a range of meals to suit a client's personal requirements and can accommodate special
249
This
could
250
foster
a
251
CQ3
-
252
Established
in
253
-
Medicare is a national scheme providing Australians (and some overseas visitors) with free or
254
-
Australians help to cover its costs through the Medicare levy.
255
-
It covers families, children, people who live in remote areas and Indigenous Australians
256
●
seeing a GP or specialist
257
●
tests and scans, like x-rays
258
●
most surgery and procedures performed by doctors eye tests by optometrists.
259
access
to
260
is
paid
261
taken
from
262
$600
a
263
like
dentistry
264
to
choose
265
may
have
266
Health
care
267
●
GPs
268
●
nurses
269
●
allied health professionals
270
●
midwives
271
●
pharmacists
272
●
dentists
273
●
Aboriginal health workers
274
●
focus includes illness prevention, health
275
●
setting for this care includes a patient’s
276
classified
as
277
Public
hospitals
278
Medicare
number.
279
can
include
280
5
Is
281
This
service
282
this
or
283
with
modern technology to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and quality of care. The service should be
284
-
Research → Maybe not fully developed
285
-
Variety → There is so many types of cancer, so one type of drug may not be useful for another
286
-
People living in remote and rural areas have less access to healthcare facilities and services.
287
-
ATSI
288
-
Lower levels of education
289
-
Cost hindered 2.4% of people from seeing a GP, 14.8% from seeing a dentist, and 5.8% from seeing
290
-
16.6% of people waited longer than thought acceptable to see a GP
291
-
45.5% of Australians have private hospital cover, and 54.6% have ancillary cover (extras), such as
292
analyse
the
293
There
are
294
The
Royal
295
remote
communities
296
to
the
297
be
a
298
and
many
299
include
financial
300
In
addition,
301
justice
principles,
302
Criteria
Private
303
Access to service
Available 24/7
304
Availability
of
305
Ambulance
Emergency Only - $43.88 per
306
Extras
Extras Saver - $2.79 weekly
307
1
How are the social justice principles applied to improve Australia’s Health Status?
308
making them a priority health population group.
To improve Australia’s health status, this issue
309
to
prevent
310
collected
do
311
consider
the
312
-
increased credibility of many complementary and alternative health services
313
-
the growing multiculturalism of Australia
314
-
health insurance cover (benefits that come with private healthcare)
315
-
regulatory bodies and professional associations being made
316
-
Australians seeking a more holistic approach to health.
317
-
natural medicines (herbs, nutrition, homoeopathy, Chinese medicine, acupuncture, etc)
318
-
supplementation (vitamins, minerals, oils, protein, vegetable powders etc)
319
-
physiological treatment (physiotherapy, osteopathy, remedial massage, occupational therapists,
320
-
energy-based treatments (crystals, some forms of massage, some types of acupuncture etc)
321
-
Some health care products and services are not regulated (regulated meaning that have
322
-
Who to believe
323
-
What do you need to make an informed decision
324
●
Five
325
●
The
326
●
Health promotion initiatives: Close the Gap, National Chronic Disease Strategy, Road Safety,
327
five
action
328
1
Clearly show the benefits of the Ottawa Charter and sectors working in partnership, for health
329
2
Identify the principles of social justice as well as the roles and responsibilities of individuals,
330
3
Critically
331
Building
healthy
332
Strengthen
community
333
Create
supportive
334
●
Know the responsibilities of individuals, communities and the different levels of government for
335
●
Understand the benefits of these sectors working in partnership.
336
●
Understand the benefits of using the Ottawa Charter for health promotion, specifically the five
337
●
Know how health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter promotes the principles of social
338
●
Understand the importance of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion by identifying its use in
339
●
Describe the responsibilities of individuals, communities and the different levels of government
340
●
Argue the benefits of these sectors working in partnership.
341
●
Argue the benefits of using the Ottawa Charter for health promotion, specifically the five action
342
●
Explain how health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter promotes the principles of social
343
●
Critically analyse the importance of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion by identifying its
344
-
focus on preventing ill health, not just treating illnesses, eg, preventative screening of breast
345
-
provide
346
-
school and community health education, eg, No hat, no play; Slip, Slop, Slap, Wrap
347
-
legislation, policies and economic conditions to protect people from harm, eg, pool fencing and
348
funded
from
349
make
positive
350
in
health
351
The
Commonwealth
352
and
disease
353
within
a
354
Local
governments
355
that
food
356
Sluroonupondun
locponhlhylauulao
357
.9-mo-uh
.
358
.PnmvpMdmwr
.flan-emu-nnorygosunuuercs
359
.0190'In-mm!
.Pmac products
360
Build healthy public
All levels of government are
361
policy
responsible for the creation
362
Create supportive
Responsible
363
environments for
planning,
364
health
and
365
Strengthen
Engage
366
community action
groups
367
for health
policies.
368
Develop personal
Develop policies and provide
369
skills
funding towards developing
370
-
When two or more people or groups are working together; collectively for a common goal
371
There
are
372
carried
out.
373
●
a GREATER capacity to tackle and RESOLVE complex health and SOCIAL problems that have eluded
374
●
a pooling of RESOURCES, knowledge and expertise, and development of NETWORKS, that will allow
375
●
reductions in DUPLICATION of effort among different partners and sectors
376
●
new
377
First
response:
378
group
advocating
379
Second
Try:
380
chance
of
381
safety
within
382
the
Gap’
383
add them as well and ensure that you link them to a health issue.
An example of a campaign has been
384
to
prevent
385
●
Identify public policy developments that address priority issues
386
●
What impact do these public policies have on health (reducing the priority issue)?
387
●
What community services exist to support/prevent people suffering from the priority issues?
388
●
Has there been an environmental modification to reduce the burden of disease?
389
●
What are some of the factors that influence these priority issues/population groups, for e.g.
390
●
What health services are available for people suffering from this priority issue?
391
●
Are these services aimed at prevention, cure or promotion of the issue?
392
●
Is access to these services equitable for all? What restricts access? What can be done to improve
393
●
What personal skills are needed to improve health behaviours that contribute to this priority
394
●
What behaviour modifications are needed to improve health?
395
●
Where can reliable/accurate information be found?
396
●
Are these initiatives addressed by a sole agency or an intersectoral approach?
397
Enable -
by creating a supportive environment, but also by giving people the information and skills that
398
-
Doing the health initiative
399
The
Ottawa
400
physical,
social
401
-
PDHPE mandatory lessons
402
-
Other educational community programs
403
-
Pedestrian Crossings
404
-
Speed Bumps
405
-
Wheelchair accessibility in schools and workplaces
406
-
Fundraisings
407
-
Posters → ‘park run this saturday’
408
-
Road safety → 40km/k school zone
409
-
Smokes sold 18 and above of age
410
-
Towards zero
411
have
traditional
412
-
Breast cancer screening
413
-
Retraining GP’s
414
Supportive
Environments:
415
Developing
Equity - Free access to public education. Education can increase health literacy.
416
personal skills
Diversity – federal, state governments have the responsibility to provide and
417
Reorienting
Equity
418
Health Services
disadvantaged
419
Building
Health
420
-
Social justice involves treating people equally and providint everyone with equal rights
421
-
Social justice provides equitable outcomes to marginalised groups by recognising the existence
422
-
Groups who do not have power or feel powerless experience worse health
423
-
A socially just society is much more likely to be healthy
424
-
More of giving ressources in terms of demands than giving equal rights
425
-
Social justice is achieved when individuals are empowered
426
-
Without the ottawa charter addressing the social justice principles, health promotion is not going
427
uild healthy public policy
Ensures the
428
reate supportive
Reduce barriers
429
nvironments
to health
430
ction
Address health
431
and
well-being,
432
health.
By
433
HSC
2013-
434
to
proper
435
efforts
like
436
address
the
437
Hence,
health
438
Initiative
(purpose
439
aims
that
440
Community/individual
Car
441
initiatives
protection
442
▪
Use regulation to reduce the use of, exposure to, and harm associated with tobacco use
443
▪
Increase promotion of Quit and Smokefree messages
444
▪
Improve the quality of and access to services and treatment for smokers
445
▪
Provide more useful support to parents, carers and educators helping children to develop a
446
Developing
-
447
Creating
-
448
Strengthening
-
449
Community
quit
450
Action
benefits to their lives
451
Building
- Enforcement of laws banning sales to
452
Healthy Public
minors
453
Policy
- Limiting visibility of tobacco products
454
In
the
455
years
–
456
Action Area
Examples of links to action areas of the Ottawa Charter
457
Build
●
458
public
●
459
Create
●
460
environmen
●
461
Strengthen
●
462
Develop
●
463
skills
●
464
Reorient
●
465
Create supportive
Seeks to train health
466
environments
professionals to deliver primary
467
Strengthen community
Involves ATSI people and
468
action
community groups/elders in the
469
We
know
470
that
cannot be fulfilled by isolated
471
to
communities
472
how
we
473
and
policies
474
The
grants
475
Develop personal skills
Getting the voice of the people
476
Reorient health service
Uses
477
Action Area
Examples of links to action areas of the Ottawa Charter
478
Build
●
479
Create
●
480
environmen
●
481
Strengthen
●
482
Develop
●
483
skills
●
484
Reorient
●
485
Action
Examples of links to action areas of the Ottawa Charter
486
Build
•
487
Create
•
488
Strengthen
•
489
Develop
•
490
Reorient
•
491
Strengthen community action
Communities
492
Develop personal skills
-
493
ATSI
people
494
a
better
495
social
determinants
496
lessons
for
497
the
likelihood
498
they
aim
499
the
role
500
increase
in
