final core 1 Flashcards
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Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or populations through the collection of data and
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In other words, it is the branch of medicine that deals with the health status of a population
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Epidemiology considers the patterns of disease in terms of:
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Epidemiology commonly uses statistics on:
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Its role is to help researchers and health authorities to:
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It
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Observations and statistics help researchers and health authorities to:
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Stats do not always show significant variations in the health status among population subgroups
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It
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Statistics tell us little about the degree and impact of illness.
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Data on some areas, such as mental health, are incomplete or non-existent.
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Do
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the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population
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patterns of illness, disease and injury that do not result in death
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Morbidity levels increase as distance away from major cities increases.
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Diseases
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Measures include
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the number of deaths in a group of people or from a disease over a specific time period, usually
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Stats:
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Over the last century, death rates have continuously declined
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Main
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Most common causes of death are:
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number of infant deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births.
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considered to be the most important indicator of the health status of a nation
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can also predict adult life expectancy
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Infant mortality can be divided into:
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Stats:
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The decline in the infant mortality rate over recent decades can be attributed to:
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improved medical diagnosis and treatment of illness
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improved public sanitation
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health education
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Improved support services for parents and newborns and child
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length of time a person can expect to live
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More specifically, it refers to the average number of years of life remaining for a person at a
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Life expectancy at birth is a common indicator of health status and is o en used as evidence in
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Life expectancy is greater now than it was a few decades ago and is increasing. In other words,
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how much they contribute to the burden of illness in the community
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their potential for reducing this burden
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the health inequities experienced by certain groups within our society
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our growing and ageing population
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the high levels of chronic disease and other health problems evident in our society.
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refers to values “that favour measures that aim at decreasing or eliminating inequity; promoting
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Helps determine the impact these principles have on reducing health inequities and improving
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“Equity
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Due
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environments where “people live, work and play that protect people from threats to health and
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The government works to promote welcoming surroundings for everyone, but it also examines
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Diversity refers to the differences that exist between individuals and people groups.
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Australia is a very ethnic and diverse society, so there must be a variety of policies in place to
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The identification of priority population subgroups with inequitable health status is important
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The priority populations can also be based on geographical location such as rural and remote
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Epidemiology provides information on the incidence of mortality and morbidity in the Australian
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The prevalence of a condition is used to determine the number of people affected by the health
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The
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It
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Examples of diseases that have a high potential for being prevented include:
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These are lifestyle diseases mostly caused by inactivity and poor dietary choices, though this is
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A particular preventative action that has been taken recently is to reduce smoking in order to
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If prevention cannot occur, then early intervention is preferable, with higher rates of survival for
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These
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Early prevention and intervention → improved health status
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To reduce the burden of disease and create change → address both environmental determinants
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Direct - borne by the health care system
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Indirect - borne by individual or family
1
Why is it important to prioritise issues for health?
2
How do we identify health priority issues?
3
Describe the role of social justice in determining health priority issues
4
How can social justice contribute to improved health for all Australians?
1
Sociocultural determinants of health: family, peers, media, religion, culture
2
Socioeconomic determinants of health: employment, education and income
3
Environmental
Death
rates
The
ATSI
were
attributed
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were employed, compared with those not employed (including those not in the labour force) (66%
forcible
removal
retention
of
indigenous
community.
The
empowerment
In
2006,
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Chronic disease is one of Australia’s greatest health concerns going forwards, and socioeconomically
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Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have:
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In 2011–12, people living in areas of the lowest socioeconomic status were 2.3 times as likely to smoke
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Other
income.
This
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Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have higher rates of homelessness - A lack of shelter and
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Socioeconomically disadvantaged people have poorer access to health services and greater distances
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Socioeconomic
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Individuals
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Actions include
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Individuals can also help promote health in their family and friends by encouraging good health
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Communities can address health inequities by providing relevant health care and support services.
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The Australian Government addresses this inequity by supporting many community programs and
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Example of reduced-cost health care is Medicare. Medicare provides free or subsidised treatment
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Intersectoral collaboration is the best approach to the health inequities in this group as they are
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Health system: Persons with disabilities face barriers in all aspects of the health system.
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People with disability experience poorer health than other Australians. Nearly half of the people
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People with disabilities frequently use healthcare services and consult doctors, specialists, and
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Includes family, peers, media, religion and culture
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Just like other groups experiencing health issues, When it comes to people with disabilities there
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Income, employment and education
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Some people are limited in their access to education, requiring schools specifically designed for
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People with disabilities have lower levels of education compared to other Australians and many
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Include access to technology and health services and geographical location
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People with disabilities o en have reduced access to health services and some require technology
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The
Almost
half
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Early intervention programs
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Supported accommodation
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Living skills programs
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Social groups
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Helping find employment
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Advocacy, and
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Awareness promotion
The
Australian
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Almost 1 in 5 Australians report having a disability with 1.4 million needing help with basic daily
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2.1 million Australians of working age (15-64 years) have a disability.
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35.9% of Australia’s 8.9 million households include a person with disability.
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Only 4.4% of people with a disability in Australia use a wheelchair.
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Over three-quarters (76.8%) of people with disability reported a physical disorder as their main
High
levels
1)
OUTLINE the lifestyle behaviours that can contribute to chronic disease
2)
What is the most common Risk Factor for chronic disease
3)
How do multiple risk factors affect the likelihood of having some chronic diseases, for men
1)
Describe the three major types of CVD
2)
Describe Angina and atherosclerosis how do these contribute to CVD
3)
Identify the trend in cardiovascular disease. Explain the reasons for this trend using the
4)
What are the risk factors for CVD that people can modify to reduce the risk?
5)
What are the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants of CVD
6)
Outline the groups at risk of developing CVD
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Tobacco smokers
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People with a family history of CVD
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People with hypertension
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People with high blood lipids
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Males
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People who are sedentary
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, low SES groups and those living in rural and remote
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Cancer refers to cells that have become abnormal and begin to multiply rapidly and cannot be
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It
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Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and can be deadly. O en to help minimise the damage
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There are four types: Skin, Breast, Lung and Prostate.
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Estimated number of cancer cases diagnosed in 2022 includes 88,982 males and 73,181 females
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Estimated number of deaths from cancer in 2022 includes 8,022 males and 21,974 females (total
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The risk of developing cancer increases with age.
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Age-standardised cancer mortality is expected to fall from 209 deaths per 100,000 people in 1982
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The Australian population is ageing, and the risk of being diagnosed with cancer increases with
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Lung Cancer
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Prostate Cancer
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Skin Cancer
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Breast Cancer
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Protective
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Risk factors may include older age, family or personal history, UV light exposure (the main source
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Protective factors include regular breast self-examination for all women especially for those over
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Risk factors include gender (females are more likely to develop this form of cancer), personal and
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Protective factors include quitting smoking (reducing usage of tobacco), exercising more o en
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Risk factors include smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, being overweight, lack of physical
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Protective factors may include improving your diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular
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Risk Factors may include age, ethnicity (you are also at more risk if you are an African American),
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Elderly – 70% of diagnosis and 80% of cancer deaths were in people over 60 years of age because
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Males – cancer incidence was 1.4 times higher among males and death rates were 1.6 times
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Rural and remote people – have higher mortality rates than other Australian from all cancers,
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ATSI – are 10% more likely to be diagnosed and have 50% higher mortality rates from cancer due
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Low SES – had higher rates of all cancers and higher death rates.
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An injury is a negative effect that an incident has on the body.
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They
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Others
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In Australia, injuries are a major factor in both mortality and morbidity.
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The consequences of injury can be short term or long term; for example:
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In 2010, deaths from injuries accounted for 6.2 percent of all deaths in Australia.
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Injuries are a major health care issue in Australia, and the leading cause of death for people aged
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575,000 hospitalisations in 2020–21
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13,400 deaths in 2019–20
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Injuries were the leading cause of death among young people in 2020, accounting for 73% of
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The age-standardised rate of injury hospitalisation in 2020–21 was 7.9% higher than a year earlier.
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Over the period from 2011–12 to 2016–17, the rate of hospitalisations increased by an annual
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Protective factors may include not working in risky jobs, practising balance and body mechanics
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Risk factors may include age (elderly), poor balance or working in a high-risk job, such a building,
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Protective factors may include wearing a seatbelt, going the speed limit, wearing a helmet, and
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Risk factors may include speeding, drunk driving, and fatigue. There are social and psychological
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Protective factors may include development of resilience, employment, keeping a diary or journal
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Risk
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Protective factors may include the use of protective measures, risks assessments and workforce
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Risk factors may include poor attitude to safety, unsafe work behaviours, and working in high risk
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ATSI, who have higher rates for transport, violence, falls and drug related injury
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Young children
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People under 44, where injury accounts for almost ½ the deaths
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Males between 15-25 years of age, particularly for transport injury
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Unsafe drivers, particularly speeding or fatigue.
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Workers in high-risk employment (e.g, construction)
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People in rural and remote locations, due to the nature of their work and the greater distance to
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The elderly
1
Go to the ABS population projections below. Take note of the population when:
The
ageing
In
2017 people aged 65 years and over made up 15% of Australia’s population. This is projected to
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The strain on aged care services is becoming more apparent as the population of people aged 85
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As the ageing population increases, the number of working aged people supporting aged people
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The issue with an ageing population was that there were fewer people working, putting a strain
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As the growing and raging population increases the population living with chronic disease and
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For example, over the last two decades, the number of centenarians (people aged 100 and up) has
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An
