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X-Ray Physics > Final Class Review > Flashcards

Final Class Review Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the use of a small filament/focal spot affect the radiograph?

A

-sharper image

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2
Q

two of the three factors that influence compton scatter production:

A
  • high kvp
  • large commination area
  • compression
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3
Q

how does collimating to a smaller area affect contrast?

A
  • increase contrast

- decrease scatter

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4
Q

Name two radiosensitive cells:

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Sperm/egg

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5
Q

Two factors that increase the probability that a photon will undergo a photoelectric absorption interaction.

A

Low KVP

High atomic number

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6
Q

Dosimeter reports express occupationally exposed persons doses in ____ units.

A

REM

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7
Q

Increasing OFD ____ detail sharpness.

A

decreases

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8
Q

When collimating from a 14x17 area to an 8x10 area the mAs must:

A

increase by 50%

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9
Q

Using oxidized developer ____ density and contrast.

A

decreases

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10
Q

State two condition for using a bucky grid:

A

Greater than 10 cm

KVP higher than 60

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11
Q

What is the purpose of using a bucky grid?

A

Reduce Compton Scatter

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12
Q

One of the purposes of the fixer solution:

A

Remove the undeveloped/unexposed silver

To harden the gelatin emulsion

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13
Q

Where should a radiation dosimeter be worn?

A

On the collar outside the lead apron

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14
Q

To maintain radiographic density: if mAs is decreased by 50% the kVp should be:

A

increased by 15%

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15
Q

This technical factor controls the quantity of x-rays in the beam:

A

mAs

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16
Q

kVp controls this photographic property:

A

contrast

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17
Q

Name three radiation protection devices:

A 
Lead apron 
Gonad shield 
Filter
Collimator
Intensifying screen
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18
Q

Name the crystals found in the film emulsion:

A

silver halide

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19
Q

The developer solution converts silver halide to:

A

black metallic silver

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20
Q

define linearity:

A

The ability to manipulate mA * time to get the same mAs

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21
Q

State the charge that is on the focusing cup:

A

negative

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22
Q

This type of ionizing radiation can be stopped by the out layers of the skin:

A

alpha particles

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23
Q

State the two parts that make up the cathode:

A

focusing cup

filaments

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24
Q

X-rays are produced by ____ current.

A

DC

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25
Q

what does a rectifier do?

A

converts AC to DC current

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26
Q

The anode side of the tube should be ____ when imagining an AP thoracic spine:

A

UP

27
Q

In the x-ray tube, electrons travel from ____ to the ____

A

cathode to the anode

28
Q

How often must lead walls be replaced?

A

never

29
Q

Assuming patient motions may be an issue: how should all mA and time settings be set?

A

highest mA lowest time

30
Q

The __ side of the image will exhibit the least radiographic density

A

anode

31
Q

As mAs increase, patient exposure:

A

increases

32
Q

How do u select the small filament on the console?

A

Select one of the low mA settings on our machine: pick either 25.75 or 150

33
Q

Describe a photon in terms of mass, charge and velocity:

A

No mass, no charge, speed of light

34
Q

What photographic property does mAs control?

A

Density

35
Q

The __ controls the wavelength of the x-rays:

A

kVp

36
Q

Compare the wavelengths of x-rays to radiowaves:

A

X-ray wavelengths are shorter

37
Q

How must mAs be adjusted to double radiographic density?

A

double mAs

38
Q

You experience a tube overload, what should be done to correct it?

A

decrease the mAs

39
Q

MAs can be rounded __ without a change in radiographic density.

A

30%

40
Q

State the formula for REM.

A

RAD x QF

RAD times the quality factor or the type of radiation one is exposed to

41
Q

What is the relationship between x-ray frequency and wavelength

A

inverse

42
Q

State the heat unit formula:

A

kVp x mAs

43
Q

Which x-ray production method is responsible for producing the majority of the x-rays in the beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung

44
Q

Optimum kVp for extremities under 10cm is in the ____ range.

A

50-60

45
Q

This type of rectification produces the highest energy of x-rays

A

high frequency

46
Q

Describe the bremsstrahlung x-ray production process

A

Electron is decelerated by the nuclear force field and changes directions. The change in kinetic energy is converted to EM energy.

47
Q

State the optimum kVp range for spine imaging

A

70-90

48
Q

Is optimum kVp higher for high frequency or full wave rectification?

A

full wave

49
Q

Define ALARA

A

Exposure as low as reasonably achievable

50
Q

__mRAD = 1 RAD

A

1,000

51
Q

Why does the path of film travel matter in automotive processing?

A

Chemical replenishment rates

52
Q

What is the only similarity between alpha, beta particles and x-ray?

A

They can all ionize atoms

53
Q

__ Characteristic x-rays of tungsten are useful

A

K

54
Q

State the SI unit for REM

A

Seivert

55
Q

Where are compensating filter placed?

A

Between the collimator and the patient

56
Q

What is the #1 enemy of detail sharpness?

A

motion

57
Q

This classical radiation unit describes radiation energy absorbed in matter

A

RAD

58
Q

What is the purpose of using compensating filters?

A

To produce a uniform radiographic density

59
Q

Why is the back of the cassette lined with lead?

A

To reduce backscatter radiation

60
Q

The x-ray tube target is made of:

A

tungsten

61
Q

Define radiographic density

A

Blackness in the image: mass per unit volume of black metallic silver

62
Q

Define ionize

A

The total removal of an electron from its orbit (around the nucleus)

63
Q

When is the x-ray exposure complete

A

When the light goes out

X-Ray Physics (3 decks)

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