Final Chapter 23-30 Flashcards
Speeches about Objects/Phenomena
Explore anything that isn’t human. Can be animate or inanimate. New inventions, dogs, history of theatre, etc.
Speeches about People
Inform about individuals and groups. May also be autobiographical. Key: provide a “lesson”. Obstacles, road to success, etc.
Speeches about Events
Noteworthy occurrences. Rely on reportage.
Speeches about Processes
Series of steps that lead to an end result. How it’s done, how it’s made, how it works.
Speeches about Issues
Provides an overview or report on issue in order to raise awareness and bring understanding.
Speeches about Concepts
Ideas, theories, or beliefs. Make them concrete and understandable to an audience.
Clarify Complex Information
Build on prior knowledge, use analogies that link to familiar concepts, demonstrate underlying causes, check for understanding, use visual aids
Choose Strategies for Conveying Information
Use definition to clarify, provide descriptions to paint a picture, provide a demonstration, offer an in-depth explanation
Appeal to different learning styles
Visual, aural, kinesthetic, and multimodal learners. Convey and reinforce in a variety of modes.
Reportage
An account of who, what, where, when, and why
Operational Definition
What it does
Definition by Negotiation
What it is not
Definition by Example
Several concrete examples
Definition by Synonym
Comparing it to synonymous things
Definition by Etymology (Word Origin)
Exploring root meaning of the word
Persuasive Speech Goals
Influence attitudes, beliefs, and understandings of an issue; influence behavior; or reinforce existing beliefs, attitudes or behavior.
Increase Persuasive Odds
Audience analysis, make message relevant, show how change benefits them, establish credibility, address topics they feel strongly about, and seek minor not major changes
Increase Odds of Action/Success
Appeal to needs, appeal to reasons they act as they do, stress message’s relevance, present the info at an appropriate level of understanding, establish credibility
Deductive Reasoning
General to specific
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to general
Enthymeme
A syllogism presented as a probability rather than an absolute. States either a general case or a specific case but not both
Demagogue
Relies heavily on irrelevant emotional appeals to short-circuit the listener’s rational decision making process
Fear Appeal
Arousal of fear and anxiety in audience in order to get listeners to follow recommendations
Propaganda
Used to manipulate an audience’s emotions for the purpose of promoting a belief system or dogma
Expectancy-Outcomes Theory
Each of us consciously evaluates the potential costs and benefits associated with taking a particular actions
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Central and peripheral processing
Elements of an argument
Claim, evidence, warrants
Claims of Fact
Focus on whether something is or isn’t true/ whether something will or won’t happen
Claims of Value
Addresses issues of judgement
Claims of Policy
Recommend that a specific course of actions be taken or approved
Audience Knowledge and Opinions
Reaffirmation of their values, beliefs, etc
Speaker Expertise
Your own knowledge and opinions. Used when the audience finds you to be credible
External Evidence
Most common form. Any information in support of a claim that originates with sources other than the audience’s knowledge/opinions or the speaker’s expertise
Motivational Warrants
Use the needs, desires, emotions, and values of the audience as the basis for accepting some evidence as support for a claim
Authoritative Warrants
Relies on the audience’s beliefs about the credibility of a source
Substantive Warrants
Operates on the basis of the audience’s beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence
Types of Substantive Warrants
Warrants by cause, warrants by sign, warrants by analogy
Warrants by Cause
Offer a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim
Warrants by Sign
Imply that such a close relationship exists between the two variables that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication of the presence or absence of the other
Warrants by Analogy
Compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one must be true in the other
Inoculation Effect
By anticipating counterarguments and then addressing/rebutting them, you can inoculate your listeners against the virus of these other viewpoints
Begging the Question
An argument is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, though no evidence has been presented
Bandwagoning
Arguments use general opinions as false bases. “Redbull is the best because everyone drinks Redbull.”
Either-Or Fallacy
“Either you’re with us or you’re against us.”
Ad Hominem Argument
Targets a person instead of the issue at hand. “I’m better than candidate B because…”
Red Herring
Relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion
Hasty Generalization
Argument uses isolated instances to make an unwarranted general conclusion
Non Sequitur
Argument’s conclusion does not connect to the reasoning
Slippery Slope
When speaker makes faulty assumptions that one case will lead to a series of events or actions
Appeal to Tradition
Phrases arguments to suggest that the audience should agree with the claim because that is the way it has always been done
Claim of Policy
Claim that addresses an “ought condition” and uses the word “should”
Claim of Value
Claim that addresses issues of judgement
Claim of Fact
Claim that addresses whether something is/isn’t true or will/won’t happen
Hostile Audience
Stress areas of agreement, address opposing views, aim for minor change, consider the refutation pattern
Critical and Conflicted Audience
Present strong arguments and evidence, address opposing views, consider refutation pattern
Sympathetic Audience
Use motivational stories and emotional appeals, stress commonality, clearly tell what you want them to think/do, consider narrative pattern
Uninformed/Apathetic Audience
Focus on capturing attention, stress personal credibility and likability, stress topic’s relevance to listeners
Motivated Sequence Pattern of Arrangement
Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
Comparative Advantage Pattern of Arrangement
Most effective when audience is already aware of the issue and agrees that a need for a solution exists
Refutation Pattern of Arrangement
State opposing position, describe implications of opposing claim, offer arguments and evidence of your position, contrast your position with the opposing claim to drive home superiority of your position
Functions of Occasion Speeches
Entertainment, celebration, commemoration, inspiration social-agenda setting
Speech of Introduction
Purpose: prepare audience for speaker and motivate audience members to listen to what speaker has to say. Describe their background, preview their topic, ask audience to welcome them
Speech of Acceptance
Purpose: In response to receiving an award of some sort. Prepare, react genuinely and humbly, thanks award givers, thank those who helped you
Speech of Presentation
Purpose: Communicate meaning of the award and explain why recipient is receiving it. Convey the meaning, talk about award recipient
Roasts and Toasts
Purpose: Humorous tribute/brief tribute. Prepare, highlight remarkable traits of the person, be positive and brief
Eulogies and Other Tributes
Purpose: “To praise”. Balance delivery and emotions, refer to the family of deceased, commemorate life not death, be positive but realistic
After-Dinner Speeches
Purpose: Light-hearted, entertaining but provides insight to topic at hand. Recognize occasion, avoid stand-up comedy, social-agenda setting
Speeches of Inspiration
Purpose: Commencement addresses, pep talks, nomination speeches, etc. Use real-life stories, be dynamic, make your goal clear, consider a distinctive organizing device, close with a dramatic ending
