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Public Speaking > Final Chapter 23-30 > Flashcards

Final Chapter 23-30 Flashcards

1
Q

Speeches about Objects/Phenomena

A

Explore anything that isn’t human. Can be animate or inanimate. New inventions, dogs, history of theatre, etc.

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2
Q

Speeches about People

A

Inform about individuals and groups. May also be autobiographical. Key: provide a “lesson”. Obstacles, road to success, etc.

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3
Q

Speeches about Events

A

Noteworthy occurrences. Rely on reportage.

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4
Q

Speeches about Processes

A

Series of steps that lead to an end result. How it’s done, how it’s made, how it works.

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5
Q

Speeches about Issues

A

Provides an overview or report on issue in order to raise awareness and bring understanding.

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6
Q

Speeches about Concepts

A

Ideas, theories, or beliefs. Make them concrete and understandable to an audience.

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7
Q

Clarify Complex Information

A

Build on prior knowledge, use analogies that link to familiar concepts, demonstrate underlying causes, check for understanding, use visual aids

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8
Q

Choose Strategies for Conveying Information

A

Use definition to clarify, provide descriptions to paint a picture, provide a demonstration, offer an in-depth explanation

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9
Q

Appeal to different learning styles

A

Visual, aural, kinesthetic, and multimodal learners. Convey and reinforce in a variety of modes.

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10
Q

Reportage

A

An account of who, what, where, when, and why

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11
Q

Operational Definition

A

What it does

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12
Q

Definition by Negotiation

A

What it is not

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13
Q

Definition by Example

A

Several concrete examples

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14
Q

Definition by Synonym

A

Comparing it to synonymous things

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15
Q

Definition by Etymology (Word Origin)

A

Exploring root meaning of the word

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16
Q

Persuasive Speech Goals

A

Influence attitudes, beliefs, and understandings of an issue; influence behavior; or reinforce existing beliefs, attitudes or behavior.

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17
Q

Increase Persuasive Odds

A

Audience analysis, make message relevant, show how change benefits them, establish credibility, address topics they feel strongly about, and seek minor not major changes

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18
Q

Increase Odds of Action/Success

A

Appeal to needs, appeal to reasons they act as they do, stress message’s relevance, present the info at an appropriate level of understanding, establish credibility

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19
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

General to specific

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20
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Specific to general

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21
Q

Enthymeme

A

A syllogism presented as a probability rather than an absolute. States either a general case or a specific case but not both

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22
Q

Demagogue

A

Relies heavily on irrelevant emotional appeals to short-circuit the listener’s rational decision making process

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23
Q

Fear Appeal

A

Arousal of fear and anxiety in audience in order to get listeners to follow recommendations

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24
Q

Propaganda

A

Used to manipulate an audience’s emotions for the purpose of promoting a belief system or dogma

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25
Q

Expectancy-Outcomes Theory

A

Each of us consciously evaluates the potential costs and benefits associated with taking a particular actions

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26
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Central and peripheral processing

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27
Q

Elements of an argument

A

Claim, evidence, warrants

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28
Q

Claims of Fact

A

Focus on whether something is or isn’t true/ whether something will or won’t happen

29
Q

Claims of Value

A

Addresses issues of judgement

30
Q

Claims of Policy

A

Recommend that a specific course of actions be taken or approved

31
Q

Audience Knowledge and Opinions

A

Reaffirmation of their values, beliefs, etc

32
Q

Speaker Expertise

A

Your own knowledge and opinions. Used when the audience finds you to be credible

33
Q

External Evidence

A

Most common form. Any information in support of a claim that originates with sources other than the audience’s knowledge/opinions or the speaker’s expertise

34
Q

Motivational Warrants

A

Use the needs, desires, emotions, and values of the audience as the basis for accepting some evidence as support for a claim

35
Q

Authoritative Warrants

A

Relies on the audience’s beliefs about the credibility of a source

36
Q

Substantive Warrants

A

Operates on the basis of the audience’s beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence

37
Q

Types of Substantive Warrants

A

Warrants by cause, warrants by sign, warrants by analogy

38
Q

Warrants by Cause

A

Offer a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim

39
Q

Warrants by Sign

A

Imply that such a close relationship exists between the two variables that the presence or absence of one may be taken as an indication of the presence or absence of the other

40
Q

Warrants by Analogy

A

Compare two similar cases and imply that what is true in one must be true in the other

41
Q

Inoculation Effect

A

By anticipating counterarguments and then addressing/rebutting them, you can inoculate your listeners against the virus of these other viewpoints

42
Q

Begging the Question

A

An argument is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, though no evidence has been presented

43
Q

Bandwagoning

A

Arguments use general opinions as false bases. “Redbull is the best because everyone drinks Redbull.”

44
Q

Either-Or Fallacy

A

“Either you’re with us or you’re against us.”

45
Q

Ad Hominem Argument

A

Targets a person instead of the issue at hand. “I’m better than candidate B because…”

46
Q

Red Herring

A

Relies on irrelevant premises for its conclusion

47
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

Argument uses isolated instances to make an unwarranted general conclusion

48
Q

Non Sequitur

A

Argument’s conclusion does not connect to the reasoning

49
Q

Slippery Slope

A

When speaker makes faulty assumptions that one case will lead to a series of events or actions

50
Q

Appeal to Tradition

A

Phrases arguments to suggest that the audience should agree with the claim because that is the way it has always been done

51
Q

Claim of Policy

A

Claim that addresses an “ought condition” and uses the word “should”

52
Q

Claim of Value

A

Claim that addresses issues of judgement

53
Q

Claim of Fact

A

Claim that addresses whether something is/isn’t true or will/won’t happen

54
Q

Hostile Audience

A

Stress areas of agreement, address opposing views, aim for minor change, consider the refutation pattern

55
Q

Critical and Conflicted Audience

A

Present strong arguments and evidence, address opposing views, consider refutation pattern

56
Q

Sympathetic Audience

A

Use motivational stories and emotional appeals, stress commonality, clearly tell what you want them to think/do, consider narrative pattern

57
Q

Uninformed/Apathetic Audience

A

Focus on capturing attention, stress personal credibility and likability, stress topic’s relevance to listeners

58
Q

Motivated Sequence Pattern of Arrangement

A

Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

59
Q

Comparative Advantage Pattern of Arrangement

A

Most effective when audience is already aware of the issue and agrees that a need for a solution exists

60
Q

Refutation Pattern of Arrangement

A

State opposing position, describe implications of opposing claim, offer arguments and evidence of your position, contrast your position with the opposing claim to drive home superiority of your position

61
Q

Functions of Occasion Speeches

A

Entertainment, celebration, commemoration, inspiration social-agenda setting

62
Q

Speech of Introduction

A

Purpose: prepare audience for speaker and motivate audience members to listen to what speaker has to say. Describe their background, preview their topic, ask audience to welcome them

63
Q

Speech of Acceptance

A

Purpose: In response to receiving an award of some sort. Prepare, react genuinely and humbly, thanks award givers, thank those who helped you

64
Q

Speech of Presentation

A

Purpose: Communicate meaning of the award and explain why recipient is receiving it. Convey the meaning, talk about award recipient

65
Q

Roasts and Toasts

A

Purpose: Humorous tribute/brief tribute. Prepare, highlight remarkable traits of the person, be positive and brief

66
Q

Eulogies and Other Tributes

A

Purpose: “To praise”. Balance delivery and emotions, refer to the family of deceased, commemorate life not death, be positive but realistic

67
Q

After-Dinner Speeches

A

Purpose: Light-hearted, entertaining but provides insight to topic at hand. Recognize occasion, avoid stand-up comedy, social-agenda setting

68
Q

Speeches of Inspiration

A

Purpose: Commencement addresses, pep talks, nomination speeches, etc. Use real-life stories, be dynamic, make your goal clear, consider a distinctive organizing device, close with a dramatic ending

Public Speaking (1 decks)

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