Final: Cardio Flashcards
CHF
- Ht unable to pump blood enough to meet body’s metabolic needs
- heart failure cells–>hemosiderin staining
- causes: CAD, valvular disorders, cardiomyopathies
- NUTMEG liver
RCHF
- most common cause is: LCHF
- cor pulmonale: HF that occurs directly d/t pulmonary disease
Pure left sided
signs of pulmonary venous congestion
pure right sided
signs of systemic congestion
Cardiomyopathy: dilated
- enlargement and dilatation of all four chambers. Most common cause is CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM (then COCKSACKIE virus)
- Histo: variations in myocyte size, myocyte vacuolization, loss of myofibrillar material and/or fibrosis
Cardiomyopathy: hypertrophic
- myocardial hypertrophy
- histo: hypertrophy of myocardial fibers and prominent dark nuclei along w/ interstitial fibrosis
- genetic disease
- NO ventricular dilation
Cardiomyopathy: restrictive
- implies infiltrative disease: amyloidosis, hemochromatosis
Endocarditis
- inflammation of valve leaflet. RISK FACTORS: immune compromised, large inoculation, poor dental health, pharyngeal infection, in dwelling catheters, skin infxn, pulmonary infxn, IV drug abuse, RF, alcohol, vascular grafts, prosthetic valves/procedures
- LEFT SIDE: mitral and aortic valve
- Community: S. Aureus, then S. Viridans and culture negative; Nosocomial: S. Aureus (MRSA), then fungi
Acute endocarditis
dramatic onset, rapidly developing fever, chills, etc.
Sub-acute endocarditis
Janeway lesions, Roths spots, splinter hemorrhage so, petechiae
Organism and associations
- Prosthetic valves: s. Epidermis is
- IV drug abuses: S. Aureus
- ETOH abuse: anaerobes and oral cavity bugs
- Gram -: GI/GU infxn
Endocarditis w/ Strep Bovis
Carcinoma of the colon
Marantic endocarditis
d/t hypercoagulable state (Trousseau’s syndrome)–>think malignant neoplasm
Myocarditis
- most likely viral (COCKSACKIE)
- lymphocytic infiltrate
Valvular disease
- Stenosis: impedes FORWARD flow
- Insufficiency (AKA regurgitation): inappropriate retrograde flow
- Calcification does NOT generally affect valve function; over time however STENOSIS can result
Aortic stenosis
MOST COMMON of all valvular disease (some sources MVP)
Mitral valve
MOST AFFECTED BY RF
MVP
- prolapse of mitral valve >2 mm into left atrium
- F>M
- Cell defect: myxomatous degeneration
- Genetic associ: Marfan’s
MVP complications
infective endocarditis, mitral regurgitation, stroke, arrhythmias
RF
- acute immunologically mediated INFLAMMATORY disease (NOT an infection)
- Related to S. Pyogenes (Group A B-hemolytic strep) infections of the throat
- Strep dx: antistreptolysin Ab (ABO
- RF cause: AI response caused by anti-streptococcal M protein. ASCHOFF bodies–pathognomic for RF
RF complication
- most common: MITRAL STENOSIS (fish mouth)
- 1) Mitral 2) aortic
Pericardial disease
- inflammation of pericardium. Idiopathic most common. Infectious: VIRUSES most common. Many other causes (inflammatory, AI, drugs, trauma)
serous pericarditis
- usually non-infectious
- uremia or AI
fibrinous pericarditis
- POST-MI (Dressler’s syndrome)
- surface appears roughened (d/t strands of fibrin)
- AKA “bread and butter pericarditis”
- Will hear “frictions rub”
