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Pathology 3 > Final: Cardio > Flashcards

Final: Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

CHF

A
  • Ht unable to pump blood enough to meet body’s metabolic needs
  • heart failure cells–>hemosiderin staining
  • causes: CAD, valvular disorders, cardiomyopathies
  • NUTMEG liver
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2
Q

RCHF

A
  • most common cause is: LCHF

- cor pulmonale: HF that occurs directly d/t pulmonary disease

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3
Q

Pure left sided

A

signs of pulmonary venous congestion

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4
Q

pure right sided

A

signs of systemic congestion

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5
Q

Cardiomyopathy: dilated

A
  • enlargement and dilatation of all four chambers. Most common cause is CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM (then COCKSACKIE virus)
  • Histo: variations in myocyte size, myocyte vacuolization, loss of myofibrillar material and/or fibrosis
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6
Q

Cardiomyopathy: hypertrophic

A
  • myocardial hypertrophy
  • histo: hypertrophy of myocardial fibers and prominent dark nuclei along w/ interstitial fibrosis
  • genetic disease
  • NO ventricular dilation
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7
Q

Cardiomyopathy: restrictive

A
  • implies infiltrative disease: amyloidosis, hemochromatosis
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8
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • inflammation of valve leaflet. RISK FACTORS: immune compromised, large inoculation, poor dental health, pharyngeal infection, in dwelling catheters, skin infxn, pulmonary infxn, IV drug abuse, RF, alcohol, vascular grafts, prosthetic valves/procedures
  • LEFT SIDE: mitral and aortic valve
  • Community: S. Aureus, then S. Viridans and culture negative; Nosocomial: S. Aureus (MRSA), then fungi
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9
Q

Acute endocarditis

A

dramatic onset, rapidly developing fever, chills, etc.

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10
Q

Sub-acute endocarditis

A

Janeway lesions, Roths spots, splinter hemorrhage so, petechiae

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11
Q

Organism and associations

A
  • Prosthetic valves: s. Epidermis is
  • IV drug abuses: S. Aureus
  • ETOH abuse: anaerobes and oral cavity bugs
  • Gram -: GI/GU infxn
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12
Q

Endocarditis w/ Strep Bovis

A

Carcinoma of the colon

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13
Q

Marantic endocarditis

A

d/t hypercoagulable state (Trousseau’s syndrome)–>think malignant neoplasm

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14
Q

Myocarditis

A
  • most likely viral (COCKSACKIE)

- lymphocytic infiltrate

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15
Q

Valvular disease

A
  • Stenosis: impedes FORWARD flow
  • Insufficiency (AKA regurgitation): inappropriate retrograde flow
  • Calcification does NOT generally affect valve function; over time however STENOSIS can result
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16
Q

Aortic stenosis

A

MOST COMMON of all valvular disease (some sources MVP)

17
Q

Mitral valve

A

MOST AFFECTED BY RF

18
Q

MVP

A
  • prolapse of mitral valve >2 mm into left atrium
  • F>M
  • Cell defect: myxomatous degeneration
  • Genetic associ: Marfan’s
19
Q

MVP complications

A

infective endocarditis, mitral regurgitation, stroke, arrhythmias

20
Q

RF

A
  • acute immunologically mediated INFLAMMATORY disease (NOT an infection)
  • Related to S. Pyogenes (Group A B-hemolytic strep) infections of the throat
  • Strep dx: antistreptolysin Ab (ABO
  • RF cause: AI response caused by anti-streptococcal M protein. ASCHOFF bodies–pathognomic for RF
21
Q

RF complication

A
  • most common: MITRAL STENOSIS (fish mouth)

- 1) Mitral 2) aortic

22
Q

Pericardial disease

A
  • inflammation of pericardium. Idiopathic most common. Infectious: VIRUSES most common. Many other causes (inflammatory, AI, drugs, trauma)
23
Q

serous pericarditis

A
  • usually non-infectious

- uremia or AI

24
Q

fibrinous pericarditis

A
  • POST-MI (Dressler’s syndrome)
  • surface appears roughened (d/t strands of fibrin)
  • AKA “bread and butter pericarditis”
  • Will hear “frictions rub”
25
Q

hemorrhagic

pericarditis

A
  • TB or tumor

- fibrinous pericarditis w/ BLOOD

26
Q

purulent

A

yellowish exudate

27
Q

Tumors of heart

A
  • RARE.
  • most common: ATRIAL MYXOMA (benign)
  • Pediatric: cardiac rhabdomyoma (benign)
  • METS: relatively common (MELANOMA most common)
28
Q

MI

A
  • infarction of myocardium

- labs: Troponin I, CK-MB

29
Q

MI complications

A

cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, cardiac rupture, hemopericardium can lead to cardiac tamponade, pericarditis, infection.

30
Q

Fibrino-hemorrhagic pericarditis

A

occurs 2-4 days post MI in ~25% of people

31
Q

Dressler’s syndrome

A
  • pericarditis associated w/ MI weeks to months AFTER MI
32
Q

HTN

A
  • mostly primary

- most secondary: renal artery stenosis (then check endocrine function)

33
Q

Marfan’s

A

defect in fibrillin-1 protein

Pathology 3 (10 decks)

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