Final/AP study guide

Question 1

Declaration of Independence

Answer 1

Our breakup letter to Britain, Gov is given power by the people, they have fundamental rights

Question 2

a. Federalist 10
b. Letter from the federal farmer

Answer 2

a. deals with the danger of “faction” in a democratic government and argues that the federal system that the Constitution created was the best solution to this problem.
b. The Farmer suggests that a truly federal system of government would give more power to the States; states should have more power national gov less

Question 3

a. necessary or proper clause
b. supremacy clause
c. commerce clause

Answer 3

a. language in Article I, Section, granting Congress the powers necessary to carry out its enumerated powers
b. constitutional provision declaring that the Constitution and all national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land
c. grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate business and commercial activity

Question 4

a. Federalist #51
b. Brutus #1

Answer 4

a. an essay in which Madison argues that the separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny
b. an AntiFederalist paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed as a republic and that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government

Question 5

a. full faith and credit clause
b. privileges and immunities clause

Answer 5

a. constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state
b. constitutional clause that prevents states from discrimination against people from out of state

Question 6

a. Engel v. Vitale
b. McCulloch vs. Maryland

Answer 6

a. SC ruled that school sponsored prayer was not cool (violated establishment clause)
b. Fed gov has right to set up fed bank but states cant tax the bank

Question 7

a. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
b. Marbury vs. Madison

Answer 7

a. Yaser Hamdi petitioned the court and challenged his sons detention in Guantanamo Bay SC sided with Yaser
b. established judicial review (the one with salty john adam’s, petty Jefferson and butt hurt judges)

Question 8

Federalist No. 78

Answer 8

argument by Alexander Hamilton that the federal judiciary would be unlikely to infringe upon rights and liberties but would serve as a check on the other two branches

Question 9

a. pork barrel spending
b. logrolling
c. oversight

Answer 9

a. spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support
b. trading of votes on legislation by members of Congress to get their remarks passed into legislation
c. efforts by Congress to ensure that executive branch are acting legally and in accordance with congressional goals

Question 10

a. Baker vs. Carr
b. Shaw v. Reno

Answer 10

a. one person one vote, Tennessee had wacky district lines, case got up to supreme court and T had to redraw their lines
b. North Carolina tried to draw districts using race supreme court said no so they had to redraw

Question 11

a. delegate role
b. trustee role
c. politico role

Answer 11

a. the idea that the main duty of a member of congress is to carry out constituents wishes
b. making decisions based on their knowledge and judgement
c. balance their choices with the interests of their constituents and parties

Question 12

Federalist No. 70

Answer 12

Hamilton argues that an energetic single executive will protect against foreign attacks, provide administration of laws, and protect liberty and property

Question 13

Bill of rights!
(1-5 ammendments)

Answer 13

1. restrict gov power in areas of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petitioning gov
2. arms
3. no forced quatering troops in homes
4. no unreasonable search/seizure
5. right to jury, protection against double jeopardy and self incrimination, right to compensation when private property is taken

Question 14

a. establishment clause
b. Free exercise clause

Answer 14

a. 1st amendment protection against the gov requiring citizens to join or support a religion
b. 1st amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their reilgious beliefs

Question 15

a. Wisconsin v. Yoder
b. Schneck v. US

Answer 15

a. Amish were like we don’t want our kids to have to be in school at 16 it violates our religious rights, SC agreed and law was struck down
b. Schneck distributed antiwar/draft leaflets, gov was like no and SC agreed

Question 16

a. prior restraint
b. NYC v. US

Answer 16

a. suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security
b. NYC had (stolen) papers that made the pentagon look bad, gov was trying to ge them to not publish, SC said they could publish

Question 17

a. Tinker v. Des Moines
b. Mcdonald v. Chicago

Answer 17

a. high schoolers wore black armbands in protest of Vietnam War, school suspended them, SC said school was wrong
b. overturned Chicago ban on handgun ownership (2nd amendment was incorporated)

Question 18

a. Gideon v. Wainwright
b. brown v. board of education

Answer 18

a. Gideon asked for an attorney, wain was like nah, Gideon appealed to SC and Sc overturned his conviction
b. the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional, overruled separate but equal (Plessy v. Ferguson)

Question 19

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Answer 19

SC ruled that corporations and labor unions are ‘persons’ and protected under the first amendment - it allows for unlimited spending independent of a campaign or candidate

Question 20

a. Equal Access Act
b. Second Treatise of Civil Government

Answer 20

a. ensures that noncurricular student groups are afforded the same access to public secondary school facilities as other, similarly situated student groups.
b. by Locke, natural rights, social contract argues for individual rights, limited government, and the social contract as key elements of political power.

Question 21

a. pluralist theory
b. elitist theory

Answer 21

a. a theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of groups in the policy making process
b. a theory of democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process

Question 22

a. Virginia Plan
b. New Jersey Plan
c. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Answer 22

a. a plan of gov calling for a 3 branch gov with a bicameral legislature where more populous states would have more representation
b. A plan of gov that provided for a unicameral legislature with equal votes from each state
c. an agreement for a plan of gov: house of rep apportioned proportionally, and Senate equally

Question 23

a. Unitary system
b. Confederal system
c. Federal system

Answer 23

a. a system where the central government has all of the power over the subnational governments
b. a system where the subnational governments have most of the power
c. a system where the power is divided between the national and state governments

Question 24

a. reserved powers
b. concurrent powers

Answer 24

a. powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people
b. powers granted to both states and the federal government in the Constitution

Question 25

a. categorical grants b. unfunded mandate c. block grant

Answer 25

a. grants-in-aid provided to states with specific provisions on their use b. federal requirements that states must follow without being provided with funding c. a type of grant-in-aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds

Question 26

a. revenue sharing b. devolution

Answer 26

a. when the federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached b. returning more authority to state or local governments

Question 27

a. original jurisdiction b. appellate jurisdiction

Answer 27

a. the authority of a court to act as the first court to hear a case, which includes finding of facts in the case b. the authority of a court to hear and review decisions made by lower courts in that system

Question 28

a. precedent b. stare decisis

Answer 28

a. a judicial decision that guides future courts in handling similar cases b. the practice of letting a previous legal decision stand

Question 29

a. political patronage b. pendelton act

Answer 29

a. filing of administrative positions as a reward for support rather than solely on merit b. an act of congress that created the first US civil service commission to draw up and enforce rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within the civil service

Question 30

a. constituency b. apportionment

Answer 30

a. a body of voters in a given area who elect a representative or senator b. the process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data

Question 31

a. partisan gerrymandering b. majority-minority district c. malapportionment

Answer 31

a. drawing of district boundaries into strange shapes to benefit a political party b. a district in which voters of a minority ethnicity constitute an electoral majority within that electoral district c. the uneven distribution of the population among legislative districts

Question 32

a. discharge petition b. hold c. cloture

Answer 32

a. a motion filed by a member of Congress to move a bill out of committee and onto the floor of the House for a vote b. a delay placed on legislation by a senator who objects to a bill c. a procedure through which senators can end debate on a bill and proceed to action provided 60 senators agree to it

Question 33

a. bureaucratic discretion b. bureaucratic adjudication

Answer 33

a. the power to decide how a law is implemented and to decide what Congress meant when it passed a law b. settles disputes between parties that happen because of federal laws, and determine whose covered under a program

Question 34

a. ex post facto laws b. bill of attainder c. writ of habeas corpus d. procedural due process

Answer 34

a. laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred b. a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial c. a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention d. a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally

Question 35

a. exclusionary rule b. double jeopardy c. Miranda rights

Answer 35

a. a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court b. protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction c. right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning

Question 36

a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 36

a. legislation outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue places that didn’t cooperate b. outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the JD to send feds to register voters in uncooperative places

Question 37

a. 19th amendement b. Title IX of Higher Education Amendments

Answer 37

a. women can vote! b. prohibits sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports

Question 38

a. rule of law b. political socialization c. generational effect

Answer 38

a. the principles that no one, including public officials, is above the law b. the experiences and factors that shape an individuals political values attitudes and behaviors c. the impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views

Question 39

a. benchmark poll b. tracking poll

Answer 39

a. a survey taken at the beginning of a political campaign in order to gauge support for a candidate and determine which issues are important to voters b. a survey determining the level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign

Question 40

a. conservatism b. liberalism c. libertarianism

Answer 40

a. an ideology favoring more control over social behavior, fewer regulations on business, and less government interference in the economy b. an ideology favoring less governmental control over social behavior and greater regulation of businesses and the economy c. an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty

Question 41

a. Federal Reserve System b. monetary policy

Answer 41

a. a board of governors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy b. a set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy

Question 42

a. linkage institution b. political efficacy c. registration requirements

Answer 42

a. channels that connect individuals with gov including elections, political parties, interest groups and the media b. a persons belief that they can make a political change c. the set of rules that govern who can vote and how, when and where they vote

Question 43

a. 24th amendment b. 26th amendment

Answer 43

a. prohibits congress and other states from imposing poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections b. 18 years or older can vote

Question 44

a. retrospective voting b. prospective voting

Answer 44

a. voting based on an assessment of an incumbents past performance b. casting a ballot for a candidate who promises to enact policies favored by the voter in the future

Question 45

a. Electoral College b. battleground state

Answer 45

a constitutionally required process for selecting the president through slates of electors chosen in each state, who are pledged to vote for a nominee in the presidential election b. a state where the pills show a close contest between the Republican and Democratic candidate in a presidential election

Question 46

a. super PAC b. straight ticket voting

Answer 46

a. an organization that may spend an unlimited amount of money on a political campaign as long as the spending is not coordinated with a campaign b. voting for all of the candidates on the ballot from one political party

Question 47

a. party coalition b. delegate c. primary election

Answer 47

a. groups of voters who support a political party over time b. a person who acts as the voters representative at a convention to select the party's nominee c. an election where a parties presidential nominee is chosen

Question 48

a. open primary b. closed primary c. caucus

Answer 48

a. a primary election in which all voters can vote regardless of their party affiliation b. a primary election in which only those who have registered d a member of a political party may vote c. a process through which a states eligible meet to select delegates to represent their preferences in the nominations process

Question 49

a. superdelegate b. front loading

Answer 49

a. usually a party leader or activist who is not pledged to a candidate based on the outcome of the states primary or caucus b. a decision by a state to push its primary or caucus to a date as early in the election season as possible to gain more influence in the presidential nomination process

Question 50

a. proportional representation system b. single-member plurality system

Answer 50

a. an election system for a legislature in which citizens vote for parties, rather than individuals, and parties are represented in the legislature according to the percentage of the vote they receive b. an election system for choosing members of the legislature where the winer is the candidate who receives the most votes even if the candidate does not receive a majority of the votes

Question 51

a. lobbying b. revolving door

Answer 51

a. interacting with government officials in order to advance a groups public policy goals b. the movements of individuals between positions in government and lobbying positions

Question 52

a. amicus curiae brief b. iron triangle

Answer 52

a. a brief filed by someone who is not a party to a case in an attempt to persuade the court to agree with the arguments set forth in the brief b.the coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of the bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups to achieve shared policy goals

Question 53

a. issue network b. grassroots lobbying

Answer 53

a. the webs on influence between interest groups, policymakers, and policy advocates b. mobilizing interest groups members to pressure their representatives by contacting them directly through phone calls, email, and social media

Question 54

a. agenda setting b. wire service c. media consolidation

Answer 54

a. the medias ability to highlight certain issues and bring them to the attention of the public b. an organization that gathers and reports on news and then sells the stories to other outlets c. the concentration of ownership of the media into fewer corporations

Question 55

a. partisan bias b. horse-race journalism

Answer 55

a. the slanting of political news coverage in support of a particular political party or ideology b. coverage of political campaigns that focuses more on the drama of the campaign than on policy issues

Question 56

Bill of rights (6-10) a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9 e. 10

Answer 56

a.speedy trial, confront witnesses, right to counsel b. trial by jury in certain civil cases c. no excessive bail, fines or cruel and unusual punishment d.protection of rights not in Con e. powers feds don’t have are states and peoples