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Gross Anatomy 2 > Final Anatomy > Flashcards

Final Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex? (3)

A

1) does not require cerebral input 2) doesnt imply consciousness. 3) can occur without a rxn

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2
Q

What is a rxn? (2)

A

voluntary & requires cortical input

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of a reaction.

A

1) Menace response 2)Superficial pain response 3) Deep pain response

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4
Q

Give 4 examples of a reflex.

A

1)PLR 2)Withdrawal 3) Panniculus (T2-L2) 4)Cross-extensor (couple more: Perineal, myotactic, palpebral, & corneal reflex)

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5
Q

What are the nerves that are involved in the PLR reflex? (efferent & afferent)

A

CN 2 afferent (in) CN 3 is efferent (out)

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6
Q

What are the nerves involved in the Corneal Reflex? efferent & afferent

A

CN 5 afferent (in) CN 6 efferent (out)

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7
Q

What are the nerves involved with the Palpebral reflex? afferent & efferent

A

CN 5 afferent (in) CN 7 efferent (out)

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8
Q

What portion of the spinal cord is involved in the Panniculus reflex?

A

T2-L2

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9
Q

What nerves are involved in the Menace response? afferent & efferent

A

CN 2 afferent (in) CN 7 efferent (out)

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10
Q

Describe the cutaneous truncii reflex. (2)

A

1) used to detect damage between T2-L4 2)afferent go to spinal cord & run cranially until C8-T1 (efferents) if this section is damaged then signal cannot be processed

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11
Q

Describe the Perineal reflex.

A

1) tests the integrity of segments S1-S3 2) tests afferents & efferents of pudendal

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12
Q

Describe the Myotactic reflex.

A

1) knee-jerk reflex 2) damage to L4-L6 will eliminate or damage femoral n. that is tested here

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13
Q

How do you test the deep pain response?

A

pinch under nail bed and look for a behavioral response (turns around or yelps)

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14
Q

T/F You only have to damage one ear to produce deafness.

A

False

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15
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

ear is stuffy, sound cannot get to vestibular window

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16
Q

What is sensorineural deafness? Who often gets this form of deafness?

A

The ear cannot transmit the sound to the auditory cortex. Old people usually get this.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibular apparatus. What nerve is involved with it?

A

deals with balance & acceleration. CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

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18
Q

What portion of the ear has connection to the emetic center (stimulates vomiting)

A

the vestibular apparatus

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19
Q

This reflex occurs via ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus –> CN 3,4,6

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

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20
Q

In nystagmus the slow phase goes ____ lesion. Another way to look at it is that the fast phase runs ____ lesion.

A

towards; away

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21
Q

Describe a peripheral vestibular lesion.

A

nystagmus is either horizontal or rotary and it DOES NOT change when head position changes

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22
Q

Describe central vestibular lesion

A

nystagmus may be horizontal, vertical, or rotary and MAY CHANGE when head position changes

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23
Q

The ____ reflex is via the medial/lateral vestibulospinal tract.

A

vestibulocollic reflex

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24
Q

What occurs with the vestibulocollic reflex?

A

if there is a unilateral lesion then the head tilts TOWARD lesion

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25
Q

What occurs with the Vestibulospinal reflex? (via the thalamocortical pathway)

A

if there is a unilateral lesion then the animal will circle TOWARDS the lesion

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26
Q

What is the retinogeniculate pathway associated with? & where does it go thru?

A

1) menace response 2) has cortical input 3) goes via lateral geniculate nucleus

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27
Q

What is the retinoprectal pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

A

1) PLR reflex 2) goes via pretectal nuclei

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28
Q

What is the Retinotectal pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

A

1) ocular fixation (reflex) 2) goes via rostral colliculi

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29
Q

What is the Retinohypothalamic pathway associated with? where does it go thru?

A

1) circadian rhythms & startle reflex 2) goes via suprachiasmatic nucleus

30
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

1) sympathetic denervation 2) causes drooping of eyelid and miosis (closing of eye) in damaged eye

31
Q

The following are associated with which motor pathway: - RUBROSPINAL & corticospinal tracts in midbrain - distal flexors

A

Dorsolateral system

32
Q

What is the function of the Dorsolateral system?

A

precise movement, especially in distal limb

33
Q

The following are associated with which motor pathway: - VESTIBULOSPINAL, RETICULOSPINAL, tectospinal tracts - proximal extensors

A

Ventromedial system

34
Q

What is the function of Ventromedial system?

A

posture & balance & whole limb movements

35
Q

What are 3 most common UMN signs? To see UMN signs what must be damaged?

A

1) spastic paresis/paralysis 2) increased reflexes 3) increased muscle tone Due to damage of the WHITE MATTER!

36
Q

What are the 3 most common LMN signs? To see LMN signs what must be damaged.

A

1) flaccid paresis/paralysis 2) decreased reflexes 3) decreased muscle tone Due to damage to GREY MATTER!

37
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

determines rate, range and force or movement

38
Q

____ controls motor activity & is regulatory NOT a primary initiator.

A

Cerebellum

39
Q

What occurs when things go wrong in the cerebellum?

A

1) does NOT cause loss of function of paresis 2) ataxia (in-coordination): dysmetria & hypermetria 3) intention tremors 4) truncal sway 5) broad base stance

40
Q

Exception to Ipsilateral signs: Lesion @ cerebellar peduncle. What happens?

A

Contralateral body signs & ipsilateral CN signs (Cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to brainstem)

41
Q

What are some reasons why an animal would lack a Menace response?

A

1) CN 2 or CN7 damaged 2) cerebellar lesion or damaged 3) occipital lobe (cortical blindness)

42
Q

What is an example of a congenital cerebellar disease? Describe it.

A

1) Occurs in utero when an ex. is Panleukopenia cats, causes hypoplasia. 2) Clinical signs at birth 3) Occurs in cows & cats.

43
Q

What is an example of a slowly progressive cerebellar disease? Describe it.

A

1) Cerebellar abiotrophy. 2) Malformation of cerebellum? Normal @ birth w/ progressive cerebellar ataxia. 3) Occurs in Dogs & horses.

44
Q

What is the typical order in which things are lost when there is spinal cord damage.

A

1) conscious proprioception 2) voluntary movement 3) bladder function 4) superficial pain 5) deep pain

45
Q

The Fasiculus gracilis is associated with the _____ limb.

A

pelvic

46
Q

The fasciculus cuneatus is associated with the ____ limb.

A

thoracic

47
Q

All information from one side (travels ipsilaterally) reaches _____ somatesthetic cortex.

A

contralateral

48
Q

Lesions in the spinal cord = ____ signs.

A

ipsilateral

49
Q

What clinical signs would you see with proprioceptive deficits?

A

gait abnormalities & knuckling

50
Q

What would you see if you had proprioceptive ataxia? Where could the lesion be?

A

abnormal postural rxns & paresis. Lesion in peripheral nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebral cortex

51
Q

What would you see if you had vestibular ataxia? Where would the lesion be?

A

1) head tilt, leaning/falling/rolling, crouched posture 2) Lesion in vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei, CN8

52
Q

What would you see if you had cerebellar ataxia? Where would the lesion be?

A

1) wide base stance, intention tremors, truncal sway, absent menace response, exaggerated response 2) lesion in cerebellum

53
Q

how do you test for proprioceptive defects?

A

1) wheel barrowing 2) proprioceptive positioning 3) hopping

54
Q

Describe "A delta fibers"

A

sharp, pricking pain. these are fast conduction b/c they are myelinated

55
Q

Describe "C fibers"

A

burning or throbbing, slow conducting b/c unmyelinated and harder to detect

56
Q

What kind of structures have C fibers?

A

visceral

57
Q

T/F Increased respiratory and HR imply cortical involvement when it comes to pain.

A

LIES!

58
Q

_____ associated with lateral funiculus. Is discriminate meaning precise location of stimulus is easy to ID. Associated with superficial pain.

A

Spinocervicothalamic

59
Q

____ is associated with ventral and lateral funiculus. It is indiscriminate meaning cannot pinpoint precise location. Associated with deep pain and can activate limbic system through this pathway.

A

Spinoreticulate

60
Q

____ is a neurotransmitter associated with nociceptive pathways

A

substance P

61
Q

What is hyperalesia and with what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A

1) noxious stimuli produce greater than normal nociceptive activity 2) substance P

62
Q

What is allodynia and what neurotransmitter is it associated with?

A

1) non-noxious stimuli activates nociceptors 2) substance P

63
Q

What are Wide-Dynamic range (WDR) neurons?

A

respond to both noxious & non-noxious stimuli and is associated with referred pain of visceral organs

64
Q

How can you prevent Wind-up in animals?

A

use nerve blocks, aggressive pain management , NMDA inhibitors, and acupuncture.

65
Q

What is the Gate control theory?

A

if you rub your booboo after you hit it it stimulates the somatosensory input to the projector neurons closing the “gate” and reducing the perception of pain

66
Q

What nerves are responsible for the Gag reflex?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) & CN X (vagus)

67
Q

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Oculomotor n.?

A

1) lateral strabismus 2) droopy eyelid

68
Q

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Trochlear n.?

A

Oblique deviation

69
Q

What CS would you see in an animal who has a lesion on the Abducens n.?

A

medial strabismus

70
Q

Which section is the Spinocervicothalamic & which is Spinoreticular? (purple or green)

A

Purple: Spinocervicothalamic Green: Spinoreticular

71
Q
A

Gross Anatomy 2 (1 decks)

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