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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Appenines

A

Italian mountain range

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2
Q

Hannibal

A

Made a famous negative roman description of the crossing of the alps

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3
Q

Mount Paektu

A

Highest mountain and supervolcano on the Korean peninsula. Contains heaven lake. Believed that a sky god and a bear woman created the Korean people

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4
Q

Mount Kailash

A

Tibetan mountain. Holiest in the world. Buddhist, Hindu, Bon and Jane religions. 1/4 of the worlds population

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5
Q

Circumambulation

A

Act of walking around a sacred object or idol. Associated with Mount Kailash

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6
Q

Kangchenjunga and Machapuchare

A

Off limit mountains in nepal for religious reasons

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7
Q

The Sublime

A

Older document. Aesthetic concept presented by Edmund Burke in the mid 18th century. Referred to the thrill and danger of confronting untamed nature. Possibility of meeting god outweighed the danger

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8
Q

Myth of the Frontier

A

Antidote to the hustle bustle of modern life was a return to a simpler more primitive living

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9
Q

William Wordsworth

A

English Romantic Poet who wrote the Prelude which talked about the unpleasantness of traversing through mountains

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10
Q

Mer de Glace

A

Largest glacier in France above Chamonix where a group of 7 marveled at the destruction of glaciers

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11
Q

John Muir

A

Romantic description of the Sierra Nevada Mountains

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12
Q

J.M.W Turner

A

Depicted nature in mountains as a divine creation

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13
Q

Albert Mummery

A

Mountaineer who wrote that the essence of the sport lies with struggling and overcoming difficulties

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14
Q

Rogers Pass Avalanche

A

Deadliest avalanche killing 58 workers

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15
Q

Nain Avalanche

A

First avalanche fatalities in canadian history

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16
Q

Shear Strength

A

Bond and anchorage of snow layers

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17
Q

Shear stress

A

Downslope force of gravity. When shear stress > Shear strength, avalanche occurs

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18
Q

Loose Snow Avalanches

A

Very little internal cohesion. A.K.A point release avalanches. Occur frequently with freshly fallen snow on steep slopes. Shallow, small and cause little damage

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19
Q

Slab Avalanches

A

A slab of cohesive snow slides as a slab. Need a dense slab sitting on top of a weak layer on a slope > 30 degrees but less than 60, and a trigger. Can originate in all kinds of snow

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20
Q

Natural Trigger

A

Additional or new snow, warming temps, rainfall, rockfall, earthquakes

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21
Q

Artificial Triggers

A

People, wildlife, etc..

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22
Q

Crown

A

Upper fracture line of slab avalanches

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23
Q

Starting zone

A

where an avalanche begins

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24
Q

Track

A

The area where an avalanche travels. Treeless

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25
Q

Runout Zone

A

Area where the debris from the avalanche accumulates at the bottom of the slopes

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26
Q

Dry Slides

A

50-200km/hr. Create Powder cloud at > 35km/hr which moves above the avalanche. Air blast can occur if large enough which deals hefty damage

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27
Q

Sinter

A

Coalescing of small grains of snow

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28
Q

Wet Snow avalanches

A

Travel much slower with no dust cloud.

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29
Q

Climax Avalanches

A

Wet snow avalanches where the whole seasons snow pack may release to the ground

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30
Q

Landslides

A

The downslope movement of rock and debris. Shear stress > Shear strength

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31
Q

Rockfalls

A

Occur when rocks detach and fall freely, bounce or role down slope

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32
Q

Topples

A

Occur when a large piece of bedrock falls off a slope and topples end over end

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33
Q

Turtle Mountain Rock fall

A

One of the largest rockfalls in history in spring of 1903 in the Southern Alberta Rockies. 82 million tons of limestone fell into the valley killing 80 ppl. Unstable geology was the primary cause

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34
Q

Translational +Rotational Slides

A

Overlying consolidated mass moves downslope. Happen in unconsolidated sediment such as clay, sand silt. Steep Head Scarp. Translational runs parallel. Rotational is curved or concave upwards

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35
Q

Earthflows

A

Fluid like movement of fine sediments down slope. Occur when slopes of unconsolidated sediment become water saturated. When unconsolidated sediments overlie an impenetrable layer which prevents water drainage

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36
Q

Debris Flows

A

Earthflows composed of large sediments. Most dangerous type of landslides

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37
Q

Rockfall tunnels, drape nates, catches, levees, metal anchors, ditches, culverts, drains, tree planting

A

Landslide prevention measures

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38
Q

Silica

A

Most abundant element in magma. Defines magma types

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39
Q

Basaltic Magma

A

Formed by upwelling, melted mantle. has low silica content and viscosity and flows easily. Contains high amounts of iron and magnesium making it dark in colour. Occurs at divergent plate boundaries

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40
Q

Svartifoss Waterfall

A

Skaftafell national park display of basaltic magma eruptions

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41
Q

Rhyolitic Magma

A

High silica content and low iron, magnesium. Formed when basaltic magma rises through continental crust. High viscosity. Produced. by volcanos in subduction zones and hotspots

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42
Q

Shield Volcanos

A

Produced by basaltic magma. Hawaiian Mountains and Galapagos

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43
Q

Tamu Massif

A

Extinct submarine shield volcano. Could be largest known volcano on Earth

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44
Q

Stratovolcano

A

Produced by Rhyolitic Magma. Krakatoa (1883), Vesuvius(destroyed Pompeii), Mount St Helens and Pinatubo

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45
Q

Cinder Cone volcano

A

Intermediary volcano. Paricutin (424m cone, eruptions continued for 9 years, 25km lava flows) is one

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46
Q

Volcanic Ash

A

Produced by explosive eruptions. Heavy and abbrassive. Can reach thousands of km in stratosphere.

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47
Q

Pyroclastic Flows

A

Explosive Eruption. Hot masses of gas and rock fragments are ejected and move downslope. Very dangerous. 700km/hr, reaches 100’s of degrees C. Mount Pelee buried town of St Pierre

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48
Q

Lahar

A

Trigerred when large amounts of water released from the melting snow and ice mix with the loose volcanic rock and ash and pours into creeks and rivers.

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49
Q

Nevado Del Ruiz

A

Erupted in Colombia and caused a Lahar killing 23,000 ppl.

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50
Q

Volcanic Winter

A

Decreased global temps caused by sulfuric acid and volcanic ash. 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo lowered global temp by 1 degree.

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51
Q

Alexander Von Humboldt

A

One of the first people to document patterns of mountain biodiversity

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52
Q

Chimborazo

A

6310m stratovolcano documented by Alex von humboldt cross section

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53
Q

Speciation

A

Occurs when populations diverge genetically to a point where they can no longer interbreed. Populations need to be isolated

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54
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographical Isolation of species

55
Q

Tyrian Metaltail

A

Example of allopatric speciation.

56
Q

Bellflowers

A

Example of Allopatric Speciation

57
Q

Refugia

A

Places in the Mountains that have maintained favorable conditions during periods of past environmental change

58
Q

Species Richness

A

Count of total number of species present

59
Q

Evenness

A

How similar species are in their relative abundances

60
Q

Species diversity

A

Accounts for both species richness and evenness

61
Q

DNA Barcoding

A

Characterizing species using short DNA sequences

62
Q

Hotspots of Biodiversity

A

Regions containing high concentrations of endemic species facing threats of rapid species loss. 35 identified around the world, half in mountain regions. Home to half the worlds endemic species

63
Q

Andes

A

Area for hotspots of biodiversity

64
Q

Geographical Area Hypothesis

A

Larger areas can support more species, less species diversity at higher latitudes and elevations may just be because or a lack of area

65
Q

Productivity Hypothesis

A

Amount of primary productivity which forms the resource base of food webs, determines the number of species that can be supported in an area. Higher productivity associated with higher temps in tropics, and lower elevations contributes to higher biodiversity

66
Q

Nunataks

A

Tops of mountains sticking out of ice sheets. As climate warms, Nunataks connect and species will move along and no longer be endemic

67
Q

Diversity-Stability Hypothesis

A

Based on the observation that species vary in their morphology and physiology and that in highly diverse systems there will be some species that can compensate for the loss of others after disturbance

68
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

All the values associated with mountain biodiversity. Coined in 2005 at the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

69
Q

BIomass

A

Leaves, stems roots and reproductive structures produced by photosynthesis in plants

70
Q

Tracheids

A

Narrow transport vessels in coniferous tree wood that decreases the likelihood of gas bubbles forming

71
Q

Larch, Tamarak

A

High elevation conifer species that shed their needles in the fall

72
Q

Radiative Heat Gain

A

Increase the amount of heat they receive from the sun

73
Q

Convective Cooling

A

Decrease the amount of heat that’s lost from wind

74
Q

Subnivian Space

A

Space below snow that shelters p[lants from harsh changes in weather

75
Q

Ecosystem Engineers

A

Organisms that modulate the availability of resources to other species. Cushion growth forms are an example.

76
Q

Espeletia Schultzii

A

Giant rosette species common above the tree line in the Andes. Thick hairy leaved trunk

77
Q

Freezing Point Depression

A

Allows plants to increase the concentration of soluble sugars in their tissues to reduce the temp at which they will freeze

78
Q

Supercooling

A

Water in plants can cool to below zero without freezing

79
Q

Dehydration by Ice Segregation

A

Plants can move water to the empty spaces outside their cells where it will not damage the tissue if it freezes

80
Q

Water-Potential Gradient

A

Higher moisture in a leaf relative to the surrounding air causes net movement of water out of the leaf

81
Q

Boundary Layer

A

Layer of hair that can lessen the water potential gradient and reduce convective cooling

82
Q

Taproot Systems

A

Large main root with smaller roots branching off the sides. Adaptation to thin soils at high elevation and helps stabilize plants and reach more nutrients

83
Q

Pasqueflowers, Gentians, Oxytropes

A

Examples of deep rooted alpine species

84
Q

Lichens

A

Desecration tolerant non flowering organisms. They are symbiosis between an algae or bacterial species and a fungus. Bacteria provides food for fungi which provides shelter for bacteria

85
Q

Mutualistic Association

A

Relationship that is beneficial to both organisms. Lichens are an example

86
Q

Perennials

A

Plants that persist for more than two years. Better adapted to alpine environments than annuals

87
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

Process by which new plants grow from parts of parent plants

88
Q

Rhizomes

A

Modified underground stems that extend away from the plant and grow new shoots. Asexual reproduction example

89
Q

Heliotropic

A

Follow the sun as it moves across the sky

90
Q

Co evolution

A

Two or more species reciprocally affect each others evolution.

91
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process that allows animals to maintain internal body temp. Controlled by a negative feedback system. If body gets cold, brain tells body to warm up

92
Q

Ectotherms

A

Animals that primarily regulate temp from external sources of heat. Amphibians, reptiles fish and invertebrates

93
Q

Endotherms

A

Create most of their heat from metabolic processes. mammals and birds

94
Q

Pikas

A

Small Lagomorphs most closely related to rabbits and hares. Have reduced ears and limbs to conserve heat.

95
Q

Piloerection

A

Involuntary raising of hairs to conserve heat

96
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels decreasing in diameter to reduce the amount of heat brought to the surface of the body to restrict heat transfer to the environment

97
Q

Countercurrent heat Exchange

A

Arteries carrying warm blood run parallel and close to veins that return blood to the trunk of the body

98
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Process that amplifies internal heat production. Ex: Shivering, Release of hormone that increases metabolic rate

99
Q

Brown Fat

A

Specialized for heat regeneration and is a form of non shivering thermogenesis. Common in hibernating animals

100
Q

Torpor

A

low metabolic Rate and Decreased body temp

101
Q

Marmot

A

Hibernation and torpor cause heart rate to go form 180-200 bpm to 28-38 and 60 breaths per minute to 1-2 breaths per minute. Spend 200 days a year in hibernation (Sept - April).

102
Q

Cryoprotectants

A

Chemicals that prevent cells from freezing

103
Q

Freezing Tolerant

A

Can survive freezing within tissues. New Zealand cockroach (-6 degrees)

104
Q

Heat Exchange Surfaces

A

Surfaces where heat is commonly released to environment. Smaller in alpine animals

105
Q

Evaporative Cooling

A

Helps animals keep cool through the evaporation of water from the body. Sweating/Panting

106
Q

Llamas

A

Have the highest concentration of red blood cells among all mammals.

107
Q

White Tailed Ptarmigan

A

Smallest grouse in NA. Only bird to reside permanently in Alpine Zone. They change the color of feathers seasonally from white in winter to speckled brwon in summer for camo. Can maintain 40 degree body temp throughout winter. Sedentary lifestyle

108
Q

Sentinel Species

A

Important to understand the impact of environmental changes in mountains. Marmots are an example

109
Q

Lawrence Swan

A

Recounted Bar Headed geese Migration in the tibetan plateau

110
Q

Bar Headed Geese

A

25% bigger lungs than regular geese. Breathe deeper instead of faster. More capillaries

111
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Water has high SHC which means it loses and gains heat less rapidly

112
Q

Bull Trout

A

Once the most widespread native trout in mountain parks. Require water temp below 13. Recently disappeared bc of damaged habitat, overfishing and intro of new fish species which have replaced it

113
Q

Cerro Rico

A

Sinking mountain due to mining activities

114
Q

Bingham Canyon, Utah

A

Worlds largest copper mines

115
Q

Amenity Migration

A

People who choose to move to mountain areas for the environmental and social benefits. Often escaping urban environments

116
Q

Transboundary Peace Park

A

Originated in 1924 Krakow Protocol forTatra Mountains. Example: Waterton Lakes National Park

117
Q

Alpine Convention

A

1991 international treaty b/w countries that border the Alps as well as the EU for ensuring the sustainable development and protection of the Alps

118
Q

Albertine Rift

A

more vertebrate species than anywhere on Africa and is biodiversity Hot Spot. Transboundary peace

119
Q

Altay Mountains

A

Houses many endangered species (Snow Leopard). Transboundary Peace

120
Q

St. Elias Mountains

A

Transboundary Peace. 132,000 square km. Some of worlds longest glaciers

121
Q

Parks Canada

A

First mountain parks service in the world founded in 1911

122
Q

Wicked Problem

A

A problem difficult to solve bc of changing requirements etc… this is the challenge of managing mountain landscapes around the world

123
Q

Earth Summit

A

Global framework for sustainable mountain development was adopted here in 1992

124
Q

Mountain Agenda

A

Prepared for the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. Identified 7 key principles for mountain policy development: 1. Recognize mtn areas as important and specific areas of development. 2. Compensate for environmental goods and services provided to lowlands. 3. Diversify into other livelihood options that could provide benefits to communities. 4. Take advantage of local potential for innovation. 5. Preserve cultural change without the loss of identity. 6 Conserve mtn ecosystems and its early warning functions. 7. Institutionalize sustainable development of mountain areas

125
Q

Amplifier

A

Water vapor

126
Q

IPCC

A

Leading international advisory body comprised of over 800 leading scientists.

127
Q

Paris Agreement

A

A global agreement on the reduction of climate change. Calls for zero net anthropogenic emissions to be reached during the second half of teh 21st century, also seek to limit temp increase to 1.5 degrees celsius. require achieving zero emissions by 2050

128
Q

Elevation-Dependent Warming

A

Accelerates the rate of change in mountain ecosystems, cryospheric systems, hydrological regimes and biodiversity. 2.9 degree increase is associated with a 377m upward shift in snowline. Albedo, surface based feedbacks, water vapour changes, latent heat release, surface heat loss, temperature change, aerosols are examples

129
Q

Mount Kosciusko

A

Australia’s highest mountain

130
Q

GLORIA

A
  1. Established an international long-term monitoring program and site based network for monitoring high mountain vegetation and its biological diversity. Observed that species richness has increased. And species have shifted upwards.
131
Q

Mountain Legacy project

A

Based on an extensive collection of historical survey images on the mountain regions of canada. Worlds largest collection of mtn images. Pictures

132
Q

Lake Toba

A

last known supervolcano eruption 74,000 years ago

133
Q

The Mountain Partnership

A

A UN voluntary alliance dedicated to improving the lives of mtn pplz and protecting mtn environments around the world. Founded in 2002. Introduced international mtn day on december 11

134
Q

Lawren Harris

A

group of 7 artist depicting mtns

MOuntains 101 (1 decks)

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