Final Flashcards
Which statement is true about blood?/
Venous blood carries more carbonic acid as waste.
Which granulocyte is the most mobile and phagocytic?
Neturophils
What is the glycoproteins hormone that is secreted naturally or can be received synthetically to increase red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin
A decrease in the normal amount of white blood cells is called?
Leukopenia
Which term describes on overall increase in the number of white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What are the contents of the transfusion blood when a patient is receiving group B negative blood?
- B antigens
- Anti-A bodies
- Anti-Rh bodies
What is the function of albumin?
To maintain osmotic balance of the blood
Which blood types are the universal donor and recipient?
Donor - O
Recipient - AB+
During pregnancy oxygenated blood returns from the placenta via the umbilical vein and then flows into which structure?
Inferior vena cava
Venous return to the heart depends on which mechanism?
- Valves In the veins
- a strong beating heart
- An adequate arterial BP
- Pumping action of the skeletal muscles as they contract
- changing pressures in the chest cavity caused by breathing
Which face tissues are supplies by the external carotid artery?
Face
Eyes
Larynx
Which term refers to the state when the heart is resting?
Diastole
Which substances are part of the formed elements in blood?
Platelets
Red Blood cells
White Blood cells
What two kinds of connective tissue make blood cells for the body?
Myeloid and Lymphoid
The blood cell that is responsible for the defense against parasite?
Eosinophils
The molecule in the red blood cells that is responsible for the red pigment is:
Hemoglobin
The inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen of white blood cells:
Leukopenia
Platelets play an important role in:
Clotting blood
A clot that is circulating in the blood stream:
Thromboembolism
The term blood type refers to:
Antigen on a red blood cell
A disease that develops as a result of a Rh- mothers antibodies reacting with the Rh+ babies red blood cells is:
Erythoclastosis Fetalis
When us the RhoGAM injections administered to a pregnant woman during her first pregnancy?
Mother Rh-, baby Rh+
Which treatment strategy is appropriate for a patient diagnosed with pernicious anemia?
Intramuscular B12 injections
Identify the cells that transport gases in the body?
Red blood cells
Which components are critical to coagulation?
- Prothrombin
- Thrombin
- Fibrinogen
- Fibrin
What is the characteristic feature of the universal recipient blood group?
Both antigen A and B are present
Which cell secretes heparin?
Basophils
The covering of the heart is two layers of fibrous tissue called:
Pericardium
The aorta transports blood out of which chamber?
Left ventricle
Which blood vessels return venous blood to the right atrium?
Superior and inferior vena cava
The four structures that compare the conduction system of the heart are the:
- Sinoatrial node
- Atrioventricular node
- Atrioventricular bundle
- Purkinjie fibers
What is the term used to describe the severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen?
Angina
Blood flow through the blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is which type of circulation?
Systemic
Which event is part of a normal electrocardiogram?
- P wave
- T wave
- QRS complex
Cardiac output is determined by:
Stroke volume and heart rate
What is another name for the sinoatrial node?
Pacemaker
Which condition occurs after an obstruction and causes tissue death?
Myocardial infraction
Because the atria receive blood from the vessels called veins, what are they often called?
Receiving chambers
Upon returning to the heart from the lungs what structure does the blood enter?
Left atrium
To what structures are the free edges of the atrioventricular valves anchored?
Papillary muscles
What four structures compose the conduction system of the heart?
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Purjunkie fibers
Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
What order does a normal cardia impulse follow within the conduction pathway of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of HIS
Prukinje fibers
What structures are supplied with the blood from the subclavian arteries?
Left upper extremities
What is the significance of the presence of valves in the veins?
They prevent the backward flow of blood
Which vein returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper extremities?
Superior vena cava
Which are the major pulse points?
Carotid artery
Femoral artery
Which structure contains macrophages?
Lymph node
Which statements are applicable to the thymus?
- It is virtually disappears by the age of 80
- It is largest at puberty and weighs 35-40 grams
- It is located in the mediastinum extending up to the neck
Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and it surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous tissue?
Larynx
The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is termed>
Tidal volume
Which conditions may cause pneumothorax?
- There is a disruption of the visceral pleura
* There is a disruption of the chest wall and parietal pleura
The largest organ of the lymphatic system is the:
Spleen
Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called?
Tonsils
The bodies defense mechanisms are organized into which two major categories?
Nonspecific and specific immunity
Which term means immunity developed in response to threatening organisms or toxins?
Adaptive
Redness pain heat and swelling describes which immune response?
Inflammatory
T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as which type of immunity?
Cell mediated
Which factor is a substance that interferes with the ability of viruses with the ability of viruses to spread?
Interferon
What type of T cells suppress or shut down an immune reaction after the antigen has been destroyed?
Regulator T Cells
Which statement is true about antigens?
They can induce immune responses
In which stage of development does a cell produce antibodies?
Plasma cell
Which statement regarding activated B Cells is correct?
Activated B Cells divide to produce clones of identical B Cells
Which term best describes a life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of airways, relaxation of blood vessels, and irregular heart rhythms?
Anaphylactic shock
Which statement regarding the movement of lymph in body is true?
Lymph flows in lymph vessels that have valves with one-way flow
What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system?
Thymus
As people age, their thymus function diminishes greatly what is the significance of this?
The immune system function is reduced as the thymus function decreases
Which organ regulates the development of T cells by producing thymosin?
Thymus
The trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs make up the
Lower respiratory tract
The portion of the throat that is behind the mouth is called:
Oropharynx
The air containing spaces that open or drain into the nasal cavity are called:
Paranasal sinuses
The trachea divides at its lower end into 2
Primary bronchi
The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a substance called:
Surfactant
Which muscles are inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
During respiration the thorax:
Becomes larger when the chest rises
When the thoracic cavity decreases in size the air pressure within it:
Increases
Oxygen enters the blood from the alveolar air because of:
Diffusion
An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes
A drop in pH
The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is:
Carbaminohemoglobin
Which functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment of the human body:
Chemoreflex
Which structure serves the initial filters that stop particulate matter in the air from entering the rest of the body?
Mucus blanket
Which statement about the functions of the respiratory system indicates a need for further teaching?
It dries the air we breathe
Which statement about the epiglottis is correct?
It’s function is to prevent food or liquids from entering the trachea
Why are alveoli effective in exchanging the gases carbon dioxide and oxygen?
*Each lung has numerous alveoli
*The alveolus has a extremely thin wall
Each alveolus lies in close contact with the blood capillaries
What are the masses of lymphatic tissues embedded in the mucous membranes of the pharynx?
Tonsils
What happens when the diaphragm is pulled down during respiration?
Lungs expand
Which statement is correct about surfactant?
Surfactant prevents the collapse of alveoli
Which term refers to the temporary cessation of breathing?
Apnea
When a person is hyperventilating what is the breathing pattern?
Rapid, deep respiration’s
Which is a characteristic of the spleen?
It is the largest lymphoid organ
Which statement describes the tonsil?
- They are present in the mouth and at the back of the throat
- They are composed of masses of lymphoid tissue in a protective ring
- They protect against bacteria
Which is an example of active artificial immunity?
- A child receives a polio vaccination and acquires immunity to polio
- A patient receives a tetanus antibody injection and develops immunity against tetanus
What are the functions of the spleen?
- Filtration of blood
- Acts as a reservoir of blood
- Destruction of old red blood cells
What are lymphatics called in the villi of the small intestine?
Lacteals
Which statement accurately describes the trachea?
It is also called the windpipe
The first section of the small intestine is the:
Duodenum
Which process is a type of mechanical digestion?
- Peristalsis
- Degulation
- Mastication
Which organ plays an essential part in blood clotting?
Liver
What three processes does food undergo in the body?
Digestion
Absorption
Metabolism
The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall is called the:
Mucosa
When empty the lining of the stomach lies in folds called:
Rugged
The large gland that secretes bile is the:
Liver
The end products of fat digestion are:
Fatty acids and glycerol
Salvia contains the enzyme:
Salivary amylase
Where does protein digestion begin?
Stomach
Which organs function is compromised in a patient diagnosed with jaundice?
Liver
What is the name for a chemical that reduces the amount of the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction?
A catalyst
Which statement accurately describes the mesentery?
It is the fold of serious membrane that connects the parietal and visceral portions
Which statement described the muscular is of the gastrointestinal wall?
It has a inner layer of circular smooth muscle
What is the largest salivary glands?
Parotid glands
Which condition causes difficulty speaking?
A lingual frenulum that is too short
Because of glycolysis occurs without oxygen it is considered?
Anaerobic
The use the body makes of food after they have been digested, absorbed, and circulates to salted its called:
Metabolism
Which nutrient is a micronutrient?
Vitamin
Which organ plays a major role in the metabolism of all three types of nutrients?
Liver
Which hormone helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism of all three types of nutrients?
Liver
When hormone helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism by decreasing blood glucose to a normal level?
Insulin
Unneeded fats or anabolized to form triglycerides in are stored in:
Adipose tissue
The entire amount of energy used by the body per day is which rate?
Total metabolic
Which term best describes the rate at which food is catabolized under Basel conditions?
Basal metabolic rate
Which method is a way heat can be lost from blood and the skin?
Convection
Which heat transfer technique is involved in boarding a person’s temperature using a thermometer?
Conduction
What is the function of magnesium in the human body?
It is a component of many energy transferring enzymes
What is the primary location for the process of glycogenesis?
Liver
What is the net amount of ATP molecules formed in a single glycosides reaction?
2
Which B complex vitamins help enzymes in the citric acid cycle?
- Niacin
- Thiamine
- Riboflavin
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets and skeletal deformity?
Calciferol
While treating a patient with a minor cut, the nurse observes excessive bleeding. Which deficiency causes this?
Vitamin K
A patient is diagnosed with mineral deficiency of calcium. Which dietary sources does the health care provider recommend to rectify the deficiency?
Legumes
Dairy products
Which instruction is suitable for a patient complaining of night blindness?
Eat vitamin A rich foods
What characterizes insulin deficiency?
Hyperglycemia
Low rate of glucose metabolism
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A
E
D
Which are sources of ascorbic acid?
Strawberries
Green peppers
To prevent a goiter patient should have which mineral in the adequate amounts?
Iodine
The principle organ of the urinary system is the?
Kidney
The capillary network that is tucked inside the Bowman capsules the:
Glomerulus
The order of each kidney conducts urine from the kidney to the:
Bladder
Attacks of the renal colic are caused by:
Kidney stones
The passage of the urine from the body or the emptying of bladder is referred to as
Micturition
Which organ releases erythropoietin hormone into the blood?
Kidneys
What is the function fo the urethra?
Expulsion of urine
Why are women more prone to cystitis than men?
The female urethra opening is closer to the anal opening
Female intentional bacteria have easier access to the urethra
The infection easily enters the bladder through a woman’s urethra
What are the primary functions of the Henle loop?
- Production of dilute tubule fluid
- Reabsorption of water from the tubule fluid
- Reabsorption of sodium in chloride from the tubule fluid
- Click all the answers that say tubule fluid*
What effect does the decrease in production of anti-diuretic hormone have on regulation of urine volume?
Increases water loss by the body
What is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in human urine?
Urea
Which hormone increases to lower blood glucose?
Insulin
When respiration is decreased:
CO2 content increases
H2CO3 increases
PH increases
Substances such as salt that dissolve or break apart in water are called:
Electrolytes
Which factor controls plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid volumes?
Capillary blood pressure
Concentration of proteins in blood
Concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluid
The most important factor in determining urine volume is the rate of water and salt?
Reabsorption by the renal tubules
The dissociated parts of an electrolyte are called:
Ions
As capillary blood pressure increases:
More fluid is filtered out of the blood into the interstitial fluid
The term for a a substance that promotes or stimulates the production of urine is:
Diuretic
Abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body is a condition called?
Edema
Which of the following ions is a cation?
Potassium
Which hormonal changes are expected because of low sodium levels in the plasma?
Increase in the aldosterone hormone levels
What is the largest fluid compartment in an adult body?
Intracellular fluid
Which bodily secretion has the highest volume collected over a period of 24 hrs in a healthy individual?
Intestinal secretions
What are some causes of hyperclcemia?
excess calcium
What causes a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in inflammatory conditions?
Increase in capillary permeability
Which organ is most responsible for the elimination of water from the body?
Kidneys
Which physiological changes decrease the total body water content in elderly individuals?
Decrease in muscle mass
Increase in adipose tissue
Concentration of which ion in intracellular fluid is the lowest?
Calcium
Which ion is the most abundant in the interstitial fluid?
Sodium
Which organ secretes renin?
Kidney
Which finding indicates a risk for edema?
Increased aldosterone levels
What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Which fluid compartment is part of the fluid in the eyeball?
Trans cellular fluid
Where is the thirst center of the body?
Hypothalamus
What are some common causes of dehydration?
Edema
What are associated with water intoxication?
Drinking large quantities of water rapidly
Giving hypotonic solutions to a person with kidney failure
When water content is elevated in plasma sodium levels are dilutes
Which factors maintain the constancy of pH in the body?
Buffers, respiratory mechanism, and urinary mechanism
A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to:
Stimulate increase respiration’s
Anything that causes an excessive increase in respiration’s will in time lead to:
Alkalosis
Blood levels of NaHco3 are regulated by the kidneys, whereas H2CO3 levels are regulated by:
The lungs
Who explained the concept of homeostasis in the 1930’s?
Walter Bradford Cannon
What is another name for emesis?
Vomiting
Which part of the kidney rids the body of excess acid and converse the base?
Distal tumbles
Where is the vomit center?
Brain stem
What occurs with the accumulation of ketone bodies?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
The term pH indicates what?
A solutions relative hydrogen ion concentration compared with hydroxide concentration
What does maintaining acid base balance mean?
Keeping the concentration of hydrogen in the body fluids constant
What is the most acidic substance in the body?
Gastric juice
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
What is true about blood?
Arterial blood has a pH of 7.45
Venous blood has a pH of 7.35
Both are slightly alakaline
Which is one of the main buffers that buffers the normally occurring “fixed” acids in blood are called lactic acid?
Sodium bicarbonate
What occurs metabolically when people hold their breath for a minute or longer?
the respiratory center senses the rising carbon dioxide in forces the persons inhale
What can the kidneys do that the lungs cannot do in the regulating of pH?
Eliminate excess base
What are the kidneys considered the last and best defense against water variations of blood pH?
The kidneys are slower to respond but are able to eliminate much larger amounts of acid than the lungs
Which option best describes kidney excretions?
Acid pH urine
When is the body considered to be in a acidotic state?
The blood has a pH of less than 7.35
When is the body considered to be in a alkalosis state?
When the body has a pH of greater than 7.45
Why can vomiting become life threatening?
- because of fluid imbalance
- metabolic alkalosis
- Electrolyte imbalance
What acid base imbalance is associated with prolonged diarrhea?
Metabolic acidosis
The process by which the body builds amino acids into complex proteins is called:
Anabolism
Organic molecules needed in small amounts for normal metabolism are called:
Vitamins
Which sphincter controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach?
Cardiac
Which duct is formed by a duct from the liver merging with the duct from the gallbladder?
Common bile
The end products of fat digestion are:
Fatty acids and glycerol
Which process is a yep of mechanical digestion?
Peristalsis
Deglutition
Mastication
While teaching a patient about organs in the digestive system, which statement indicates a need for further teaching?
The spleen is an organ in the digestive system
Which statement accurately describe the mesentery?
It is the fold of serous membrane that connects the parietal and visceral portions
Which tooth would likely erupt at the posterior end of the lower jaw in a 22-year-old patient?
Third molars
Which condition causes difficulty speaking?
A lingual that is too short
What is the net amount of ATP molecules formed during a single glycolysis reaction?
two
