Final

Question 1

Schedules of Reinforcement DRA (Differential reinforcement alternative)

Answer 1

the learner is reinforced for engaging in a more appropriate, alternative behavior

Question 2

Schedules of Reinforcement DRO (Differential reinforcement of zero responding)

Answer 2

the learner is reinforced for not engaging in the challenging behavior.

Question 3

Schedules of Reinforcement DRI (Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior)

Answer 3

the learner is reinforced for engaging in a behavior which “competes” with or is incompatible with the challenging behavior.

Question 4

Schedules of Reinforcement DRL (Differential reinforcement of of low rates)

Answer 4

the learner is reinforced for engaging in lower rates of a challenging behavior

Question 5

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Answer 5

WORKS BY PRESENTING A MOTIVATING/REINFORCING STIMULUS TO THE PERSON AFTER THE DESIRED BEHAVIOR IS EXHIBITED, MAKING THE BEHAVIOR MORE LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE

Question 6

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Answer 6

OCCURS WHEN A CERTAIN STIMULUS (USUALLY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS) IS REMOVED AFTER A PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR IS EXHIBITED. THE LIKELIHOOD OF THE PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR OCCURRING AGAIN IN THE FUTURE IS INCREASED BECAUSE OF REMOVING/AVOIDING THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCE.

Question 7

Shaping

Answer 7

uses reinforcement and extinction; SHAPING IS THE USE OF REINFORCEMENT OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS OF A DESIRED BEHAVIOR. SPECIFICALLY, WHEN USING A SHAPING TECHNIQUE, EACH APPROXIMATE DESIRED BEHAVIOR THAT IS DEMONSTRATED IS REINFORCED, WHILE BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NOT APPROXIMATIONS OF THE DESIRED BEHAVIOR ARE NOT REINFORCED

Question 8

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 8

PRIMARY REINFORCERS ARE NATURALLY REINFORCING. THERE IS NO LEARNING NECESSARY FOR THEM TO BE REINFORCING. PRIMARY REINFORCERS FULFILL OUR BIOLOGICAL NEEDS SUCH AS FOOD, SHELTER, WATER, SLEEP, SAFETY. (food and candy are primary reinforcers in young children)

Question 9

Back-up Reinforcers

Answer 9

A BACKUP REINFORCER IS A REINFORCER ON WHICH A CONDITIONED REINFORCER IS BASED. IN A TOKEN SYSTEM IT IS A REINFORCER FOR WHICH TOKENS CAN BE EXCHANGED IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THEIR REINFORCING POWER. (ipad, computer, music, games, toys,)

Question 10

Fading

Answer 10

FADING REFERS TO DECREASING THE LEVEL OF ASSISTANCE NEEDED TO COMPLETE A TASK OR ACTIVITY.

Question 11

Tokens as conditioned reinforcers

Answer 11

A token is something delivered to a person immediately after a desirable behavior has been performed. Tokens can be accumulated and eventually exchanged for backup reinforcers.

Question 12

Procedures used to increase and maintain operant behavior:

Answer 12

positive reinforcement, shaping, fading, chaining, stimulus discrimination training, generalization, schedules of reinfocement.

Question 13

Procedures used to decrease operant behavior

Answer 13

operant extinction, punishment, antecendent control procedures, differential reinforcement schedules/procedures

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

application of an immediate consequence following an individual’s behavior in a specific situation that has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of future of that individual engaging in that specific behavior in that specific situation.

Question 15

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Answer 15

WORKS BY PRESENTING AN AVERSIVE CONSEQUENCE AFTER AN UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR IS EXHIBITED, MAKING THE BEHAVIOR LESS LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE.

Question 16

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Answer 16

HAPPENS WHEN A CERTAIN REINFORCING STIMULUS IS REMOVED AFTER A PARTICULAR UNDESIRED BEHAVIOR IS EXHIBITED, RESULTING IN THE BEHAVIOR HAPPENING LESS OFTEN IN THE FUTURE.

Question 17

Modeling

Answer 17

A procedure by which a sample of a given behavior is demonstrated to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior

Question 18

Extinction

Answer 18

more than just ignoring behavior
Extinction often fails when behavior is simply ignored, rather the actual reinforcer of the behavior must always be withheld

Question 19

Operant extinction

Answer 19

if a response has been increased in frequency through reinforcement, then completely ceasing to reinforce the response will cause it to decrease in frequency.

Question 20

Respondent extinction

Answer 20

involves the procedure of presenting a conditioned stimulus while withholding the unconditioned stimuli, with the result that the conditioned stimuli gradually loses its capability of eliciting the conditioned response

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences

Question 22

Classical conditioning (or respondent or pavlovian conditioning)

Answer 22

a type of learning that involves reflexes- automatic responses to prior stimuli.

Question 23

USC: Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 23

a stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning (eg. Bright light)

Question 24

UCR: Unconditioned response

Answer 24

a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (eg squinting because of bright light)

Question 25

CS: Conditioned stimulus

Answer 25

stimulus in a conditioned reflex (eg. A a song that was paired with an unconditioned response, that elicits said response when song is played)

Question 26

CR: Conditioned response

Answer 26

response in a conditioned reflex

Question 27

Physical prompts:

Answer 27

guiding the learning through touch. Parents often use physical guidance to help their child learn new behaviors such as holding their hands while teaching them to walk.

Question 28

Gestural prompts

Answer 28

certain motions a teacher makes such as pointing to the correct cue or making signals directed to the learner without touching them. For example, a teacher extending their hand in a palm-downward motion as a prompt for children to talk softly.

Question 29

Modeling prompts

Answer 29

when correct behavior is demonstrated. A teacher might demonstrate how to spell a word on the board for students.

Question 30

Verbal prompts

Answer 30

verbal hints or cues. A parent using verbal prompts when teaching their children to dress themselves “now pull the sweater over your head”

Question 31

ABAB (Reversal design)

Answer 31

consists of baseline phase followed by treatment followed by removal of treatment followed by reintroduction of treatment.

Question 32

Multiple-baseline across behaviors design

Answer 32

involves establishing baselines for two or more of an individual’s behaviors followed by introducing the treatment sequentially across behaviors.

Question 33

Multiple-baseline across situations design

Answer 33

establishing baselines for a behavior of an individual across two or more situations concurrently followed by the introduction of the treatment to the behavior sequentially across those situations.

Question 34

Multiple-baseline across people design

Answer 34

establishing baselines for a specific behavior across two or more people concurrently followed by the introduction of the treatment sequentially to each person.

Question 35

Changing criterion design

Answer 35

the control that a treatment exerts on an individual’s behavior is evaluated by introducing successive changes in the behavioral criterion for application of the treatment.

Question 36

Alternating treatments design

Answer 36

alternating two or more treatment conditions, one condition per session, to assess their effects on a single behavior of a single individual.