Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Women's > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Birth - 2 hr assessment

A 
Stabilization
Relieving airway obstruction
-Bulb syringe 
-Neosucker
-Respirations: 30-60 bpm, avg is 40
Maintaining O2 supply
Maintaining body temp 
Baseline of physical growth – weight, head circumference, length, chest, abdomen
LGA, AGA, SGA 
Classification Variations:	
-LBW, VLBW, IUGR, preterm, full term, late term, postterm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is the APGAR test performed

A

Done at 1 and 5 minutes – and again at 10 if needed

  • 1 min score determines how well newborn tolerated birthing process
  • 5 min scare determines how well newborn is doing outside mother’s womb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 parts of the APGAR score

A 
Activity
Pulse
Grimace
Appearance (color)
Respirations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the combined scores mean

A

0-3 is severely depressed
4-6 is moderately depressed
7-10 is excellent condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

stroke infant’s cheek – head turns in direction of touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gripping Reflex

A

place something in infant’s hand – infant grasps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Toe Curling Reflex

A

stroke sole of foot – infant curls toes if inner stroke / infant spreads toes if outer stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Moro Reflex

A

sudden noise of movement – infant throws head and arms back and cries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Galant Reflex

A

stroke infant’s lower back – infant curves toward side that is stroked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mechanisms of heat loss - thermoregulation

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cold Stress

A

O2 consumption increases and vasoconstriction occurs

  • This decreases oxygen uptake by lungs and oxygen delivery to tissues
  • Anaerobic glycolysis increases
  • There’s a decrease in PO2 and pH which leads to metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glucose Maintenance

A

BG levels should stabilize at 50-60 mg/dL within first few hours

  • At 40: initiate feeding and recheck at one hr
  • Below 40: consider feeding or initiate 10% dextrose bolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs of hypoglycemia

A

Irritability, jitteriness, lethargy, apnea, feeding problems, mottled skin, temp instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nursery Admission

A

Eye prophylaxis, Vit K, umbilical cord care, BG screening, temp reg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physiologic Jaundice

A
  • Occurs in about half of the healthy term newborns
  • 80% preterm infants
  • Typically arises more than 24 hr after birth
  • Manifested by progressive increase in unconjugated bilirubin level in cord blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathologic Jaundice

A

Level of serum bilirubin that, when untreated, can result in kernicterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Respiratory Adaptations

initiation of breathing

A
  • Chemical factors: chemoreceptors stimulate medulla to trigger respirations
  • Mechanical factors: compression of fetal chest during vaginal delivery
  • Thermal factors: skin sensory receptors
  • Sensory factors: tactile stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Respiratory Distress

A

Nasal flaring
Intercostal/subcostal retractions
Grunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CV Adaptations

A 
Includes closure of three shunts 
-Ductus venosus
-Foramen ovale
-Ductus arteriosus 
Physiological changes associated with lung inflation and neonatal respiration
Hematopoietic system changes 
-Term hemoglobin 14-24 g/dl
-Term hematocrit 44-64%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CV Distress

A

Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Renal Adaptations

A
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Signs of risk for renal system problems
  • An infant should void within first 24 hours – 98% void within 30
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Renal Impairment

A

Consider if infant hasn’t voided within 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GI Transition

A 
Adequate suck-swallow coordination
Energy requirements 
-Breastfeeding/ formula feeding 
Digest and metabolize food 
-Meconium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Physical Injury

A
  • Soft tissue
  • Trauma secondary to dystocia
  • Accidental lacerations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Parent teaching

Sleep wake states

A 
Quiet sleep
Active sleep
Drowsy
Alert inactivity
Fussy
Crying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parent teaching other factors

A

Gestational age
Time
Stimuli
Meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nursing assessment

Skeletal

A 
Molding
Caput succedaneum
Cephalhematoma
Hip dysplasia
Fractured clavicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nursing

Lab and Diagnostic Tests

A

Genetic screening
Hearing screening
Collection of specimens (heelstick, venipuncture, obtaining urine specimen, restraining infant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nursing

Therapeutic and Surgical Procedures

A

IM injection
Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia
Circ (gomco clamp, mogen clamp, plastibell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Human Trafficking Statistics

A

3rd largest criminal enterprise in the world; 2nd most profitable in U.S.
20-30 million victims trapped in modern day slavery
-68% labor, 22% sexual, 10% state imposed labor
-50% HT victims are children, 80% are women and girls
-70% female victims are trafficked into commercial sex trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

HT Risk Factors

A

addicted to drugs or alcohol, have criminal records, have mental health issues, love their traffickers, are open to recruitment again

32
Q

HT Nursing Red Flags

A
  • Seem anxious or fearful; avoids eye contact
  • Unexplained bruises/cuts
  • Potential relationship with someone who is dominating
  • Never alone
  • Not in control of finances
  • Inconsistent details in story
  • No ID
  • Inability to leave job/residence – can’t schedule appointments
  • Afraid of law enforcement
  • Doesn’t speak english
33
Q

Osteoporosis Def.

A
  • Skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture
  • More bone mass is absorbed than new body mass is laid down
  • Bone strength: bone density and bone quality
34
Q

Bone Remodeling

A 
Bone is removed from skeleton
   -Clears worn out pieces 
   to promote new dev.
-New tissue is formed 
-Responds to mechanical loading 
-Releases calcium and other ions 
Osteoblasts: bone formation
Osteoclasts: bone resorption
35
Q

Osteoporosis NonMod Risk Factors

A
  • Being over 50
  • Female
  • Race/ethnicity
  • Menopause
  • Fam history
  • Low body weight
  • Poor health – fragile
36
Q

Osteoporosis Mod Risk Factors

A
  • Not getting enough calcium or vit D
  • Diet and inactive lifestyle
  • Smoking and excessive alcohol
  • Meds
37
Q

Osteoporosis Dx
common sites
tests

A
  • Wrist, Compressed vertebrae in spine, Hip
  • Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scan (DXA)
  • Measures bone density in hip, spine, and forearm
  • T-score is determined by comparing the woman’s bone density to that of the average peak density of the same sex and race
  • 2.5 or below: osteoporosis
  • 1 – 2.5: osteopenia – bone density between normal and osteoporosis
38
Q

Osteoporosis Risk Reduction

A

Diet high in calcium and vit D
-Older than 50: 1200 mg calcium and 800-1000 IU Vit D
-Dairy, green leafy veggies, salmon, sardines, yogurt, oj
Weight bearing exercise

39
Q

Osteoporosis Meds

A
  • -Calcium supplements
  • -Bisphosphates
  • Inhibits resorption of bone (Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel, Reclast)
  • AE: GI irritation and esophageal ulceration
  • Must stay upright for at least 30 min after taking med; NPO 30-60 min
  • -Estrogen receptor modulators
  • Binds with estrogen receptors, producing estrogen like effects on bone and reduces resorption (Raloxifine and Evista)
  • AE: hot flashes, increased risk of venous thromboembolism
  • -Denosumab (Prolia and Xgeva)
  • Treats human monoclonal antibody
  • Prevents dev of osteoclasts
  • SubQ injection q 6 mo
  • Should also receive 1000 mg calcium and at least 400 IU Vit D
  • AE: increased risk of infection, hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of jaw, atypical femur
40
Q

Menopause Def

avg age

A
  • Complete cessation of menses for one year – 6000 US women reach daily
  • Avg Age: 51 (45-55)
41
Q

Perimenopause

A
  • Begins with 1st changes in menstrual cycle – ends with cessation of menses
  • Changes can include shorter or longer cycles, less frequent cycles, lighter or heavier cycles
42
Q

Induced/Surgical Menopause

A
  • After surgical intervention

- Side effects of chemo or radiation therapy

43
Q

Post-Menopause

A

-Time in a woman’s life after menopause

44
Q

Physiological Changes
Peri
Post

A 
Peri:
-Irregular cycles 
-Mood changes
-Occasional vasomotor symptoms
-Vaginal dryness
Post: 
-Atrophy of genitourinary tissue
-Cessation of menses
-Vasomotor instability (hot flashes)
-Mood disorders
45
Q

Associated Health Risks w Menopause

Estrogen def - CV

A

Accelerated increase in LDL and total cholesterol during the year immediately after the final menstrual period

46
Q

Associated Health Risks w Menopause

Estrogen def - GU

A

Genital changes

  • Atrophy
  • Vaginal pH increases -> lactobacilli growth reduced -> vaginitis
  • Dyspareunia
  • Urinary frequency
47
Q

Associated Health Risks w Menopause

Estrogen def - Vasomotor Instability

A
  • Hot flashes
  • Night sweats
  • Changes in norepi and serotonin affects the thermoregulatory zone
48
Q

Associated Health Risks w Menopause

Estrogen def - MS

A
  • Osteoporosis

- Redistribution of fat

49
Q

Associated Health Risks w Menopause

Estrogen def - Psych

A

Mood and behavior responses

  • Insomnia: common
  • Stress and insomnia closely linked
  • Fatigue
  • Depression, anxiety, emotional labile, nervousness
  • Difficulty concentrating
50
Q

Hormonal Therapy

Risks and SE

A
  • Increased risk for breast and endometrial cancer; blood clots
  • Associated with estrogen use: headaches, nausea, vomiting, and bloating
  • Can be reduced by switching type or routine
51
Q

Hormonal Therapy

Treatment and routes

A 
Treatment guidelines: oral, topical creams, transdermal prep, vaginal rings 
Routes:
-Oral (systemic)
-Vaginal
-Transdermal – avoids first pass
--Lower doses
--More stable dosing (continuous) 
--Decreased thrombotic events (estrogen)
--Progestins – synthetic – progesterone like activity
52
Q

Hormonal Therapy

Low Dose Vag Estrogen

A
  • Restores bacterial flora and pH
  • Improves thickness and elasticity of tissue
  • No need for progesterone with local estrogen
53
Q

Hormonal Therapy

Bioidentical Hormones

A

Synthesized in a lab and are chemically identical to the hormones produced in our body
-17B-estradiol
-Estriol
-Estrone
-Progesterone
Regular sexual activity preserves vaginal function by increasing blood flow to genital region and helping maintain size of vagina
-Without sex and estrogen, the vagina can become smaller

54
Q

Nonhormonal Therapy

A

Antidepressants – primary treatment for menopause-associated depression
Other drugs for vasomotor symptoms
-Clonidine: antiHTN drug
-Gabapentin: antiseizure drug
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)

55
Q

Menopause Sx Relief

Non-Pharm Methods

A
  • Relaxation and stress reduction techniques
  • Exercise and eating healthy (most effective)
  • -Caloric content, Adequate intake of calcium and vit D, Reduction of symptoms
  • Weight management
  • Moderate alcohol use
  • Yoga (for hot flashes)
  • Stop smoking
  • Acupuncture: stimulates specific anatomic points
  • -Shows reduction in hot flashes
  • -Needles: 40 gauge to 30 gauge
  • -Injection size: 22 - 25 gauge
  • Phytoestrogens: plant based foods that may have effect on estrogen receptors
  • -Isoflavones: most studied – have estrogen agonist/antagonist properties (soy and red clover)
  • -Studies show relief in symptoms (hot flashes) but no benefit on bone loss
  • Herbs
  • -Black cohosh – inconsistent findings, should not be used with liver disorder
  • -Ginkgo biloba – benefit inconsistent and unreliable
56
Q

Menopause Nursing

A

Risk of infection

  • Change to alkaline secretions in vagina
  • -Decreased estrogen level thinning of vaginal mucosa
  • -Atrophy of vaginal mucosa
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Disturbed sleep pattern
57
Q

Cancer Screening Recommendations

A 
Mammogram: 
-40-44 offer
-45-54 annual
-Greater than 55 every 2 years 
Clinical breast exam:
-Clinical breast exams are not recommended for breast cancer screening among average risk women of any age
Breast self awareness:
-Be familiar with breasts
Enhanced screening:
-Mammogram yearly and MRI
58
Q

Fibrocystic Changes

Etiology and Clinical Manifestations

A

Most common benign breast change
Etiology:
-More common in 20s and 30s
-Normal hormone variation during monthly cycle contributes to this
-Estrogen and progesterone causes cells to proliferate
Clinical Manifestations:
-Breast lumpiness, with or without tenderness
-Sx usually develop week before menstruation begins and subsides week after

59
Q

Fibrocystic Changes

Dx and Managment

A 
Dx:
-Palpate excessive nodularity 
-Change can form in cysts -> US -> fine needle biopsy 
Management:
-Conservative 
-Dietary, vitamin supplements 
-Reducing smoking and alcohol
-NSAIDs
-Vit E and B6
60
Q

Fibroadenoma

Etiology and Clinical Manifestations

A

Common benign solid mass of the breast
Etiology:
-Made of glandular and fibrous breast tissue
-Exact cause is unknown
-Influenced by estrogen
Clinical manifestations:
-Discrete, solitary lumps less than 3 cm, firm, round, smooth
-Woman may experience tenderness during menstrual cycle

61
Q

Fibroadenoma

Dx and Treatment

A 
	Dx:
-Review client history 
-Physical exam
-Diagnostic tests
--Mammogram
--US
--Biopsy (fine needle aspiration, core)
--MRI
Treatment:
-Cryoablation
-Surgical excision 
--Lump suspicious 
--Sx. Severe 
-Don’t respond to dietary changes or hormonal therapy
62
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Patho

A

1 in 8 women will be diagnosed
Pathophysiology:
-Presents within breast
-Genetic alterations (inherited or spontaneous
-Rate of growth
–Effects of progesterone and estrogen
–Other factors: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) / neuro

63
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

2 main types

A

Ductal carcinoma: originates in the lactiferous ducts and invades surrounding breast structure
-Usually unilateral, not well delineated, solid, nonmobile, and nontender

Lobular carcinoma: originates in the lobules of the breast
-Nonpalpable, appear smaller in imaging studies than its actual size

64
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Invasive vs Noninvasive

A
  • Invasive is infiltrating
  • Noninvasive is ‘in situ’ – nonspreading
  • Most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma
65
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Risk Factors

A
  • Nonmodifiable: gender, age, fam hx, genes, menstrual cycle
  • Modifiable: alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise, childbirth timing, DES, hormone replacement therapy , radiation, toxins
66
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Clinical Manifestations

A
  • Breast lump
  • Change in size, shape, or feel of breast
  • Fluid coming from nipple
  • Bone or breast pain
  • Skin ulcers
  • Swelling of arm
  • Weight loss
67
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Dx and Surgery

A

Dx and Monitor:
-Physical exam, mammogram, MRI, US, breast biopsy, CT, PET, lymph node biopsy
Surgery: goal
-Remove as much of the cancer as possible (breast conserving or mastectomy)
-Breast conserving: lumpectomy, quadranectomy, partial mastectomy, or segmental mastectomy
-See if cancer spread to lymph nodes under arm (sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection)
-Restore breast’s shape after cancer is removed (breast reconstruction)
–May be immediate or delayed
-Relieve sx of advanced cancer

68
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Management and Prognosis

A

Management:
-Chemo, radiation, hormonal therapy, targeted-biologic therapy
Prognosis:
-Location, size and shape, metastasis, hormone receptor, tumor markers, gene expression

69
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Nursing Assessment

A
  • Hard lump, dimpling of ski, retraction of nipple, alteration in contour of breast, change in skin color, change in texture, discharge, pain and ulceration
  • Post-Op: monitor bleeding, position arm on operative side – on pillow, slightly elevated, avoid BP measurements in affected arm, teach post mastectomy exercise, discuss potential complications, emotional support
70
Q

Malignant Breast Cancer

Pot Nursing Dx

A

Disturbed body image
Anticipatory grieving
Acute/chronic pain, self-care deficit

71
Q

Ovarian Cancer

Sx

A
  • Bloating, pelvic/abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, urinary frequency or urgency
  • Post menopausal women: abnormal uterine bleeding, dx of endometrial hyperplasia, breast tenderness, vaginal secretions, virializing sx due to increased testosterone
72
Q

Ovarian Cancer

Detection

A

Early: no universal screenings – PAP smear doesn’t cover
High risk: fam hx, genetic predisposition (BRCA mutation)
-Potential tests:
–Blood tests (CA-125, OVA-1, Inhibin B and A)
–Transvaginal US
–Pelvic exam
–CT scan
–Biopsy
–Surgery

73
Q

Ovarian Cancer

Treatment

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemo – systemic or intraperitoneal
  • Radiation or Radiotherapeutic procedures
  • Complimentary therapies
74
Q

Cervical Cancer

Vaccine

A

Linked to HPV, 95% are squamous cells
Gardasil-9 helps protect against
-Contains types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58
-Completing all doses provides best protection
-Vaccine works for at least 10 years
-AE: pain, swelling, dizziness, fainting, nausea, headache

75
Q

Cervical Cancer

Assessment

A
  • All women should be screened at 21
  • Between 21 and 29 should have Pap smear every 3 years – not tested for HPV unless abnormal Pap
  • Between 30 and 65 should have Pap and HPV every 5 years
  • Women over 65 shouldn’t be screened unless dx’d with cervical pre-cancer

Women's (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions