Final

Question 1

When did Iraq annex Kuwait?

Answer 1

August 1, 1990

Question 2

What contradictory claim did Saddam make for his reason of annexation?

Answer 2

-ALL of Kuwait was historically part of Iraq -Only part of Kuwait was historically part of Iraq

Question 3

When was Kuwait, as a political entity established, and did it have a history of foreign administrative rule?

Answer 3

Kuwait as a political entity was established in the 17th century. No, Kuwait had an unbroken history of self administrative rule

Question 4

In the 18th century, the area around Kuwait was ruled by whom?

Answer 4

Bani Khaled

Question 5

in which century did Kuwaiti relations with the Ottoman Empire begin to change?

what prompted this, and what is proof of it?

Answer 5

Kuwait relations with the Ottoman Empire began to change. After Midhat Pasha’s accession in 1869 (as Ottoman governor of Baghdad In 1871, the Ottomans sent a military expedition into Arabia (that Kuwait’s Shaikh Abdullah supported militarily + logistically) 2- For a brief time (Shaikh Abdullah) also took the Ottoman title of qaimmaqam

Question 6

What did Iraq invoke, that seemingly was proof that Kuwait was a part of Iraq, adn what was Kuwait’s responce?

Answer 6

• Sheikh Abdullah taking the title of qaimmaqam
• Ottoman expedition into Arabia that Sheikh Abdullah supported militaarily and logistically

Kuwait responded by stating

• that the title was a mere formality
• • collect taxes b. send administrators c. police the area d. interfere in the selection of rulers or rules e. govern Kuwait in any of the ways in which it governed its other provinces (even the most decentralized ones)

Question 7

Which Shaikh reversed the predecesors pro Ottoman posiiton?

And what is proof of this?

Answer 7

Shaikh Mubarak

formally sided with Britain in the 1899 treaty, which decreased the influence of Britain over domestic affairs, but increased their foreign policy influence relied on Britain for military support against the Ottoman-supported attacks

Question 8

How did Shaikh Mubarak’s relationship with the British differ from other Amirs?

Answer 8

He was the one that initiated the relationship

Question 9

What was the Anglo Ottomman Convention of 1913?

Answer 9

It was a convention where Ottomans and British sorted out, as the Ottomans were opposed to the 1899 treaty (it was a secret then)

In it

1-Britain recognized Ottoman suzerainty (foreing influence) over Kuwait
2- Britain declared Kuwait an autonomous district of the Ottoman Empire
3- conditioned recognition of Ottoman interests on a promise of Ottoman noninterference in Kuwait’s internal affairs

4. A border, for the first time was drawn between Kuwait and Iraq

Question 10

what was important for finalizing British strategy in the region before the outbreak of WW1?
British influence in the Gulf greatly helped the war effort, acting as a staging ground for the invasion of Mesopotamia by Indian troops

Answer 10

The 1913 Anglo-Ottoman Convention

Question 11

x influence in the Gulf greatly helped the war effort, acting as a staging ground for the invasion of Mesopotamia by Indian troops

Question 12

Iraq also invoked the Anglo Ottoman convention of 1913 as proof of sovereignity over Kuwait, what was Kuwait’s counter-argument?

Answer 12

Asserted that the title
was a mere formality

did not: a. collect taxes b. send administrators c. police the area d. interfere in the selection of rulers or rules e. govern Kuwait in any of the ways in which it governed its other provinces (even the most decentralized ones)

Question 13

T/F

Because of Sheikh Abdulah’s title of qaimmaqam, the Ottomans had indirect rule overKuwait at that time

Answer 13

False

Question 14

what events soon followed the Anglo Ottoman conference?

Answer 14

WW1 which

1- the convention was never ratified
2- No Kuwaitis were consulted on or were party to the contents of the convention
3- even this limited recognition of the Ottoman claim conceded Kuwait’s domestic affairs

Question 15

When was the Uqair conference held, and what was its objective?

Answer 15

1922

come to an understanding with Ibn Saud over Saudi-Kuwait and Saudi-Iraq Borders

Question 16

In the year x, y high commisioner in Iraq, along with Major Moore, who represented Kuwait, set out the Kuwaiti Iraqi border as that proposed in the unratified 1913 convention

Answer 16

In 1923, Sir Pery Cox representing Iraq along with Major Moore, who represented Kuwait, set out the Kuwaiti Iraqi Border as proposed in the unratified 1913 convention.

Question 17

What was Iraq’s 1st step towards independence?

Answer 17

in preparation to apply to the League of Nations & terminate the British mandate

the Iraqi PM addressed the border issue in a letter totthe British high commissioner presenting a description of Iraq’s border with Kuwait
(based on the 1923 memorandum + 1913 convention)

Question 18

When did the first Iraqi claim to Kuwait begin?

Answer 18

I938

In a speech before the Iraqi parliament, where the Iraqi foreign minister declared that Kuwait was an inseparable part of Iraq & Iraqi’s natural outlet to the sea)

Iraqi Newspapers also followed articles with titles ‘why is Kuwait not Annexed from Iraq?’ (prompted the Amir to ban Iraqi Newspapers)

Question 19

What motivated the Iraqi move to bring out articles in the 1930s ‘why Kuwait was not annexed’ and declaring that Kuwait was a part of Iraq?

Answer 19

Money and security

• oil had just been discovered in Kuwait in 1938
• Iraq began looking at the possibility of building a port along Kuwait’s coast (an alternative to port of Basra which was problematic due to disputes with Iran over Shatt Al Arab)

Question 20

In the 1930s, did Iraq claim that all of Kuwait was part of Iraq or only partly?

Answer 20

Both, just as it did in 1990. The claim was based upon the 1913 Anglo-Ottoman convention.

• Britain rejected the 1st claim noting that: as Turkey had renounced claims to Kuwait and all the erstwhile Ottoman provinces in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, there was no claim for Iraq or anyone else to inherit.
• Iraq then raised the partial claim, approaching Iraq then raised the partial claim, approaching both Britain & the amir for border adjustments
• When that failed, Iraq finally approached the opposition (involved in the Majlis Movement who owned land in Iraq). This failed
• Iraqis then called for a border adjustment, giving them Bubiyan and Warbah

Question 21

When was the 1899 agreement terminated, and what did Britain promise at that time?

Answer 21

June 19, 1961

Britain promised assistance to Kuwait if needed

Question 22

When did Iraq’s leader, Abdulkarim Qasim announce Iraq’s claim to Kuwait?

Answer 22

June 25, 1961

This resulted in Iraq’s military action being forestalled by the return of British and then Arab League forces

This did NOT dissuade Iraq from the claim

Question 23

When did the USSR veto Kuwait’s application to the UN, and why did they do that?

Answer 23

Nov 1961

Iraq told them to do so

Question 24

When did Kuwaiti relations with Iraq improve after Abdulkarim Qasim?

Answer 24

1963

When a new government formally recognized Kuwait’s independence and signed an agreement recognizing the borders as those set out in the prime minister’s 1932 letter

Iraq went on to accept Kuwait as a member of the UN & the Arab League and to engage in a range of diplomatic agreements, (including the exchange of ambassadors)

^Iraq’s argument about not freely signing the letter in 1932 under British control was not applicable anymore

Question 25

T/F

After the 1963 agreement of Iraq recognizing Kuwait as an independent state, there was practically no more conflict.

Answer 25

False

• In 1969 Iraq pressured Kuwait into permitting it to station troops inside Kuwaiti territory near (Um Qasr)
• In 1973 Iraq captured Kuwait’s al-Samitah border post killing 2 soldiers.

prompting Kuwait to close the border, recall its ambassador, and halt aid.

• Iraq then offered recognition of the borders in exchange for long-term leases on Warbah & Bubiyan
• The consolidation of regional opposition ((Saudi Arabia – Jordan – Iran) that offered Kuwait military support to Iraq forced it to retreat ( it did not withdraw its claim to the Islands)
• Iraq again seized Kuwaiti territory in 1976

Question 26

Why did Kuwaiti Iraqi relations improve during the 1980s?

Answer 26

Because of the Iran-Iraq War

Greater fear of Iran prompted Kuwait to support Iraq by

• Loans (most imp factor, gave upward of 13B$ in aid between 1980-88
• When Syria closed Iraqi pipelines in 82, Q8 and KSA agreed to give the revenues from the 300K-350K barrels of oil/day from Divided Zone
• allowed military & commercial trade for Iraq to pass through its ports & over its borders

Iraq did not pursue its claims to Kuwait, except to continue pressing for long- term leases on Bubiyan & Warbah
as the war ended, Kuwait thought it was still on generally good terms with its Iraqi neighbors, owing to the support it had given Iraq during the war

1989 visit of Shaikh Saad with Iraq didnt solve issue of border, except agreed Kuwait give Iraqi electricity and Kuwait have Iraqi water

Question 27

When did the 90s Iraqi Kuwaiti crisis begin?

Answer 27

July 1990

Saddam sent a list of complaints to the Arab league complaining Kuwait

overproduction of oil

b. siphoning from Iraq’s side of the Rumailah oil field

on July 17 in a Revolution Day speech, Saddam directed a particularly sharp attack at Kuwait, a. linking its oil policy to imperialist efforts to hold back Iraq b. threatening to use force against oil producers exceeding their quota

Question 28

When did Saddam make his Revolution day speech, and what did he say?

Question 29

On which date did Saddam

• send 2 armored divisions to Kuwaiti border.
• assure Egypt’s Husni Mubarak and Saudi Arabia’s King Fahad that he would not attack Kuwait while talks were in progress -> they passed this reassurance on to the amir

Answer 29

July 24, 1990

Question 30

What did Saudi Arabia do to insure that talks continued, after Saddam sent 2 armored vehicles inside Kuwait on July 24, 1990?

Answer 30

• Saudi sponsored a meeting between Iraq & Kuwait in Jiddah
• However, On August 1, after the 1st round of discussions, the Iraqi representative walked out.
• Iraq now had 100,000 troops on the border

Question 31

When did Iraq invade Kuwait, and declare it a part of Iraq?

Question 32

What were the main reasons Saddam invaded Kuwait from Saddam’s POV?

Answer 32

His main reason he continually returned to were financial issues with Kuwait

• Kuwait reluctance to write off its war debts & replace them with postwar economic aid
• Kuwait’s oil policy (overproduction in defiance of OPEC quotas, ‘collapsing’ according to Saddam oil prices)- Costing Iraq 14B$
• Stealing oil from the Rumailah oil field (Kuwait rejected that claim)
• During the war, Iraq had halted production from the field, Saddam claimed that Kuwait took oil worth 2.4$ from Kuwait, and demanded compensation. Kuwait only offered 500M$ and rejected the claim

​Saddam went further and said that Kuwait’s efforts were intentional and it was partaking in economic war

Question 33

T/F

up intil the invasion, concessions were not exhausted, Kuwait and Iraq continually met and had meetings

Answer 33

True

Kuwait was willing to give financial and economic help, but not make territorial concessions

Question 34

Explain the border issue and how it incentivized the invasion

Answer 34

It was, not in itself a large factor that prompted the invasion

• Saddam only talked about the border issue 1 week after the invasion, after Iraqi gov failed to cobble together a collaborationist gov (Iraq claimed to respect Kuwaiti sovereignty on August 2nd)
• Iraq asserted, as in 1938, both a claim had no real historical merit)
• Iraq disputed the line across the Rumailah oil field, citing both historical reasons & economic need. (the exact line dividing Kuwait and Iraq wasn’t clear)
• It also put forward a claim, based more on strategic need than the historical title, to Bubiyan & Warbah

Question 35

What were some factors that prompted the invasion?

Answer 35

• Iran-Iraq War and economic turmoil might put on the state encouraged Saddam to look for distracting foreign adventures (give the population a victory after years of war)
• The end of the Iran-Iraq War in 1988 left Iraq with a well-armed military but not money (Kuwait had the money and it felt like an easy victory)
• • Saddam did not anticipate trouble from Kuwait (the pre-invasion period was one of political turmoil) believed the opposition would even join him
• Saddam initially tried to set up a quisling government based on opposition members did not anticipate opposition from the Arab states, USSR, or US reaction
• believed that the lessening of tension between the superpowers meant that neither would intervene in a local dispute Whether this misunderstanding was due to the U.S. statement is unclear. = the U.S. ambassador & Saddam remember their conversation differently
• Iraq had no mechanism for public support or opposition to be openly discussed

Question 36

What did Saddam try to invoke to get support of invasion?

Answer 36

• Artificiality of state borders
• historical unfairness of the process of setting those borders.
• anti-Americanism sentiment(particularly Israel-US) that was widespread in the region
• Iraq invoked the sense of entitlement & resentment the poor Arab states felt toward their rich neighbors
• Iraq linked its claim to the broader Arab issue of Palestine.

Question 37

T/F the key causes of the invasion lay inside Kuwait

Answer 37

False, they were outside Kuwait

• Saddam’s domestic, economic, and political problems
• Historical processes of state formation

Question 38

What part of Kuwait’s foreign policy might have created unease with neighboring Arab countries, and explain foreign policy formulation in Kuwait.

Answer 38

• Kuwait supporting US, clearly unpopular and was seen as a deviation from previous neutral, unbiased stance fo Kuwait
• Foreign policy was an executive manner, amir being the final arbiter. Deputy prime minister, Sabah Ahmad, had the highest influence on fp

The national assembly used to have a role but was silenced since 1986

^ opposition leaders pointed to undemocratic fp as a major factor for failing to avoid the invasion

Question 39

How was the Kuwaiti military prepared for the invasion?

Answer 39

• The army was caught completely unprepared
• The Kuwaiti military was taken off alert and tanks pulled from the border so as not to antagonize Iraq
• In 1980, during the Iraq-Iran war, the Kuwaiti military doubled its expenditures
• 1978 conscription and mandatory high school training was introduced
• there were 20,000 men (60% on summer leave) in the military the at the time of the invasion
• Kuwait withdrew tanks from border to not antagonize Iraq!

Question 40

How was the US and UN’s response to the invasion?

Answer 40

• President Bush lost no time in sending Defense Secretary Richard Cheney to Saudi Arabia (where he convinced King Fahad to agree to the deployment of U.S. troops in the area) { Op desert shield}
• Britain & other European states sent forces as well.
• The UN Security Council approved a series of resolutions condemning the invasion a. imposed economic sanctions on Iraq
• b. authorized the use of force against Iraq.
• Jan 1991 Op desert storm bagan
• UN Security Resolution 687 concluded the war It called for respect of e 1963 border agreement and reaffirmed previous resolutions calling on Iraq to rescind all steps taken against Kuwait since August 2

Question 41

Did the opposition Kuwaiti politicians support the invasion?

Answer 41

No, if anything they were more anti-Iraqi than Kuwait gov

Issued a communique

• Opposing invasion
• calling for restoration of Kuwaiti gov
• affirming commitment to Al Sabah rule

Question 42

What was the most dramatic effect of the invasion inside Kuwait?

Answer 42

The attempted systematic destruction of Kuwait

Iraqi soldiers:

• gutted the downtown business district (Entertainment city, Islamic Museum, and airline fleet taken to Baghdad)
• ransacked the industrial area
• looted the residential areas (streetlights + hospital supplies + power transformers)
• 100,000 cars stolen according to Iraqi oil minister
• Iraq stole 1.2B$ from cash reserves and gold (most money was foreign investment overseas thankfully)
• Infrastructure was severely damaged by both military means & government-sanctioned looting (Roads & ports were damaged + communications systems destroyed)

Question 43

What was the population of Kuwait before the invasion, and how many Kuwaiti nationals were abroad by January?

Answer 43

2 mil before the invasion

400-600K Kuwaitis abroad by Jan

Question 44

Describe the resistance movement infrastructure

Answer 44

• preexisting system of cooperatives dating back to 1961 that provided (food + security + essential services) and Mosque network were the backbone of the resistance
• old system of diwaniyaas were used to communicate (weekly meetings in people’s homes)
• However, in late August, food was scarce and medical care was nearly unavailable
• This resistance harassed the occupation forces by:(removing road signs + distributing underground leaflets and posters)
• The Voice of Kuwait served as a symbol of opposition = airing everything: a. from practical advice on air raids to patriotic songs b. news, monthly addresses by the amir C. Propaganda for Iraqi soldiers
• Resistance members received arms initially from fleeing Kuwaiti army & police units (later, exile groups in Saudi Arabia supported the resistance with weapons & money)

Question 45

How did Iraq respond to the resistance movement?

(Aim being to cower the population and destroy the resistance)

Answer 45

• • moved quickly to eliminate this opposition (it attacked the resistance directly + taking others to prisons)
• Checkpoints were set up throughout the country to detain Kuwaiti & expatriates (some people were released + others were humiliated + tortured + imprisoned + killed)
• The Iraqi army sealed off neighborhoods + conducted house-to-house searches.
• Display of Kuwaiti flags or pictures of the amir prompted summary punishment (often capital)
• The Iraqis encouraged Kuwaitis to leave = began pouring across the border
• Kuwait University was set as a prison

Question 46

Explain the resistance outside Kuwait, and the exile govenment

Answer 46

• Kuwaitis already abroad joined those who soon fled to form an exile community-based in Saudi Arabia (with outposts in London, New York, Washington, & the other Gulf states)
  * An exile government was formed in Taif
• The exile government was able to arrange access to most of Kuwaiti’s largest source of revenues (overseas investment, estimated at over $100 billion)
• several of beaurucrats had the job of drawing up reconstruction plans
• Others had welfare state functions
• • The government even invested $6 million in updating 17 gas stations in Hungary.

Question 47

What role did NBK play to help the Kuwait gov and people?

Answer 47

• They had the overseas facilities and always maintained its own records in duplicate abroad = (began coordinating the obligations of Kuwait’s banks)
• -set about bringing interest payments up to date
• rolling over debts
• negotiating with governments over frozen assets
• drawing up a postwar bank recovery plan

Question 48

What role did the exile gov have in terms of foreign policy?

Answer 48

• negotiated with the U.S. & Arab allies for support
• In Washington, the Citizens for a Free Kuwait, a private group connected with the Kuwaiti embassy, even hired a public relations firm to communicate Kuwait’s plight.
• The reconstruction planners formulated an economic policy & began signing contracts.
• A small military force was formed in Saudi Arabia from Kuwait’s exile air force (75% of full capacity made out of 16,000 ground troops) and US beefed-up force by 1,000 men by 1 month training

Question 49

It exercised no territorial control
2- but it did have a fiscal capacity + coercive capacity
3- A functioning bureaucracy + loyal opposition
4- It collected & spent money
5- It exercised some bureaucratic & financial control over its population
6- It engaged in foreign policy
7- It managed to put some troops on its border
8- It began to plan for a postwar return
What is this referring to?

Answer 49

The exiled gov

Question 50

What action did the amir do following the invasion that was unpopular?

Answer 50

• Restricting state spending authority only to ruling members, taking top officials off the list. The family started havin a monopoly over the state budget.
• Threatened to return Kuwait spending to the days where the Amir’s budget and state was considered one
• This angered the opposition
• Ahmed Al Khatib khatib claimed rulers are taking our money as if its theirs
• Merchants remained galvanized into political action and remained politicized by the fear that oil revenues would not be distributed to them
• Opposition supported return of the Assembly
  *

Question 51

What was the Jeddah conference?

Answer 51

1,200 prominent Kuwaiti gathered in Jidda.

Crown Prince and opposition came to an understanding
* In October 1990: Shaikh Jabir assured this assembly that after the liberation of the Amirate the constitution would be restored and elections for a national assembly would take place.

This was to reassure opposition and get them to unite with the Royal Family

Question 52

The Iraqi government established what type of gov under the rule of who?

Answer 52

a military government under Ali al-Majid. = his background indicated the direction the occupation would take.

• The government issued a new (Iraqi currency + license plates)
• pictures & statues of Saddam were put on display
• Iraq was slow to set up an occupation administration. its more pressing military concerns
• coupled with an opposition boycott of nonessential work
• ambient fear & nighttime curfews that kept many from venturing out brought public life to halt

Question 53

What were the objectives of the resistance?

Answer 53

• Harassing & demoralizing the enemy
• Forcing enemy troops to stay in their camps & refrain from interfering with citizen’s daily life
• Gathering information on Iraqi troops to help the resistance plan & execute its operations & to be communicated to the legitimate leadership & the coalition
• The resistance makes the enemy restless & insecure
• Delivering painful & scathing blows to the enemy
• The resistance wages a psychological warfare

Question 54

When did operation desert storm take effect?

Question 55

What did Crown prince Saad promise to do with Women post-liberation?

Answer 55

Women would have equality

As women used weapons against Occupation, and suffered the same fate as their countrymen

Faiza Al Kharifi was appointed as President of KU

Question 56

What did the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait illustrate as it pertains to the West?

Answer 56

• the American commitment to Kuwait
  
  • Washington was willing to assume the role that had previously belonged to London
• The Gulf remained under the guardianship of a foreign English-speaking power (but at the end of the twentieth century, motivated not by empire, but by oil) = Washington undertook to act as guardian of the Gulf

Question 57

Describe the Economic reconstruction and its planning

Answer 57

• In Nov a Kuwaiti Task Force of exiled bureaucrats began working on a formal recovery program = (a three-phase plan to take Kuwait through several years of reconstruction)
• After identifying the critical needs, the group:
• began signing contracts
• ordered medicine & medical equipment + clothing & food
• pre-positioning critical goods in Gulf warehouses & contracting for basic services
• The task force also established liaison with the World Bank & with several U.S. federal agencies (State Dep, Army Corps of Engineers, COmmerce Dept, Fed Emergency Management Agency, and the Civil Affairs of the Defense Dept)

Question 58

Did Economic reconstruction go to plan?

Why, or why not?

Answer 58

No, it was a failure

It had 2 problems, financial and political

• The scale of destruction seemed awesome: Schools, hospitals, & offices were destroyed
• In their final days in Kuwait the Iraqis set fire to 600 of Kuwait’s 950 oil wells (leaving another 80 flowing out of control)
• The first priority was controlling the fires. (while the war was still on, Kuwait signed contracts with the four leading international firefighting companies)
• However, damages to roads and bridges were less than expected
• In May officials estimated that Kuwait had lost $60 billion in foregone revenues & direct damage & that reconstruction expenses in 1991 would exceed state income by $10 - $20 billion.
• In the end, the Amir did not rely on the skilled planners, but instead assigned his own people that were inexperienced

Question 59

Why was the rebuilding of Kuwaiti industries less urgent?

Answer 59

Because Kuwait had always emphasized overseas investment over domestic industrial capacity.

Question 60

• Kuwait formed an integral part of the Ottoman province of Basra, one of the three Ottoman provinces that were combined to constitute the modern state of Iraq.
  
  • -The Kuwait district was never detached from the Ottoman province of Basra by any decree of the Ottoman Government, internationally recognized document, or valid diplomatic instrument. No other such city-states were carved out of Ottoman territory in the Middle East
• The district of Kuwait should have been included along with the rest of Basra province in the Iraqi state formed after World War I.”

Who held this position?

Answer 60

The Iraqis

Question 61

• The agreements that appear to establish an independent Kuwaiti entity represented British devices to secure its strategic and economic interests in the Gulf, and lack international validity.
• Shaykh Mubarak had no authority to conclude the 1899 agreement with Britain
• The 1913 Anglo-Ottoman treaty acknowledging Kuwait’s autonomy was never ratified (and was extracted from the Ottomans through economic pressure)
• The 1922 border agreements of Muhammara and Uqayr were essentially unilateral acts by Britain imposed upon Iraq, which, was a de facto British colony, was in no position to object at the time.
• In 1961, General Qasim, Iraq’s first post-revolutionary leader, described these treaties as “relics of imperialism” and said that patriotic Iraqis should “fight such treaties and try to abrogate them.”

Who held these positions?

Answer 61

Iraqis

Question 62

By April, what % of the world’s oil well firefighting capacity engaged?

Answer 62

80%

Question 63

• Both in political and territorial terms, Kuwait has acquired the same degree of legitimacy that any other state in the region enjoys
• The country was admitted to the Arab League in 1961 and to the United Nations in 1963.
• Its borders are no more artificial than those of other countries in the region; virtually all of these borders were drawn in the aftermath of World War I.
• Moreover, Iraq acknowledged Kuwait’s sovereignty within its borders in the 1963 agreement (and apparently in an earlier exchange of notes in 1932).“
• Kuwait has offered repeatedly to settle any disputes concerning its 100-mile border with Iraq, but Iraq has never agreed to do so.
• Iraq’s 30-year history of threats to the territorial integrity of Kuwait, culminating in the August 1990 invasion, violates the United Nations Charter, which urges peaceful settlement of disputes and protects members from armed attack.”

Who took these positons?

Answer 63

The Kuwaitis

Question 64

• Kuwait supports the ideal of Arab unity but only when based on the free association of two or more states on an equitable basis without coercion.
• The Iraqi attempt to impose a “provisional Kuwaiti government” which promptly “requested” a merger with Iraq was a transparent device to justify aggression and illegal annexation.

Who took these positions?

Answer 64

THe Kuwaitis

Question 65

• The principle of Arab unity has long been acknowledged by Arab League members as a valid goal. Several abortive mergers of Arab states have been proclaimed in the past with no regional or international criticism
• The United Arab Republic comprising Egypt and Syria was accepted by the Arab League and the United Nations throughout its three and one-half year existence.
• The October 1963 bilateral agreement in which Iraq recognized Kuwait’s independence also committed the two governments to work toward “a complete Arab Unity.
• The merger which Iraq proclaimed with Kuwait on August 8 was a legitimate step toward Arab unity, opposed only by the unrepresentative regime and its native Kuwaiti constituents, who formed a minority of the country’s population.

Answer 65

Who’s position was this?

Question 66

Which Shaikh financially supported the construction fo the Hejazi railway?

Answer 66

Shiekh Mubarak