final Flashcards
Compare and contrast the ideas of The American Century by Henry Luce and The Price Of Free World Victory by Henry Wallace
SA??
Henry Luce was political right, believed Americans must prepare to be the dominant power in the world and be a model for other countries, and believed in global free enterprise. On the other hand, Henry Wallace was political left, believed in International Cooperation and the Global New Deal.
- American century- post war would lead to America spread ideas through imperialism, an attempt to mobilize the American people for the war and postwar leadership as a dominant global power
- The Price-argued post war would mean a century of the common man, supported the Four Freedoms; promoted global peace through fairness
Henry luce
America’s prepare to be the dominant power of the world
Mission to spread democracy and freedom
American century-post war would lead to America spread ideas through imperialism
Henry Wallace response with “Price of the Free world victory”
Promoted global new deal while luce promoted global free enterprise
The Price-argued post war would mean a century of the common man.
Describe the criticisms directed
What foreign policy and economic idea did the Marshall Plan promote? What did the plan accomplish in Europe?
In providing financial aid to the allied nations the US benefited from their boosted economies; it also helped with the containment of communism
-Marshall Plan would aid Western Europe over 4 years with 22 Bill in economic support to rebuild economies after the end of WW2 and prevent spread of communism.
-trade with American corporations were earning money by moving operations overseas
-promoted idea of capitalism
-It provided financial aid to the allied nations, the US benefited from their boosted economies; it also helped with the containment of communism
-It brought economic recovery to Europe, and “protected” it against comm
-In providing financial aid to the allied nations the US benefited from their boosted economies; it also helped with the containment of communism
- brought economic recovery to Europe
- Marshall plan promoted the idea of containment as a move against communism and tried to turn it into a positive movement
- Containment strongly promoted idea that capitalism would flourish
-It acted as an aid to other struggling countries that had been destroyed by the Cold War
B.
-It brought economic recovery to Europe after extreme warfare
-Also encouraged European countries to converge into something to what is now the EU
-Marshall plan encouraged the European countries to buy American products, so in summary, both nations were prospering and benefiting from a booming economy
Describe the criticisms directed at America’s Cold War policy of containment. What were some of the alternatives that were proposed?
SA??
Criticisms were that the result would be a never-ending cold war, containment was expensive, and that Truman overestimated the Soviets while stirring up panic for nothing. Alternatives that were proposed were supporting anti-democratic regimes (south Africa and America) as long as they were anti-communist, and to support movements like Imperialism and Decolonization, which were for international independence.
Critiques: some believed the result would be a never-ending cold war
- containment was expensive
- others said that Truman overestimated Soviet threat, and was stirring up panic and anti-Communism for nothing
Alternatives:
- return to isolationism
- continuing policies of friendly relationships (trade) with the Soviet Union
- rollback - aggressive effort to destroy the Soviet Union itself
Many people thought America’s Cold War policy of containment would not work. Criticisms directed at America’s Cold War policy of containment were that the U.S. was overextending itself by committing to the security of other countries. People also believed that it would drain American resources if they kept focusing on resisting communism. The alternative that was proposed was the Truman Doctrine. This established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
Critiques:
- some believed the result would be a never-ending cold war
-containment was expensive
-others said that Truman overestimated Soviet threat, and was stirring up panic and anti-Communism for nothing
Alternatives:
- return to isolationism
- continuing policies of friendly relationships (trade) with the Soviet Union
- rollback: aggressive effort to destroy the Soviet Union itself
Explain the concept of totalitarianism and how was it antithetical to freedom?
totalitarian and how was it antithetical to freedom?
Totalitarian regimes, in contrast to a dictatorship, establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects
-term describe Fascist: Italy nazi Germany
Totalitarianism is a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by the state in an effort to penetrate and control all aspects of public and private life, through the state’s use of propaganda, terror, and technology
Totalitarian regimes, in contrast to a dictatorship, establish complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects
-term describe Fascist: italy nazi germany
Totalitarianism is a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by the state in an effort to penetrate and control all aspects of public and private life, through the state’s use of propaganda, terror, and technology.
-complete control over the subjects
- monopolized to control over thru propaganda, terror, and technology
-Totalitarianism is a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by the state in an effort to penetrate and control all aspects of public and private life, through the state’s use of propaganda, terror, and technology
-In contrast to freedom Totalitarian establishs complete political, social, and cultural control over their subjects
Ex: fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
What was the Fair Deal? What prompted Truman to propose it?
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The year 1946 was one of labor revolt. What was Operation Dixie? What prompted the strikes? What happened to liberal Democrats in response to the unrest? What happened, in the end, to Operation Dixie?
SA??
Operation Dixie was the name of the post-World War II campaign by the Congress of Industrial Organizations to unionize industry in the Southern United States, particularly the textile industry.
Wages prompted the strikes.
Operation Dixie failed largely due to Jim Crow laws and the deep-seated racial strife in the South which made it difficult for black workers and poor whites to engage cooperatively for successful union organization. The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act additionally undercut the campaign, making it easier for employers to obstruct union organizing drives by inhibiting the right to strike and allowing prohibition of closed shops.
Operation Dixie was the name of the post-World War II campaign by the Congress of Industrial Organizations to unionize industry in the Southern United States, particularly the textile industry. Operation Dixie failed largely due to Jim Crow laws (enforced racial segregation) and the deep-seated racial strife in the South which made it difficult for black workers and poor whites to engage cooperatively for successful union organization. In the long-term, the failure of Operation Dixie to end the South’s status as a low-wage, non-union haven impeded the ability of the union movement to maintain its strength in North and was a contributing factor in the decline of the American union movement in the second half of the 20th century as unions were unable to prevent businesses from holding back wage increases by either moving to the South or threatening to do so.
Operation Dixie was the name of the post-World War II campaign by the Congress of Industrial Organizations to unionize industry in the Southern United States, particularly the textile industry.
Wages prompted the strikes.
Operation Dixie failed largely due to Jim Crow laws and the deep-seated racial strife in the South which made it difficult for black workers and poor whites to engage cooperatively for successful union organization. The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act additionally undercut the campaign, making it easier for employers to obstruct union organizing drives by inhibiting the right to strike and allowing prohibition of closed shops.
In 1947, President Truman appointed a Commission on civil rights. What report did it issue? What did it call for ?What did it prompt Truman to do?
a.it was report regarding the status of civil rights in the US
b.it proposed improving existing civil rights laws; it aimed to establish a permanent Civil Rights Commission
c.he signed exec. orders 9980 and 9981
i.9980: ordered the desegregation of the federal workforce
ii.9981: the desegregation of the armed service
In October 1947, To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights was produced. Report proposed improving existing civil rights laws. More specifically, it aimed to establish a permanent Civil Rights Commission, a permanent fair employment practice commission, a Joint Congressional Committee on Civil Rights, a Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice, and to develop federal protection from lynching and abolish the poll taxes, among other measures. On July 26, 1948, President Truman advanced the recommendations of the report by signing executive orders 9980 and 9981. Executive Order 9980 ordered the desegregation of the federal work force and Executive Order 9981, the desegregation of the armed services.
a. .it was report regarding the status of civil rights in the US
b. proposed improving existing civil rights laws; it aimed to establish a permanent Civil Rights Commission
c..he signed exec. orders 9980 and 9981
The Commission on civil rights that Truman appointed was called PCCR. The committee was instructed to investigate the status of civil rights in the country and propose measures to strengthen and protect them. In 1947, To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights was produced, proposing improvement of education, housing, job opportunity etc. This prompted Truman to sign Executive Order 9980, which ordered the desegregation of the federal work force and Executive Order 9981, the desegregation of the armed services.
Who were the two groups from within the Democratic party that challenged Truman’s candidacy for the party’s presidential nomination in 1948 from within the Democratic party? Who were their candidates? What were their positions on their most important issues?
a. the Progressives (Henry Wallace) and the Dixiecrats (Governor J. Strom Thurmond)
Progressives: against the hard-line foreign policy towards the Soviet Union
Dixiecrats: against Truman’s civil rights platform
a. the Progressives (Henry Wallace) and the Dixiecrats (Governor J. Strom Thurmond)
Progressives: against the hard-line foreign policy towards the Soviet Union
Dixiecrats: against Truman’s civil rights platform
Henry Wallace represented the liberal wing on the Progressive Party ticket.
J. STROM THURMOND ran as a “DIXIECRAT” Southern candidate, who thought Truman too liberal on civil rights
- North wing- Henry Wallace (progressive party)- he supported softer policies on the Soviet Union (he was against the cold war)
-South wing- Governor J. Strom Thurmond (governor of SC and from the party of Dixiecrats)- against Truman for his support of African American civil rights
Dixiecrats backed Thurmond during the primaries, a person who was deemed racist as he called for complete segregation
Thurmond
Denounced Civil Rights and Dixiecrats also went against Truman’s Civil Rights reform
Wanted pro-segregation policies, but would still claim he wasn’t racist
Progressives nominated Wallace, who called for international control on nuclear weapons
Henry Wallace.
Advocated for trade with USSR
Demise was supporting and attempting to contact USSR
Welcomed support of socialism and communism
Control on nuclear weapons internationally
Denounced segregation
Truman still managed to win the election
What were the main characteristics of the affluent society of the 1950s?
An affluent society was all about economic abundance and consumer choice within the context of a traditional family life. This meant more opportunities for happiness to Americans. The American economy shifted more towards services, education, and entertainment. There was a big shift to material things meaning prosperity. During this time of affluent society, houses became more affordable for people. Automobiles changed lifestyle as people could travel and it changed the landscape as restaurants opened and motels opened. The TV increased this consumer world with advertisements and became a leisure activity. The emergence of suburbia increased pressure on the family, and so there was a baby boom. Many women stayed home, but some took on part-time jobs to help the family. The affluent society was all about suburbia, and consumerism, and a new American standard of living.
Alfred and William Levitt built suburban homes
– Cities to suburbs
– Suburbs: cars, homes, appliances
– Television: depicted perfect life; ads
* Suburbia, therefore a good life, was limited to majority whites
Expansion of the West due to highways
- Life centered around the car, which was designed to go out of style every year or two so that people would buy more*
* more people needed cars to get to work in the cities!!
Less and larger farms
- Laborers moved
- orange juice luxury->household
Women and family
- Worked a part-time job
- Housework
— Leisure activities - the freedom enjoyed at works could be enjoyed in the home as well
- Married younger, divorced less frequently, more children
a. “Golden age” of American capitalism
i. Economic expansion, growth
1. Americans living better than their parents and grandparents in their diet, housing, income, education, and recreation
ii. Wide-ranging improvements in living standards - more affordable housing
1. Shift of people from cities suburbs
iii. Breadth of access to a better life
1. Low unemployment
2. Decline in poverty rate
iv. Industrial supremacy around world - more widespread use of TV, home air conditioning, automatic dishwashers, jet air travel, etc.
b. Emergence of West and South as centers of military production, mobilization
c. Twilight of industrial age
i. Gathering decline in manufacturing
ii. Shift toward white-collar occupations
d. Transformations in agricultural America
i. Acceleration of trend toward fewer and larger farms
ii. Mechanization of southern farming
iii. Expansion of corporate farming out West
Explain how freedom became redefined with the advent of consumerism. How did consumerism effect the concepts of economic independence and democratic participation? What was the main medium that spread the culture of middle class life and consumerism? Explain how the automobile changed American Life.
-The economy changed dramatically after arrival of consumerism (consumer culture). It was the “golden age” for capitalism as the majority of citizens were middle class and could afford buying televisions, air conditioners, dishwashers, jet-air travel, and cheap long-distance phone calls. Televisions showed product ads and gave rise to family shows (centering on family values). Electricity and bathrooms were built into homes, becoming accessible to everyone.
-Independence was classified as satisfying consumer wants. Buying a car, TV, Home was essential in freedom.
-Automobiles created in America were cheaper to produce and popular, and were featured in foreign films. Single-family homes and businesses were tied together by highways. By 1960s, 4/5 families owned at least one car. Auto manufacturers and oil companies were at the top.
America became the world’s superpower.
Freedom became redefined with the advent of consumerism because people had the power to purchase whatever they liked (with money of course). Our consumerism has created a society where we feel freedom is tied to our ability to buy things to satisfy our desires. This became a problem because consumerism replaced civic participation, people weren’t turning out to vote. The automobile changed American life because people now began relying on their car to get them places. For example people going to work, going to school, driving to the mall, etc. Many people would feel a loss of freedom if they didn’t have their cars. The automobile was also a boom for gas stations, fast food places, hotels, etc.
More advancements in industry and technology meant that consumer products such as refrigerators, dishwashers, automobiles, televisions etc became affordable for Middle America
-With Americans becoming more wealthy in the middle class, they had the ability to freely choose what they wanted to buy and this led to consumerism. It is tied with freedom because Americans were able to have the choice to buy something for themself.
-The automobile changed American life because people could actual travel miles in distance without it being a hassle. This led a lot of people to live in suburbs (neighborhoods outside of the city)
How did suburbanization reinforce traditional family values?
The Suburban nation reinforced traditional family values as T.V. programs aimed at family audiences. Families watched shows together and typically shows spread culture of middle class life/were about the “classic” American family. T.V at this time also avoided controversy to keep the American family household “wholesome.”
a.- Prosperity and mobility provided by automobile during the 1950s led middle class wealthy Americans to suburbs around the nation’s great cities
b.- Baby boom: more children
c.- Religion
d.- Conservative
e.- Education
Prosperity and mobility provided by automobile during the 1950s led middle class wealthy Americans to suburbs around the nation’s great cities
Redefined success for white American families (man goes to work, wife is homemaker, families with children, ownership of home, car, conservative family values
Automobiles allowed for people to live outsides of big cities and commute to work, people work at home
Baby boom: more children; with the baby boom, people wanted nice open homes for raising children and suburban houses were perfect
Suburbs were racially segregated
Many mortgages barred resale to non-whites
Many suburban communities were exclusively white, even in the relatively progressive West and Northern states
The Divided Society
Whites: suburbs
Suburbanization reinforced racial divisions
Non-whites: employment discrimination
Religion- civil rights act allowed for discrimination for a buyer. Whites move out of the cities to live in the suburbs, because population of African Americans grew in the cities.
The Suburban nation reinforced traditional family values as T.V. programs aimed at family audiences. Families watched shows together and typically shows spread culture of middle class life/were about the “classic” American family. T.V at this time also avoided controversy to keep the American family household “wholesome.”
Who was the main proponent of libertarian conservatism and what book did he write in the early 1960s? Compare and contrast “libertarian conservatives” and “new conservatism.” What were each of their basic values? What did they have in common?
a.- Barry Goldwater (1964 presidential candidate), wrote “The Conscience of a Conservative”
b.- In the book he argued for the importance and value of conservative principals, such as freedom in political contemporary life
c.- Libertarian conservatives: combines right libertarian policies with conservative values, reject liberal social engineering, economic principles, respect for contracts, defense of private property, free markets, natural rights, civil liberties and capitalism.
d.- New conservatism: strong religious beliefs, limited constitutional representatives in gov, democracy worldwide, strong military
e.- common beliefs: free markets, strong economy through capitalism, equal opportunities, sustainable middle class
Barry Goldwater (1964 presidential candidate), wrote “The Conscience of a Conservative”. In the book he argued for the importance and value of conservative principals, such as freedom in political contemporary life
c.- Libertarian conservatives: combines right libertarian policies with conservative values, reject liberal social engineering, economic principles, respect for contracts, defense of private property, free markets, natural rights, civil liberties and capitalism.
d.- New conservatism: strong religious beliefs, limited constitutional representatives in gov, democracy worldwide, strong military
e.- common beliefs: free markets, strong economy through capitalism, equal opportunities, sustainable middle class
Barry Goldwater (1964 presidential candidate), wrote “The Conscience of a Conservative”
-In the book he argued for the importance and value of conservative principals, such as freedom in political contemporary life
-Libertarian conservatives:Defined freedom as individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.
-Milton Friedman: free market was foundation of individual liberty. He believes in privatizing almost all government, and wanted to repeal min. wage laws, graduated income tax, and social security.
-New conservatism: strong religious beliefs, limited constitutional representatives in gov, democracy worldwide, strong military. Argued that liberal’s toleration of difference was to a civilization based on Christian values.
Common beliefs: free markets, strong economy through capitalism, equal opportunities, sustainable middle class
Barry Goldwater was a main proponent of libertarian conservatism and wrote “The Conscience of a Conservative”. In the book he argued for the importance and value of conservative principles, such as freedom in political contemporary life. Libertarian conservatives combine right libertarian policies with conservative values. They respect for contracts, free markets, natural rights, civil liberties and capitalism. New Conservatism has strong religious beliefs, limited constitutional representatives in government, wanted democracy worldwide and strong military. They were common in free markets, strong economy, equal opportunities and a sustainable middle class.
What was the essence of Thurgood Marshall’s argument in the Supreme Court Brown vs. The Board of Education? What was the Court’s ruling? What was not accomplished by the ruling in terms of race relations?
Thurgood Marshall argued that Separating black and white students was harmful to the children and also for a fully integrate society, one in which the color of a person’s skin wouldnot determine the opportunities available to him. The courts had allowed the states the ability to integrate education for African Americans students, and Marshall argued that for hundreds of years the states did not do anything. The court was split 5-4 in favor of Marshall,but the justices wanted a strong majority for the passing of Brown v. Board of Education. May 17, 1954 the court voted unanimously in favor of Marshall. The south had a hard time taking in the new decision, and Little Rock Nine was one example of the outcome of the decision in the South. President Eisenhower had to bring in the military to enforce the new law.
- Marshall argued that school segregation was a violation of individual rights under the 14th Amendment.
- He also asserted that the only justification for continuing to have separate schools was to keep people who were slaves “as near that stage as possible.”
- Court ruled separate but equal public schools unconstitutional
- Violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
- Did not spell out HOW to desegregate or when to do it
- No method stated for ending racial segregation in schools, just said to do it fast as possible
Thurgood Marshall argued that separating black and white students was harmful to the children and also for a fully integrated society, on sin which the color of a person’s skin would not determine the opportunities available to him. The courts had allowed the states the ability to integrate education for African American students, Marshall argued that for hundreds of years the states did not do anything. The court was spilt 4-5 in favor of Marshall, but the justices wanted a strong majority for the passing of Brown vs Board of ed. May 17, 1954 the court voted unanimously in favor of Marshall. The south had a hard time taking the new decision, and Little Rock nine was one example of the outcome of the decision in the south. President Eisenhower had to bring in the military to enforce the new law.
-He argued against the separate but equal doctrine and said it was a violation of individual rights
-Argued that even with the same funding and facilities segregation was unequal because it stigmatized associating with another race
-Used psychological studies in his argument; found that segregation inflicted lifelong damage among the youth
-Was later found unconstitutional, as it violates Equal Protection Clause and the 14th Amendment
-Although people of color were now legally able to enter establishments originally intended for whites only, they were treated cruelly. Many white citizens voiced that relations were more strained and races were not trusting of each other.
What did Rosa Parks do in 1955 that got her arrested? What happened in response to her arrest? What did that lead to?
a.Refused to give up her seat on the seat on the bus for a white man in Montgomery
b.- Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott in which African Americans refused to ride the bus in solidarity for their civil rights (11 months)
c.- ended in Dec 1955 w/ supreme court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional
55, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Describe the scene in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 amidst the protests for economic opportunity and desegregation. What were white Americans forced to decide in the wake of events in Birmingham?
The Birmingham Campaign was a movement led in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which sought to bring national attention of the efforts of local black leaders to desegregate public facilities in Birmingham, Alabama.
he city had a long history of violence against Blacks since end of war. Blacks protesting for economic opportunity and desegregation of local businesses had little success Martin Luther King came to city. He was arrested for violating a ban on demonstrations. He wrote a letter in jail that described the daily abuse of blacks and and asked white moderates to abandon their fear of disorder and commit themselves to racial justice. He decided to have black school children join the protests and the city’s chief ordered brutal attacks with night sticks, fire hoses, and attack dogs. Televised images of the repression outraged national and world opinion and led kennedy to fully embrace civil rights. Businessmen who feared damage to city’s reputation ended protest by desegregating the stores and restaurants and promised to hire blacks. White americans had to decide whether they believe that peaceful folks protesting for basic rights are justified or the violent segregationists, they had to decide whose side they were on. Forced to make a choice on civil rights for african americans.
