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Js 152 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The concept of a subculture of violence was developed by ________. Q6

A

Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang

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2
Q

The book The Code of the Street was written by ________. Q6

A

Elijah Anderson

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3
Q

Merton’s strain theory stresses ________. Q6

A

the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them

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4
Q

According to Park and Burgess, Zone III contained primarily single-family homes. Q6

A

False

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5
Q

According to Ferracuti and Wolfgang, violence may be a learned form of adaptation to certain life circumstances. Q6

A

True

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6
Q

According to Elijah Anderson, when the clash between subculture and mainstream culture occurs, what are the possible consequences: Q6

A

Contributes to racial profiling by police
Increases risks to personal safety, especially for young men
Creates stereotypes of inner city residents among those who live outside the inner city
Increases confrontations between police and young men

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7
Q

General strain theory was developed by ________. Q6

A

Robert Agnew

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8
Q

According to Merton, the ________ mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means. Q6

A

ritualism

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9
Q

Cultural deviance theory emphasizes personal frustration as a key cause of criminal behavior. Q6

A

False

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10
Q

Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of criminology. Q6

A

Chicago

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11
Q

Strain may occur when you are presented with negatively valued stimuli.

A

True

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12
Q

The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing delinquency in transitional neighborhoods. Q6

A

True

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13
Q

Agnew’ contemporary strain theory differs from traditional strain theory due to his individual level theory has following features: Q6

A

It more fully describes wide variety of factors affecting choice of delinquent adaptations to strain
It gives a more comprehensive account of adaptations to strain
It widens focus to include all types of negative relations between individual and others
Strain may have a cumulative effect on delinquency

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14
Q

According to Merton, poverty and the resulting limitation of opportunity are sufficient to reduce a conspicuously high rate of crime. Q6

A

False

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of social structure theory? Q6

A

Social control theory

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16
Q

Social structure theories see ________ as a fundamental cause of crime. Q6

A

Social disenfranchisement

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17
Q

Emile Durkheim used the term anomie to refer to normlessness or a lack of belonging. Q6

A

True

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18
Q

French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that anomie occurs when norms cannot keep pace with structural changes, which of the following examples are appropriate examples of anomie: Q6

A

We do not trust that others will follow rules
Societal rules inspire less commitment
Break down of conventional norms and values

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19
Q

The key idea of the contemporary street code is the issue of respect. Q6

A

True

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20
Q

Criminology of place is also known as ecological criminology. Q6

A

False

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21
Q

According to Elijah Anderson, what are the main characteristics of disadvantaged neighborhoods: Q6

A

Historical segregation and many different types of racism
Presents of drugs, guns, and other weapons
Lack of hope
Chronic in deep poverty

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22
Q

Sociological theories examine the nature of existing power relationships between social groups. Q6

A

True

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23
Q

According to Elijah Anderson, what are the characteristics of “Decent Family”: Q6

A

Tend to adapt code swathing

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24
Q

According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals? Q6

A

conformity

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25
Q

The social pathology model was used by early social ________ theorists. Q6

A

Ecology

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26
Q

The most important contribution made by the ecological school is ________. Q6

A

its claim that the community has a significant influence on behavior

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27
Q

Social structural theories see economic disenfranchisement as a fundamental cause of crime. Q6

A

True

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28
Q

According to Agnew, strain theories generally describe all but which of the following forms of strain? Q6

A

the intentional presentation or threatened presentation of positively valued stimuli

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29
Q

Which of the following types of strain is NOT likely to cause crime? Q6

A

strains associated with high levels of self-control

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30
Q

According to Merton, which of the following would NOT be a socially approved means to achieving legitimate goals? Q6

A

Criminal activity

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31
Q

Park and Burgess found that as their economic positions improved, inner-city residents tended to move to outer zones. Q6

A

True

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32
Q

The broken windows thesis suggests that physical deterioration of a neighborhood can affect crime. Q6

A

True

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33
Q

According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will ________. Q6

A

Stays about the same

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34
Q

The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone ________ as being in transition. Q6

A

II

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35
Q

Subcultural theories have been criticized for being ________. Q6

A

Racist

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36
Q

Which of the following was NOT one of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project? Q6

A

increase job and educational opportunities for delinquents

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37
Q

Which of the following refers to unreported crimes that don’t make it into official crime statistics? Q1

A

dark figure of crime

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38
Q

One of the two most common reasons for not reporting violent crime is that the victim ________. Q1

A

considers the crime to be a private matter

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39
Q

All forms of deviant behavior are violations of the criminal law. Q1

A

false

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40
Q

A human activity that violates social norms, but not criminal law, is termed as________. Q1

A

deviant behavior

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41
Q

The NCVS obtains data by interviewing victims of crime. Q1

A

true

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42
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a property crime by the UCR?

A

robbery

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43
Q

NIBRS is incident-driven in nature. Q1

A

true

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44
Q

Criminology is an interdisciplinary profession. Q1

A

true

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45
Q

Self-report studies typically focus on adult criminality. Q1

A

false

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46
Q

The view of crime as human conduct that violates the criminal law is drawn from a ________ perspective. Q1

A

legalistic

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47
Q

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is responsible for the ________. Q1

A

National Crime Victimization Survey

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48
Q

A formal written enactment of a legislative body is known as a ________. Q1

A

statute

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49
Q

According to the NCVS, ________ crimes are most likely to be reported to the police. Q1

A

violent

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50
Q

Arson is an index crime on the Uniform Crime Report. Q1

A

true

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51
Q

The UCR reports data on a total of twelve Part I offenses. Q1

A

false

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52
Q

A police officer or probation officer is best described as a(n) ________. Q1

A

criminal justice professional

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53
Q

A(n) ________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. Q1

A

general

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54
Q

Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is true? Q1

A

Deviant behavior and criminal behavior overlap.

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55
Q

Delinquency refers to ________. Q1

A

violations of the criminal law and other misbehavior committed by young people

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56
Q

________ theories have potentially wider explanatory power than other types. Q1

A

integrated

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57
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the five objectives of situational crime prevention? Q2

A

reducing the risks associated with crime commission

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58
Q

Rational choice theories have been criticized for ________. Q2

A

over emphasis on individual choice

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59
Q

The Panopticon was designed by ________. Q2

A

Jeremy Bentham.

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60
Q

Which of the following would a rational choice theorist be most likely to consider a likely factor in crime causation? Q2

A

individual choice

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61
Q

Jeremy Bentham advocated extreme and cruel punishments. Q2

A

false

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62
Q

The justice model is based on the idea that ________. Q2

A

Offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make

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63
Q

Which of the following was/were influenced by Beccaria’s ideas? Q2

A

The French penal code of 1791
The U.S. Constitution
The Bill of Rights

All of these

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64
Q

The argument that crime is NOT a result of poverty or social conditions and therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by ________. Q2

A

James Q. Wilson

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65
Q

According to advocates of capital punishment, a key question is ________. Q2

A

Whether the death penalty is fairly imposed

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66
Q

Which of the following was the first modern approach to making sense of crime and criminal behavior? Q2

A

classical school

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67
Q

Which of the following is NOT a critique of classical criminology? Q2

A

It emphasizes free will.

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68
Q

According to routine activities theory, a crime is likely to occur when what things come together? Q2

A

Motivated offender (we are all motivated)
Lack of preventive measures
Suitable victim

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69
Q

Routine activities theory was developed by ________. Q2

A

Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

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70
Q

In the modern-day American criminal justice system, punishments are swiftly imposed. Q2

A

false

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71
Q

Bentham felt that prisons should be built in isolated locations so that citizens are not affected by the sight of incarcerated offenders. Q2

A

false

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72
Q

According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is ________. Q2

A

Both deterrence and retribution

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73
Q

Classical criminology has been criticized for lacking an explanation of ________. Q2

A

personal motivation

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74
Q

According to Beccaria, punishment should be imposed to ________. Q2

A

prevent the offender from committing additional crimes

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75
Q

According to the Classical School, punishment serves to deter law violators. Q2

A

true

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76
Q

The Panopticon was designed by Cesar Beccaria. Q2

A

false

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77
Q

According to Lombroso, ________ were occasional criminals who were pulled into breaking the law by virtue of environmental influences. Q3

A

criminaloids

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78
Q

According to the textbook and lecture, the key assumptions of the positivist school of thought were Q3

A

Human behavior is determined and not a matter of free will
Criminals are fundamentally different from noncriminals. Social scientists can be objective in their work
Crime is frequently caused by multiple factors

All of the above

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79
Q

According to William H. Sheldon, ________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders. Q3

A

mesomorphs

80
Q

According to biological criminologists, crime is the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal. Q3

A

false

81
Q

Atavism implies the notion that criminals ________. Q3

A

are born as criminals

82
Q

According to biological theories, the basic determinates of human behavior may be inherited. Q3

A

true

83
Q

Gall located the roots of personality in the brain. Q3

A

true

84
Q

According to the textbook, positive criminology is rooted in the collection of empirical data. Classical criminologists were mostly philosophers (Beccaria and Bentham). Q3

A

true

85
Q

Twin studies are commonly used in the field of ________. Q3

A

behavioral genetics

86
Q

Which of the following statements would NOT be made by a biological theorist? Q3

A

Human behavior is controlled by free will.

87
Q

The term positivism came from the writings of ________. Q3

A

Auguste Comte

88
Q

According to Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909): There are different classes of criminal, which of the following classes were considered to be a majority of all criminal. Q3

A

Criminaloids

89
Q

According to Lombroso, criminaloids differ from born criminals only in degree. Q3

A

true

90
Q

In his study of the Kallikak family, Goddard concluded that a tendency toward ________ was inherited. Q3

A

feeblemindedness

91
Q

The eugenics movement called for ________. Q3

A

the sterilization of mentally handicapped women

92
Q

In the 19th century, criminologists began to move away from the classical assumptions, especially the assumption of free will as it is commonly understood, and toward a more scientific view of human behavior. Q3

A

true

93
Q

Social control theories focus on ________. Q7

A

the process through which social integration develops

94
Q

According to Sutherland, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior. Q7

A

false

95
Q

According to critics of differential association theory, the theory may not be applicable at the individual level. Q7

A

true

96
Q

The aspect of the social bond that sets social bond theory apart from subcultural approaches is ________. Q7

A

belief

97
Q

According to differential association, the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Q7

A

true

98
Q

According to the general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is ________. Q7

A

self-control

99
Q

Social control theories stress causative factors in criminal behavior. Q7

A

false

100
Q

Social control theories ask why people obey rules instead of breaking them. Q7

A

true

101
Q

A perceived reward that may be offered by crime is an external containment. Q7

A

false

102
Q

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of differential association theory? Q7

A

The theory does not explain the origin of crime and deviance.

103
Q

The ________ component of desistance involves a reduction in the variety of offenses. Q7

A

specialization

104
Q

“Pushes toward crime”include all the perceived rewards that may be offered by crime. Q7

A

false

105
Q

The ________ a person’s social capital, the ________ the chance of criminal activity. Q7

A

greater; lesser

106
Q

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory is based on a rational choice perspective. Q7

A

true

107
Q

Which of the following theories is NOT a social process theory? Q7

A

strain theory

108
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a push towards crime? Q7

A

perceived rewards from crime

109
Q

According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior? Q7

A

There is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior.

110
Q

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is ________. Q7

A

learned in interaction with others

111
Q

Differential association theory was developed by ________. Q7

A

Edwin Sutherland

112
Q

The commitment element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system. Q7

A

false

113
Q

Social bond theory was popularized by ________. Q7

A

Travis Hirschi

114
Q

According to Reckless, most sociological theories cannot predict which individuals will become criminal. Q7

A

true

115
Q

According to containment theory discussed in the lecture notes, a positive self-image is an important ________ containment. Q7

A

inner

116
Q

Social bond theory postulates that ________. Q7

A

crime occurs when a person’s links to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity

117
Q

According to labeling theory, negative self-images precede delinquency. Q8

A

false

118
Q

The ________ component of desistance involves a reduction in the variety of offenses. Q8

A

specialization

119
Q

Desistance describes an increase in the seriousness of offending. Q8

A

false

120
Q

Life course persisters tend to fail at school. Q8

A

true

121
Q

According to learning theory, criminal behavior is ________. Q8

A

a product of the social environment

122
Q

Trajectories refer to longer-term patterns and sequences of behavior. Q8

A

true

123
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory? Q8

A

Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity.

124
Q

According to Sampson and Laub, the two most important turning points center on the choice of employment and marriage. Q8

A

true

125
Q

Learning theory suggests that crime is an innate characteristic of certain individuals. Q8

A

false

126
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a push towards crime? Q8

A

perceived rewards from crime

127
Q

Which of the following theories is NOT a social process theory? Q8

A

strain theory

128
Q

According to Becker, deviance is ________. Q8

A

created by society

129
Q

Early research conducted by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck concluded that delinquent careers rarely carried over into adulthood. Q8

A

false

130
Q

According to Robert Sampson and John Laub’s , a “turning point” can: Q8

A

Cut off past from the present/future
Supervision/monitoring (control) but also opportunities for social support/growth
Opportunity for identity transformation
Change to structure/routine activities

131
Q

According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is ________. Q8

A

the reaction of society

132
Q

In our everyday life, if informal social control is weakened, formal means of social control may be imposed. Which of the following options belong to informal social control means: Q8

A

gossip

ridicule

133
Q

Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders. Q8

A

true

134
Q

The ________ deviant category in Becker’s typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense. Q8

A

secret

135
Q

A criminogenic background is an example of a push towards crime. Q8

A

true

136
Q

Becker suggests that most deviance, when it first occurs, is unlikely to occur again. Q8

A

true

137
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the three sets of dynamic concepts important to the life course perspective? Q8

A

duration

138
Q

“Pushes toward crime”include all the perceived rewards that may be offered by crime. Q8

A

false

139
Q

According to Becker’s typology of delinquents, a person who commits a crime and is caught and punished for that crime is a(n) ________ deviant. Q8

A

pure

140
Q

According to labeling theory, deviance is a quality of the act committed by the offender. Q8

A

false

141
Q

According to Chambliss and Seidman, the probability of a group having its normative system embodied in law is distributed equally throughout society. Q9

A

false

142
Q

________ justice is based on restoration rather than on punishment. Q9

A

restorative

143
Q

Karl Marx defined the proletariat as the “haves.” Q9

A

false

144
Q

The conflict perspective suggests that social groups hold to similar definitions of right and wrong. Q9

A

false

145
Q

The conflict perspective sees laws as a tool of the disenfranchised. Q9

A

false

146
Q

The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power. Q9

A

true

147
Q

According to the restorative justice movement, crime is seen primarily as an offense against governmental authority. Q9

A

false

148
Q

________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. Q9

A

peacemaking

149
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the six key elements of the conflict perspective? Q9

A

The legal system represents the best interests of society.

150
Q

Richard Quinney sees criminal law as an instrument of the state. Q9

A

true

151
Q

In 1905, ________ described the struggle between the haves and the have-nots as a natural consequence of a capitalist society. Q9

A

Willem Bonger

152
Q

According to Karl Marx, there are two fundamental social classes within any capitalist society. Q9

A

true

153
Q

According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on ________. Q9

A

exercise of political power

154
Q

George Vold saw crime as a manifestation of denied needs and values. Q9

A

true

155
Q

According to ________, a spokesperson for modern radical thinkers, criminal behavior results from the coercive power of the state to enforce the will of the ruling class. Q9

A

william chambliss

156
Q

The primary method used by convict criminologists is ethnographic. Q9

A

true

157
Q

According to Chambliss and Seidman, the ________ a group’s political or economic position, the ________ the probability that its views will be reflected in laws. Q9

A

higher; greater

158
Q

According to Elliott Currie, as more nations copy the market society culture of the U.S., crime rates throughout the world will decrease. Q9

A

false

159
Q

According to Marx and Engels, ________ would inevitably replace capitalism. Q9

A

communism

160
Q

Extreme radical-Marxist criminologists feel that the only effective way to reduce conflict is to replace the existing capitalist system with a socialist economic structure. Q9

A

true

161
Q

The subculture of violence thesis was originally proposed by ________. Q10

A

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti

162
Q

A(n) ________ crime is any act punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created in the course of a legal occupation. Q10

A

occupational

163
Q

Force is not a necessary element of burglary. Q10

A

true

164
Q

According to Alfred Blumstein, property offenders are most committed to a criminal career during the break-in phase. Q10

A

false

165
Q

The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in ________. Q10

A

1919

166
Q

The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is ________. Q10

A

the subculture of violence thesis

167
Q

Burglars are more likely to target wholesale rather than retail businesses. Q10

A

false

168
Q

According to Hirschi and Gottfredson, selection processes inherent to the high end of the occupational structure tend to recruit people with relatively low propensity to crime. Q10

A

true

169
Q

Assault is the most common violent crime. Q10

A

true

170
Q

According to Wolfgang, the association between alcohol and victim-precipitated homicides is ________. Q10

A

positive and significant

171
Q

The drug control strategy that authorizes judicial representatives to seize all proceeds traceable to the sale of illegal drugs is known as ________. Q10

A

forfeiture

172
Q

According to routine activities theory, which of the following elements is NOT necessary for a criminal act to occur? Q10

A

the presence of a capable guardian

173
Q

The most frequent type of larceny, according to the UCR, is ________. Q10

A

theft from a motor vehicle

174
Q

________ refers to issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions. Q10

A

availability

175
Q

According to the typology of mass murder developed by Fox and Levin, the killings by the Charles Manson family were motivated by ________. Q10

A

terror

176
Q

As an element of an integrated theory of organizational crime, subcultural theory would focus on the way stigmatization can foster the formation of a criminal subculture. Q10

A

false

177
Q

________ typically reduces criminal penalties associated with the personal possession of a controlled substance. Q10

A

decriminalization

178
Q

According to Wolfgang, most victims of spousal homicide had been drinking at the time of the crime.Q10

A

true

179
Q

During the nineteenth century, the one drug, other than alcohol, that affected large numbers of Americans was ________. Q10

A

opium

180
Q

The advances in technology that have made electronic devices smaller and lighter has resulted in an increase in ________. Q10

A

the supply of suitable targets

181
Q

Which of the following is an example of a negative punishment? Q4

A

taking a favorite toy away from a bad child

182
Q

Which of the following is not one of the early signs or indicators of psychopathy? Q4

A

teenage pregnancy

183
Q

Persisting in the face of adversity involves performance control. Q4

A

true

184
Q

A positive reward increases the frequency of approved behavior by giving adding something desirable to the situation. Q4

A

true

185
Q

According to Bandura, aggressive behavior must be learned. Q4

A

true

186
Q

Allowing a good child to skip homework is an example of a negative reward. Q4

A

true

187
Q

According to Bandura’s modeling theory, exposure to television can affect one’s level of violent behavior. Q4

A

true

188
Q

Which of the following is not a behavior pattern or characteristic of individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder? Q4

A

loyalty to groups or individuals

189
Q

Which type of self-control involves resisting temptations to eat, drink, or take drugs? Q4

A

impulse control

190
Q

Individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder tend to be highly empathetic. Q4

A

false

191
Q

According to Harold Grasmick, individuals with higher levels of self-control are less likely to demand immediate gratification. Q4

A

true

192
Q

According to Grasmick, which of the following would be a characteristic of a person with low self-control? Q4

A

a preference for physical activity

193
Q

According to some psychologists, personal and social problems such as drug abuse, violence, unwanted pregnancy, alcoholism, and criminality stem from failures in________. Q4

A

self-control

194
Q

According to Cleckley, psychopaths are chronic liars. Q4

A

true

195
Q

The concept of conditioned behavior was popularized through the work of ________. Q4

A

Ivan Pavlov

196
Q

Giving a good child a toy is an example of a ________. Q4

A

positive reward

Js 152 (1 decks)

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