Final Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
The concept of a subculture of violence was developed by ________. Q6
A
Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang
2
Q
The book The Code of the Street was written by ________. Q6
A
Elijah Anderson
3
Q
Merton’s strain theory stresses ________. Q6
A
the idea that American society emphasizes common success goals without providing equal access to the means of obtaining them
4
Q
According to Park and Burgess, Zone III contained primarily single-family homes. Q6
A
False
5
Q
According to Ferracuti and Wolfgang, violence may be a learned form of adaptation to certain life circumstances. Q6
A
True
6
Q
According to Elijah Anderson, when the clash between subculture and mainstream culture occurs, what are the possible consequences: Q6
A
Contributes to racial profiling by police
Increases risks to personal safety, especially for young men
Creates stereotypes of inner city residents among those who live outside the inner city
Increases confrontations between police and young men
7
Q
General strain theory was developed by ________. Q6
A
Robert Agnew
8
Q
According to Merton, the ________ mode of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means. Q6
A
ritualism
9
Q
Cultural deviance theory emphasizes personal frustration as a key cause of criminal behavior. Q6
A
False
10
Q
Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of criminology. Q6
A
Chicago
11
Q
Strain may occur when you are presented with negatively valued stimuli.
A
True
12
Q
The Chicago Area Project focused on reducing delinquency in transitional neighborhoods. Q6
A
True
13
Q
Agnew’ contemporary strain theory differs from traditional strain theory due to his individual level theory has following features: Q6
A
It more fully describes wide variety of factors affecting choice of delinquent adaptations to strain
It gives a more comprehensive account of adaptations to strain
It widens focus to include all types of negative relations between individual and others
Strain may have a cumulative effect on delinquency
14
Q
According to Merton, poverty and the resulting limitation of opportunity are sufficient to reduce a conspicuously high rate of crime. Q6
A
False
15
Q
Which of the following is NOT a type of social structure theory? Q6
A
Social control theory
16
Q
Social structure theories see ________ as a fundamental cause of crime. Q6
A
Social disenfranchisement
17
Q
Emile Durkheim used the term anomie to refer to normlessness or a lack of belonging. Q6
A
True
18
Q
French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that anomie occurs when norms cannot keep pace with structural changes, which of the following examples are appropriate examples of anomie: Q6
A
We do not trust that others will follow rules
Societal rules inspire less commitment
Break down of conventional norms and values
19
Q
The key idea of the contemporary street code is the issue of respect. Q6
A
True
20
Q
Criminology of place is also known as ecological criminology. Q6
A
False
21
Q
According to Elijah Anderson, what are the main characteristics of disadvantaged neighborhoods: Q6
A
Historical segregation and many different types of racism
Presents of drugs, guns, and other weapons
Lack of hope
Chronic in deep poverty
22
Q
Sociological theories examine the nature of existing power relationships between social groups. Q6
A
True
23
Q
According to Elijah Anderson, what are the characteristics of “Decent Family”: Q6
A
Tend to adapt code swathing
24
Q
According to Merton, which of the following is the mode of adaptation that typifies most middle- and upper-class individuals? Q6
A
conformity
25
The social pathology model was used by early social ________ theorists. Q6
Ecology
26
The most important contribution made by the ecological school is ________. Q6
its claim that the community has a significant influence on behavior
27
Social structural theories see economic disenfranchisement as a fundamental cause of crime. Q6
True
28
According to Agnew, strain theories generally describe all but which of the following forms of strain? Q6
the intentional presentation or threatened presentation of positively valued stimuli
29
Which of the following types of strain is NOT likely to cause crime? Q6
strains associated with high levels of self-control
30
According to Merton, which of the following would NOT be a socially approved means to achieving legitimate goals? Q6
Criminal activity
31
Park and Burgess found that as their economic positions improved, inner-city residents tended to move to outer zones. Q6
True
32
The broken windows thesis suggests that physical deterioration of a neighborhood can affect crime. Q6
True
33
According to the research on crime patterns in concentric zones, as the composition of the population in the zone of transition changes (e.g., because of various waves of immigration), the crime rate will ________. Q6
Stays about the same
34
The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone ________ as being in transition. Q6
II
35
Subcultural theories have been criticized for being ________. Q6
Racist
36
Which of the following was NOT one of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project? Q6
increase job and educational opportunities for delinquents
37
Which of the following refers to unreported crimes that don't make it into official crime statistics? Q1
dark figure of crime
38
One of the two most common reasons for not reporting violent crime is that the victim ________. Q1
considers the crime to be a private matter
39
All forms of deviant behavior are violations of the criminal law. Q1
false
40
A human activity that violates social norms, but not criminal law, is termed as________. Q1
deviant behavior
41
The NCVS obtains data by interviewing victims of crime. Q1
true
42
Which of the following is NOT considered a property crime by the UCR?
robbery
43
NIBRS is incident-driven in nature. Q1
true
44
Criminology is an interdisciplinary profession. Q1
true
45
Self-report studies typically focus on adult criminality. Q1
false
46
The view of crime as human conduct that violates the criminal law is drawn from a ________ perspective. Q1
legalistic
47
The Bureau of Justice Statistics is responsible for the ________. Q1
National Crime Victimization Survey
48
A formal written enactment of a legislative body is known as a ________. Q1
statute
49
According to the NCVS, ________ crimes are most likely to be reported to the police. Q1
violent
50
Arson is an index crime on the Uniform Crime Report. Q1
true
51
The UCR reports data on a total of twelve Part I offenses. Q1
false
52
A police officer or probation officer is best described as a(n) ________. Q1
criminal justice professional
53
A(n) ________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. Q1
general
54
Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is true? Q1
Deviant behavior and criminal behavior overlap.
55
Delinquency refers to ________. Q1
violations of the criminal law and other misbehavior committed by young people
56
________ theories have potentially wider explanatory power than other types. Q1
integrated
57
Which of the following is NOT one of the five objectives of situational crime prevention? Q2
reducing the risks associated with crime commission
58
Rational choice theories have been criticized for ________. Q2
over emphasis on individual choice
59
The Panopticon was designed by ________. Q2
Jeremy Bentham.
60
Which of the following would a rational choice theorist be most likely to consider a likely factor in crime causation? Q2
individual choice
61
Jeremy Bentham advocated extreme and cruel punishments. Q2
false
62
The justice model is based on the idea that ________. Q2
Offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make
63
Which of the following was/were influenced by Beccaria's ideas? Q2
The French penal code of 1791
The U.S. Constitution
The Bill of Rights
All of these
64
The argument that crime is NOT a result of poverty or social conditions and therefore cannot be affected by social programs was made by ________. Q2
James Q. Wilson
65
According to advocates of capital punishment, a key question is ________. Q2
Whether the death penalty is fairly imposed
66
Which of the following was the first modern approach to making sense of crime and criminal behavior? Q2
classical school
67
Which of the following is NOT a critique of classical criminology? Q2
It emphasizes free will.
68
According to routine activities theory, a crime is likely to occur when what things come together? Q2
Motivated offender (we are all motivated)
Lack of preventive measures
Suitable victim
69
Routine activities theory was developed by ________. Q2
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
70
In the modern-day American criminal justice system, punishments are swiftly imposed. Q2
false
71
Bentham felt that prisons should be built in isolated locations so that citizens are not affected by the sight of incarcerated offenders. Q2
false
72
According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is ________. Q2
Both deterrence and retribution
73
Classical criminology has been criticized for lacking an explanation of ________. Q2
personal motivation
74
According to Beccaria, punishment should be imposed to ________. Q2
prevent the offender from committing additional crimes
75
According to the Classical School, punishment serves to deter law violators. Q2
true
76
The Panopticon was designed by Cesar Beccaria. Q2
false
77
According to Lombroso, ________ were occasional criminals who were pulled into breaking the law by virtue of environmental influences. Q3
criminaloids
78
According to the textbook and lecture, the key assumptions of the positivist school of thought were Q3
Human behavior is determined and not a matter of free will
Criminals are fundamentally different from noncriminals. Social scientists can be objective in their work
Crime is frequently caused by multiple factors
All of the above
79
According to William H. Sheldon, ________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders. Q3
mesomorphs
80
According to biological criminologists, crime is the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal. Q3
false
81
Atavism implies the notion that criminals ________. Q3
are born as criminals
82
According to biological theories, the basic determinates of human behavior may be inherited. Q3
true
83
Gall located the roots of personality in the brain. Q3
true
84
According to the textbook, positive criminology is rooted in the collection of empirical data. Classical criminologists were mostly philosophers (Beccaria and Bentham). Q3
true
85
Twin studies are commonly used in the field of ________. Q3
behavioral genetics
86
Which of the following statements would NOT be made by a biological theorist? Q3
Human behavior is controlled by free will.
87
The term positivism came from the writings of ________. Q3
Auguste Comte
88
According to Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909): There are different classes of criminal, which of the following classes were considered to be a majority of all criminal. Q3
Criminaloids
89
According to Lombroso, criminaloids differ from born criminals only in degree. Q3
true
90
In his study of the Kallikak family, Goddard concluded that a tendency toward ________ was inherited. Q3
feeblemindedness
91
The eugenics movement called for ________. Q3
the sterilization of mentally handicapped women
92
In the 19th century, criminologists began to move away from the classical assumptions, especially the assumption of free will as it is commonly understood, and toward a more scientific view of human behavior. Q3
true
93
Social control theories focus on ________. Q7
the process through which social integration develops
94
According to Sutherland, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior. Q7
false
95
According to critics of differential association theory, the theory may not be applicable at the individual level. Q7
true
96
The aspect of the social bond that sets social bond theory apart from subcultural approaches is ________. Q7
belief
97
According to differential association, the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Q7
true
98
According to the general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is ________. Q7
self-control
99
Social control theories stress causative factors in criminal behavior. Q7
false
100
Social control theories ask why people obey rules instead of breaking them. Q7
true
101
A perceived reward that may be offered by crime is an external containment. Q7
false
102
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of differential association theory? Q7
The theory does not explain the origin of crime and deviance.
103
The ________ component of desistance involves a reduction in the variety of offenses. Q7
specialization
104
"Pushes toward crime"include all the perceived rewards that may be offered by crime. Q7
false
105
The ________ a person's social capital, the ________ the chance of criminal activity. Q7
greater; lesser
106
Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory is based on a rational choice perspective. Q7
true
107
Which of the following theories is NOT a social process theory? Q7
strain theory
108
Which of the following is NOT an example of a push towards crime? Q7
perceived rewards from crime
109
According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior? Q7
There is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior.
110
According to social process theories, criminal behavior is ________. Q7
learned in interaction with others
111
Differential association theory was developed by ________. Q7
Edwin Sutherland
112
The commitment element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system. Q7
false
113
Social bond theory was popularized by ________. Q7
Travis Hirschi
114
According to Reckless, most sociological theories cannot predict which individuals will become criminal. Q7
true
115
According to containment theory discussed in the lecture notes, a positive self-image is an important ________ containment. Q7
inner
116
Social bond theory postulates that ________. Q7
crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity
117
According to labeling theory, negative self-images precede delinquency. Q8
false
118
The ________ component of desistance involves a reduction in the variety of offenses. Q8
specialization
119
Desistance describes an increase in the seriousness of offending. Q8
false
120
Life course persisters tend to fail at school. Q8
true
121
According to learning theory, criminal behavior is ________. Q8
a product of the social environment
122
Trajectories refer to longer-term patterns and sequences of behavior. Q8
true
123
Which of the following is NOT one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory? Q8
Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity.
124
According to Sampson and Laub, the two most important turning points center on the choice of employment and marriage. Q8
true
125
Learning theory suggests that crime is an innate characteristic of certain individuals. Q8
false
126
Which of the following is NOT an example of a push towards crime? Q8
perceived rewards from crime
127
Which of the following theories is NOT a social process theory? Q8
strain theory
128
According to Becker, deviance is ________. Q8
created by society
129
Early research conducted by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck concluded that delinquent careers rarely carried over into adulthood. Q8
false
130
According to Robert Sampson and John Laub’s , a “turning point” can: Q8
Cut off past from the present/future
Supervision/monitoring (control) but also opportunities for social support/growth
Opportunity for identity transformation
Change to structure/routine activities
131
According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is ________. Q8
the reaction of society
132
In our everyday life, if informal social control is weakened, formal means of social control may be imposed. Which of the following options belong to informal social control means: Q8
gossip
| ridicule
133
Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders. Q8
true
134
The ________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense. Q8
secret
135
A criminogenic background is an example of a push towards crime. Q8
true
136
Becker suggests that most deviance, when it first occurs, is unlikely to occur again. Q8
true
137
Which of the following is NOT one of the three sets of dynamic concepts important to the life course perspective? Q8
duration
138
"Pushes toward crime"include all the perceived rewards that may be offered by crime. Q8
false
139
According to Becker's typology of delinquents, a person who commits a crime and is caught and punished for that crime is a(n) ________ deviant. Q8
pure
140
According to labeling theory, deviance is a quality of the act committed by the offender. Q8
false
141
According to Chambliss and Seidman, the probability of a group having its normative system embodied in law is distributed equally throughout society. Q9
false
142
________ justice is based on restoration rather than on punishment. Q9
restorative
143
Karl Marx defined the proletariat as the "haves." Q9
false
144
The conflict perspective suggests that social groups hold to similar definitions of right and wrong. Q9
false
145
The conflict perspective sees laws as a tool of the disenfranchised. Q9
false
146
The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power. Q9
true
147
According to the restorative justice movement, crime is seen primarily as an offense against governmental authority. Q9
false
148
________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. Q9
peacemaking
149
Which of the following is NOT one of the six key elements of the conflict perspective? Q9
The legal system represents the best interests of society.
150
Richard Quinney sees criminal law as an instrument of the state. Q9
true
151
In 1905, ________ described the struggle between the haves and the have-nots as a natural consequence of a capitalist society. Q9
Willem Bonger
152
According to Karl Marx, there are two fundamental social classes within any capitalist society. Q9
true
153
According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on ________. Q9
exercise of political power
154
George Vold saw crime as a manifestation of denied needs and values. Q9
true
155
According to ________, a spokesperson for modern radical thinkers, criminal behavior results from the coercive power of the state to enforce the will of the ruling class. Q9
william chambliss
156
The primary method used by convict criminologists is ethnographic. Q9
true
157
According to Chambliss and Seidman, the ________ a group's political or economic position, the ________ the probability that its views will be reflected in laws. Q9
higher; greater
158
According to Elliott Currie, as more nations copy the market society culture of the U.S., crime rates throughout the world will decrease. Q9
false
159
According to Marx and Engels, ________ would inevitably replace capitalism. Q9
communism
160
Extreme radical-Marxist criminologists feel that the only effective way to reduce conflict is to replace the existing capitalist system with a socialist economic structure. Q9
true
161
The subculture of violence thesis was originally proposed by ________. Q10
Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti
162
A(n) ________ crime is any act punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created in the course of a legal occupation. Q10
occupational
163
Force is not a necessary element of burglary. Q10
true
164
According to Alfred Blumstein, property offenders are most committed to a criminal career during the break-in phase. Q10
false
165
The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in ________. Q10
1919
166
The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is ________. Q10
the subculture of violence thesis
167
Burglars are more likely to target wholesale rather than retail businesses. Q10
false
168
According to Hirschi and Gottfredson, selection processes inherent to the high end of the occupational structure tend to recruit people with relatively low propensity to crime. Q10
true
169
Assault is the most common violent crime. Q10
true
170
According to Wolfgang, the association between alcohol and victim-precipitated homicides is ________. Q10
positive and significant
171
The drug control strategy that authorizes judicial representatives to seize all proceeds traceable to the sale of illegal drugs is known as ________. Q10
forfeiture
172
According to routine activities theory, which of the following elements is NOT necessary for a criminal act to occur? Q10
the presence of a capable guardian
173
The most frequent type of larceny, according to the UCR, is ________. Q10
theft from a motor vehicle
174
________ refers to issues surrounding how access to guns may increase their presence in all types of interactions. Q10
availability
175
According to the typology of mass murder developed by Fox and Levin, the killings by the Charles Manson family were motivated by ________. Q10
terror
176
As an element of an integrated theory of organizational crime, subcultural theory would focus on the way stigmatization can foster the formation of a criminal subculture. Q10
false
177
________ typically reduces criminal penalties associated with the personal possession of a controlled substance. Q10
decriminalization
178
According to Wolfgang, most victims of spousal homicide had been drinking at the time of the crime.Q10
true
179
During the nineteenth century, the one drug, other than alcohol, that affected large numbers of Americans was ________. Q10
opium
180
The advances in technology that have made electronic devices smaller and lighter has resulted in an increase in ________. Q10
the supply of suitable targets
181
Which of the following is an example of a negative punishment? Q4
taking a favorite toy away from a bad child
182
Which of the following is not one of the early signs or indicators of psychopathy? Q4
teenage pregnancy
183
Persisting in the face of adversity involves performance control. Q4
true
184
A positive reward increases the frequency of approved behavior by giving adding something desirable to the situation. Q4
true
185
According to Bandura, aggressive behavior must be learned. Q4
true
186
Allowing a good child to skip homework is an example of a negative reward. Q4
true
187
According to Bandura's modeling theory, exposure to television can affect one's level of violent behavior. Q4
true
188
Which of the following is not a behavior pattern or characteristic of individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder? Q4
loyalty to groups or individuals
189
Which type of self-control involves resisting temptations to eat, drink, or take drugs? Q4
impulse control
190
Individuals suffering from antisocial personality disorder tend to be highly empathetic. Q4
false
191
According to Harold Grasmick, individuals with higher levels of self-control are less likely to demand immediate gratification. Q4
true
192
According to Grasmick, which of the following would be a characteristic of a person with low self-control? Q4
a preference for physical activity
193
According to some psychologists, personal and social problems such as drug abuse, violence, unwanted pregnancy, alcoholism, and criminality stem from failures in________. Q4
self-control
194
According to Cleckley, psychopaths are chronic liars. Q4
true
195
The concept of conditioned behavior was popularized through the work of ________. Q4
Ivan Pavlov
196
Giving a good child a toy is an example of a ________. Q4
positive reward
