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VM 744 Therio > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

In what phase do oocytes arrest in until recruited in adult life?

A

prophase 1

start meiosis 2 w/ follicle recruitment

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2
Q

Once recruited, what phase do oocytes arrest in at ovulation?

A

If fertilized, arrests in metaphase 2

except in dogs - still in prophase 1

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3
Q

Capacitation

A

changes in sperm so it can bind to ZP and fertilize egg

becomes hyperactive

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4
Q

Barriers to the transport of sperm in the F

A

cervix

uterotubal junction

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5
Q

What triggers the acrosomal reaction & starting meiosis 2?

A

Calcium

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6
Q

Things that protect against polyspermy (more than 1 sperm penetrating egg)

6 things

A
  • # of sperm that enter oviduct
  • # of sperm in sperm reservoir (in cervix or ut junc)
  • # of sperm that get to site of fertilization @ ampulla/isthmus junc
  • # of sperm that penetrate cumulus
  • plasma membrane block
  • ZP hardening/block
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7
Q

Names of different stages of embryo during development

A

M/F pronculei fuse –> mitosis, cleavage into 2 blastomeres –> morula –> blastocyst w/ blastocoele and trophoblast components

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8
Q

What stage are embryos at when the reach the uterus?

A

morula (16-32 cells) or early blastocyst

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9
Q

What is unique about EQ embryo phys

A

Embryo must produce prostaglandin E2 to relax circular smooth m. of oviduct and pass through to uterus

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10
Q

What differs between Rum & EQ embryo’s leaving ZP

A

Rum - pressure to crack ZP, blastocyst hatches out

EQ - ZP just thins, gets shed, maintains an embryonic capsule for further protection

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11
Q

What hormone is required to maintain a pregnancy and where is it secreted from?

A

Progesterone (but not an indicator of pregnancy)

Corpus luteum, later placenta in sheep, cow, horse

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12
Q

What is maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP)?

A
  • LA embryo signals uterus to maintain progesterone/CL

- prevents prostaglandin secretion that triggers luteolysis

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13
Q

What do bovine and ovine embryos secrete for MRP? How does it cause MRP?

A 
interferon tau (IFN-t)
inhibits oxytocin receptors in endometrium
no oxytocin = no PGF2alpha synthesis & luteolysis
countercurrent release of PGF
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14
Q

What do pig embryos secrete for MRP? How does it cause MRP?

A

estradiol (E2)
re-routes PGF secretion into uterine lumen
At least 4 embryos required for MRP, at least 1 in each horn

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15
Q

EQ MRP

A

exact signal unknown
embryos migrate throughout uterine body and both horns multiple times
systemic circulation of PGF

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16
Q

Why do horses not often have twins?

A

placental insufficiency = early loss or abortion

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17
Q

What happens if have embryonic loss after MRP?

A

CL persists –> delayed return to estrus

Have to admin prostaglandins to expedite

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18
Q

histotrophic support for embryo

A

early pregnancy

endometrial glands provide nutrients

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19
Q

hemotrophic support for embryo

A

later pregnancy

occurs after maternal endometrium and fetal membranes become closely assoc’d

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20
Q

amniotic vs. allantoic sac

A

amniotic - cushion, surrounds embryo

allantoic - resp exchange, Ca transport, waste storage “Water break”

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21
Q

Diffuse placenta

A

EQ, pig

microcotyledons evenly spread out across placenta

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22
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

rum

discrete attachment sites btwn placental cotyledons and uterine caruncles (called placentoms)

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23
Q

zonary placenta

A

carnivores

placenta and endometrium in band around fetus

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24
Q

discoid placenta

A

primates, humans

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25
Q

epitheliochorial placenta

A

LA
6 layers of separation = no Ig transfer
colostrum intake critical

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26
Q

endotheliochorial placenta

A

dogs, cats
4 layers of separation = some ig transfer
colostrum intake important

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27
Q

hemochorial placenta

A

primates, rodents
3 layers of separation = significant Ig transfer
colostrum not a thing

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28
Q

when do EQ endometrial cups form? when do they regress?

A

start on day 35, regress day 120-150

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29
Q

What to EQ endometrial cups do?

A

produce eCG

eCG –> LH/FSH activity –> accessory CL = additional progesterone to support early pregnancy

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30
Q

What happens when endometrial cups regress?

A

placenta making progesterone to maintain pregnancy

Can supp progesterone until this stage is mares struggle to hold pregnancy

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31
Q

what happens w/ preg loss after day 35?

A

cups remain, mare can’t re-breed for season - won’t cycle back b/c of eCG production
Giving prosteglandins won’t help

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32
Q

Fetal gonads

A

most visible between 3-8 mo, peak at day 200

Produce androgen precursors - can cause stallion-like behavior in male

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33
Q

does estrus = pregnant or not pregnant?

A

likely not pregnant

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34
Q

what is a common technique for detecting pregnancy in LA?

A

transrectal palpation +/- transrectal US

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35
Q

4 positive signs of pregnancy in cows

A

palpation of amnionic vesicle
fetal membrane slip
palpation of a placentome
palpation of a fetus

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36
Q

US in SA and pregnancy detection

A

good for detection, not great for total number of fetuses

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37
Q

At what point will rads detect pregnancy in dogs

A

> 43 days - enough mineralization of bones has occured

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38
Q

What endocrine preg tests could you run for SA

A

relaxin (2nd half of preg)

not progesterone - doesn’t indicate pregnancy in dogs

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39
Q

What endocrine preg tests could you run for cows

A

complete absence of progesterone = not pregnant (presence not an indicator)
estrone sulfate (from placenta)
IFN-t from trophoblasts
EPF - really early pregnancy

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40
Q

What endocrine preg tests could you run for EQ?

A

EPF
eCG
Relaxin (later in pregnancy)
Estrogen

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41
Q

what organ systems would be incompatible w/ fetal survival if had major defects?

A

urinary

hematopoietic

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42
Q

what organ systems would be compatible w/ fetal survival if had major defects?

A

GI, msk, lungs, CNS

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43
Q

What is the most critical stage of development to avoid teratogens

A

organogenesis - can lead to major morphological defects (vs. later in pregnancy get functional and minor defects0

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44
Q

2 important principles of teratology

A
  • 1 agent can cause very different dz’s at different periods of gestation (e.g. Veratrum toxicity)
  • totally different agents cause cause the same pathology b/c affect same cell types/pops (e.g. arthrogryphosis)
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45
Q

Veratrum toxicity and pregnant sheep

A

day 14 gestation = cyclopia
day 28-31 = chondrodysplasia
day 30-36 = tracheal hypoplasia –> collapse & “stillbirth’

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46
Q

arthrogryphosis

A

joints fixed in flexion

heritable, viral (akbane or cache valley), plants (lupine, acorn)

47
Q

fates of abnormal conceptus (x6)

A

early embryonic death
abortion (after organogenesis complete) - mummification or maceration
premature (still)birth
prolonged gestation
congenital malformation
defects manifesting later in life (e.g. CV, metabolic)

48
Q

What is the top infectious cause of congenital defects

A

cytomegalovirus (herpesvirus)

49
Q

Bluetongue (orbivirus)

A

Culicoides gnats or attenuated MLV vacc’s crossing placenta

causes hydranencephaly

50
Q

How does bluetongue present in sheep vs. cattle

A

sheep - severe, large outbreaks

cattle - usually subclinical

51
Q

Akbane (bunyavirus)

A

Culicoides gnats, mosquitos
cattle sheep goats - but adults subclinical
causes abortion/stillbirth/premature birth. arthrogryphosis, hydranencephaly
currently not in US

52
Q

Schmallenberg (orthobunyavirus)

A

Culicoides
cattle, sheep, goats
hydranencephaly, arthrogryphosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
currently not in US

53
Q

How could you could you figure out the cause of a hydranencephalic calf in CO?

A

Ab test for BTV and cache virus

if negative, send to feds to test for akbane, schmallenberg

54
Q

Cytopathic infection of BVDV (pestivirus)

A

infected <1 mo - don’t know
infected 1 mo - 90 days - fetal death
infected 90-150 days - teratogenesis
infected 150-parturition (280 days) - minor to no lesions (b/c fetus can mount IR)

55
Q

Types of teratogenesis caused by BVDV

A 
cerebellar hypoplasia (#1)
hydranencephaly, arthrogryphosis, hypertrichosis
56
Q

non-cytopathic infection of BVDV

A

persistently infected “poor doer” - herd issue

will get mucosal dz if exposed later b/c immunocompromised

57
Q

Border Dz (pestivirus)

A

sheep - hairy shaker lamb syndrome
hypomyelination = shaking
wool is hairy

58
Q

cache valley fever (bunyavirus)

A

mosquito
adults - mild dz
preg: death <32 days, then msk & CNS dz, > 38 days CNS effects, > 48 few effects

59
Q

when is parturition triggered?

A

When fetus is physiologically ready to give birth

60
Q

how does the fetus signal it’s ready to be birthed in most spp?

A

Fetal ACTH, cortisol which increases estradiol/estrogen from placenta, which decreases progesterone, increases PGF2alpha

61
Q

What drives parturition once it’s triggered?

A

Prostaglandin(F2alpha) from placenta, endometrium –> uterine contractions
ferguson reflex causing oxytocin release (enhances PGF2a release to magnify contractions)

62
Q

How does parturition differ in litter-bearing spp

A

entire litter signals parturition

fetuses can be delivered anywhere from 30 min - 3/4 hrs apart

63
Q

stages of labor

A
  1. initial contractions lasting hours, ends w/ water break
  2. fetus delivery, < 1 hr for LA, ~6 hrs for dog
  3. passage of placenta, mins to hrs (or days for cow, cat)
64
Q

When is a placenta deemed pathologically retained, and why is that a concern?

A

> 3 hrs

concern is bacterial buildup –> peritonitis, laminitis, etc. especially for EQ

65
Q

What drugs can you give to induce labor for rum, goat, EQ?

A

rum - corticosteriods (e.g. dexamethasone)
goat - PG to lyse CL
EQ - oxytocin

66
Q

Presentation

A

long axis of fetus position vs. birth canal

anterior (nx), posterior or transverse

67
Q

Position

A

dorsum of fetus position vs. dam’s pelvis quadrants

dorsal-sacral is normal

68
Q

Posture

A

position of fetal extremities vs. fetus itself

Nx is diving position

69
Q

Why is a transverse presentation reason to recommend C-section

A

difficult to correct

no ferguson reflex = no oxytocin = no contractions

70
Q

Primary vs. secondary uterine inertia

A

Primary - failure to initiate labor (e.g. hypocalcemia)

secondary - uterine fatigue d/t prolonged labor or retained placenta

71
Q

Ways you can manipulate a fetus to improve dystocia

A
  • mutation (repel, rotation, version)

- extraction using the force of 2 people pulling during contractions only, stagger shoulders

72
Q

what special dog type experiences dystocia all the time?

A

brachycephalics

73
Q

in dogs, what is a sequelae to secondary uterine intertia?

A

delayed uterine involution = SIPS, persistant inflamma and discharge/bleeding

74
Q

T/F breeding date gives you an accurate due date

A

false. impossible to determine due date based on breeding date

75
Q

at what point do you need to intervene when a delivery is not occuring but animal is in stage 2 of parturition?

A

20-30 mins of pushing

76
Q

If you have a dystocia SA case, what are two supportive care things you do before any other decision is made

A

IV catheter w/ shock fluid dose

provide oxygen

77
Q

When is medical intervention considered for a mild dystocia case?

A

4 or less pups remaining and unobstructed birth canal

78
Q

what medical interventions can you do for mild dystocias in dogs

A

oxytocin to initiate contractions (unhelpful if already pushing)
Calcium gluconate to increase strength of contractions

79
Q

what is the most common cause of feline dystocia?

A

primary uterine intertia
obstruction (e.g. uterine torsion) also more common than in dogs
Giving oxytocin to cats is RISKY

80
Q

how do you diagnose primary uterine intertia in a cat?

A

> 70 days from first breeding

serum progesterone is <2 ng/ml

81
Q

What is special about cows and lactation?

A

mammary development continues - size increases w/ parity vs. other spp it stops w/ first lactation

82
Q

Hormones that influence lactogenesis

A

progesterone (inhibitory)

Estrogen & prolactin, also lactogen (stimulatory)

83
Q

hormones that maintain lactation

A

prolactin, GH - synthesis, secretion of milk
oxytocin - milk letdown
Epinephrine - stress inhibits milk ejection

84
Q

what increases milk production

A

more frequent milking

85
Q

What decreases milk production

A

decreased milking, GH, increased hydrostatic pressure causes reabsorption

86
Q

who has the greatest milk fat percentage

A

marine spp (e.g. fur seal), cow and horse least

87
Q

what is absolutely required in the udder for milk production

A

glucose

provides E and is precursor for lactose synth

88
Q

What does lactose do and what modulates it?

A

controls milk volume

stim’d by prolactin, inhibited by progesterone

89
Q

What do rumm use to synth milk fat? non rum/

A

rum - acetate, lactate, butyrate

non rum - glu

90
Q

ratio of bloodflow to milk

A

400:1 but even greater when higher producer

91
Q

MMA

A

Masitis, metritis, agalactia
multifactorial dz often in older/fatter sows or poor facility
typically culled b/c limited treatment, pigs starve away

92
Q

Ergotism in mares

A

fescue alkaloid is dopamine agonist

prolactin inhibited –> prolonged gestation, agalactia

93
Q

Swollen udder and decreased milk let-down - what are your ddx’s?

A

udder edema

mastitits

94
Q

causes of udder edema

A

perparturient heifer
excess salt in diet
obesity, inactivity

95
Q

Mastitis

A

infection of streak canal, then progressing –> bad tasting milk
signs: red, hot, hard, painful, loss of func

96
Q

test for mastitis

A

california mastitis test - increase purple if increased SCC (increased WBC’s)
milk culture

97
Q

Ways to treat for mastitis

A

Intrammamary or systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs, fluids, supportive care
cull if super severe or amputate quarter/teat

98
Q

Single most effective practice to reduce mastitis

A

post-milking teat dip

99
Q

If a calf has a non-infectious problem, they die in ____ days after birth

A

<2

Dystocia most significant cause of neonatal death

100
Q

If a calf has an infectious problem, they die in ____ days after birth

A

> 3

101
Q

The majority of neonate death occurs

A

within 7-21 days

102
Q

How do calves generate heat

A

brown fat - high mitochondria
shivering (unless hypoglycemia, hypoxemic)
physical activity - most important, standing is key

103
Q

Expected transient problems in neonates at birth

A

transient hypoxia/ischemia (birth asphyxia)
mild mixed resp/metabolic acidosis
mild hypoxemia, lactic acidosis

104
Q

Goals for calf after birth

A

head right in 3 min, sternal in 5 min, attempting to stand in 20, standing in <1hr, suckling in <2 hrs

105
Q

How do you enhance respiration in a neonate?

A

rubbing/drying calves vigorously
place in sternal recumbency
mechanically ventilate if need to

106
Q

Commone neonate problems after birth

A 
hypothermia - supp heat if <100 temp
hypoglycemia - colostrum key
hypoxemia
acidosis - get calf moving around
passive transfer issues
inactivity/lethargy
107
Q

If wanted to cause superovulation (stim development of multiple follicles), you’d admin _____

A

FSH, ecg

works better in rum than eq

108
Q

How does embryo transfer work

A

fertilized embryo taken from one female via lavage, then transferred into surrogate F

109
Q

how do you sex an embryo?

A

biopsy/aspirate blastomere or trophoblasts, use DNA probes to detect Y chrom

110
Q

IVF (in-vitro fertilization)

A

best in cattle - hasn’t been repeated in eq

oocyte collected via US/needle aspirate, fertilized in petri dish (in vitro), then frozen or transferred to recipient

111
Q

GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)

A

oocyte taken from donor, transferred into recipient, then recipient AI’d/fertilized

112
Q

ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

A
  • single sperm injected into cytoplasm of oocyte in vitro
    embryo transferred back into donor or recipient
  • only way ivf works in EQ right now
113
Q

How can you select for sex w/ AI?

A

X & Y bearing sperm can be separated by high-speed flow cytometry + fluorescent DNA binding dye (bind to extra X)

VM 744 Therio (1 decks)

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