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Final Flashcards

1
Q

famine

A

extreme food insecurity

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2
Q

overnourished

A

Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods

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3
Q

undernourished

A

Lacking sufficient calories to be healthy

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4
Q

Malnourished

A

Lacking sufficient proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals

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5
Q

food security

A

Having access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food

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6
Q

Persistent pesticides

A

Linger in the environment for long pds. Of time

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7
Q

Insecticides

A

kill bugs

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8
Q

herbicide

A

kill weeds

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9
Q

broad spectrum pesticide

A

kills many diff. types of pests

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10
Q

Intercropping

A

2 or more crops are planted in the same field at the same time

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11
Q

monocropping

A

Planting a single species of variety

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12
Q

Crop rotation

A

Rotating the crops planted on a field from yr to yr

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13
Q

agroforestry

A

Interspersing trees w/ other crop plants

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14
Q

contour plowing

A

Plowing parallel to topographic contours

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15
Q

autumn crops

A

Planting crops that will grow in bet. Seasons so that land won’t be bare

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16
Q

No-till agriculture

A

Leaves crop residues on soil bet. Seasons

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17
Q

organic agriculture

A

The production of crops w/out the use of pesticides/ fertilizers

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18
Q

Aquaculture

A

The farming of aquatic organisms

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19
Q

Factory ships

A

stay at sea for long periods of time. process and freeze catch on board

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20
Q

Infill

A

material that fills in an unoccupied space

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21
Q

urban blight

A

the degration of the built and social environment of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs

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22
Q

urban sprawl

A

Is the creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas and remove clear boundaries between the two

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23
Q

externality

A

A cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service

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24
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

The maximum amount of a resource that can be harvested w/out compromising the future availability of the resource

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25
Q

clear cutting

A

Cutting all or nearly all the trees in the area

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26
Q

selective cutting

A

Removes single trees or relatively small numbers of trees from among many in a forest

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27
Q

subsurface mining

A

typically horizontal shaft tunneled into the side of a mountain, then vertical tunnels are drilled

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28
Q

erosion

A

is the physical removal of soil and rocks by wind, water, and ice by down slope creep under the force of gravity

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29
Q

Deposition

A

is the accumulation or depositing of eroded material

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30
Q

physical weathering

A

is the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

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31
Q

chemical weathering

A

occurs by the dissolving of minerals or direct chemical reactions with the elements found in the rocks

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32
Q

intrusive rock

A

forms within the Earth as magma rises and cools in place (slower)

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33
Q

extrusive rock

A

forms when magma is ejected and cools on Earth’s surface (quicker)

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34
Q

sedimentary rock

A

forms when sediments like muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
o hold fossil records that provide a window into our past

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35
Q

igneous rock

A

formed directly from magma

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36
Q

metamorphic rock

A

formed when other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
o include marble, slate, and anthracite

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37
Q

passive solar

A

the use of the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces

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38
Q

active solar

A

a system that uses energy from the sun to move water or air with pumps or fans

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39
Q

energy conservation

A

reduction in the amount of energy consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or society, through the economy, elimination of waste, and rational use.

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40
Q

Isotopes

A

An isotope is an atom with the same # of protons,but diff # of neutrons. Are diff. Forms or the same element.

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41
Q

placer mining

A

The obtaining of minerals from placers by washing or dredging

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42
Q

mountaintop removal

A

is a form of strip mining in which explosives are used to blast off the tops of mountains

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43
Q

strip mining

A

a type of surface mining that involves removing a thin layer of material known as overburden

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44
Q

open pit mining

A

a type of surface mining in which massive, usually metallic mineral deposits are removed by cutting benches in the walls of a broad, deep funnel-shaped excavation.

45
Q

humus

A

is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays

46
Q

tailings

A

materials left over after extraction of valuable minerals from ore

47
Q

epicenter

A

is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake occured

48
Q

divergent pate boundary

A

two plates moving apart

49
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

plates crush together

50
Q

transform plate boundary

A

plates slide past each other

51
Q

fossil fuel

A

hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.

52
Q

capacity factor

A

is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full capacity

53
Q

capacity

A

The maximum amount that something can contain

54
Q

cogeneration

A

is a method of energy conservation that involves the production of two types of energy at a single power plant

55
Q

ions

A

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

56
Q

fission

A

nucleus splits in two

57
Q

narrow spectrum pesticide

A

kills only one or few pests in which it is intended for.

58
Q

urban renewal

A

The redevelopment of areas within a large city

59
Q

Levee

A

An embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river

60
Q

Water table

A

The level below which the ground is completely saturated we water

61
Q

which of the soil particles are the largest?

A

sand

62
Q

a loam is made up of which soil particles?

A

sand, silt and clay particles.

63
Q

why is it important that agricultural soils have clay in them?

A

because clay holds more nutrients and loses less when rainfall leaches.

64
Q

what do we need soil for?

A

we need soil for growing plants

65
Q

what is soil made up of?

A

minerals (rock, sand, clay, silt), air, water, and organic material.
humus

66
Q

which type of mining is usually most harmful to miners?

A

mountaintop removal

67
Q

fossil records are found in which type of rock?

A

sedimentary rock

68
Q

from what source does the world get most of its energy?

A

the sun

69
Q

what is low level radioactive waste?

A

radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity

70
Q

the efficiency of generating electricity from coal is about 35%. this is an illustration of what natural law?

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

71
Q

sulfur dioxide mixes with water in the air to form _______

A

sulfuric acid

72
Q

what is accomplished in the process of flaring

A

burns off excess natural gas during oil production

73
Q

a vitamin A deficiency causes _______

A

anemia

74
Q

what is the primary energy source in the US?

A

oil

75
Q

what changed in the Green Revolution?

A

it changed the way we grow food

76
Q

as a farm’s output increases what happens to its cost of production?

A

they decline

77
Q

what can you do on multiple use lands?

A 
logging
mining
grazing
mineral extracting
maintain watershed
preserve wildlife
maintain scientific and historical value
78
Q

what are wildlife refuges and wilderness areas managed for?

A

preserving large tracts of intact ecosystems

79
Q

what are rangelands managed for?

A

grazing

80
Q

what are national parks managed for?

A

recreation and conservation

81
Q

what are national forests managed for?

A

timber harvesting
grazing
recreation

82
Q

what does the bureau of land management manage for?

A

grazing
mining
timber harvesting
recreation

83
Q

what are fertilizers used for?

A

are used to improved the growth and yield of crops

84
Q

what are the advantages of using Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations?

A

minimizes land cost
Improves feeding efficiency
Increases the fraction of food energy that goes into the production of body mass

85
Q

what are the disadvantages of using Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations?

A

Animals require antibiotics and nutrients

Animals dont get to move around much

86
Q

what are the advantages of raising free range meat?

A

Animals are allowed to feed on the natural productivity of the land
Not as likely to spread disease
Fewer antibiotics and medications
Waste is dispersed over grazing land

87
Q

what are the disadvantages of raising free range meat?

A

Requires more land higher costs of production

88
Q

what is the goal of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

to minimize pesticide inputs

89
Q

what are the advantages of irrigation?

A

Increases crop growth rates

Allows crops to be grown where they otherwise couldn’t

90
Q

what are the disadvantages of irrigation?

A
  • Deplete aquifers
  • Saltwater intrusion
  • Soil degradation
91
Q

how does clear cutting damage the environment?

A

the area recedes

- reduces biodiversity

92
Q

which federal agency manages US Wildlife Refuges?

A

US Fish and Wildlife Services

93
Q

the policy of fire suppression had what ecological effect?

A

causes build up of fuel in forests

94
Q

what happens to biodiversity when large areas of forest are planted with saplings of the same age?

A

it is reduced

95
Q

how much of earths water is fresh water?

A

2.5%

96
Q

water in glaciers and polar ice is ____________

A

fresh water

97
Q

when water in an aquifer is under enough pressure that a pump is not required for it to reach the surface it is called an ________ well.

A

artesian

98
Q

what are characteristics of a eutrophic lake?

A

high levels of nutrients

99
Q

what are the effects of a drought?

A 
crop failure 
political issues
social issues
death
economic issues
100
Q

what are the positive effects of floods?

A

Floods spread sediment containing beneficial nutrients to topsoil that might never arrive there otherwise

101
Q

what is meant by efficiency in an irrigation system?

A

how well it works

102
Q

the majority of the world’s freshwater is used for what?

A

agriculture and personal use

103
Q

ethanol

A
  • produced from corn and sugar cane
  • US is the largest producer
  • Brazil is 2nd
104
Q

what substances can be used to make biodiesel?

A

vegetable oil

105
Q

what are some examples of nondepletable energy sources?

A

wind
solar
geothermal
hydroelectricity

106
Q

what is reverse osmosis?

A

A process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis.

107
Q

what is desalination?

A

the removal of salt

108
Q

what is a dike?

A

A long wall or embankment built to prevent flooding from the sea

apes (2 decks)

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