Final Flashcards
1
Q
T/F It is natural for weeds to fill empty niches in cropping systems.
A
True
2
Q
T/F Weeds can be classified by the environments in which they grow.
A
True
3
Q
T/F Crop plants are never weeds.
A
False
4
Q
T/F Biennial weeds flower in the first year.
A
False
5
Q
T/F Most dicots are easier to kill by cultivation than monocots.
A
True
6
Q
T/F A weed must be alive in order to demonstrate allelopathic properties.
A
False
7
Q
T/F Over 95 percent of corn, soybeans, and cotton crops grown are treated with herbicides.
A
True
8
Q
T/F Weeds can interfere with harvesting equipment.
A
True
9
Q
T/F Weed seeds tends to be bigger than crop seed.
A
False
10
Q
T/F Animals do not have a significant role in weed dispersal.
A
False
11
Q
T/F Insecticides are used more than any other pesticide.
A
False
12
Q
T/F It is a violation of federal law to use a herbicides in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
A
True
13
Q
T/F Selective herbicides affect almost all plants.
A
False
14
Q
T/F Different crop species select for different weed species.
A
True
15
Q
T/F A disadvantage of biological control is the possibility of affecting non-target species.
A
True
16
Q
T/F Tillage is an effective strategy of weed control regardless of weed species.
A
False
17
Q
T/F The main concern with atrazine is leaching and accumulation in surface and groundwater.
A
True
18
Q
T/F Management of plant disease depends on whether the disease is biotic or abiotic.
A
True
19
Q
T/F The life cycle of a fungus can involve only one type of spore.
A
False
20
Q
T/F Mycelium is a symptom of fungal disease.
A
False
21
Q
T/F Scab is more likely to be a problem in dry, cool areas.
A
False
22
Q
T/F Smut can overwinter in soil, plant debris, and seed.
A
True
23
Q
T/F Most fungal agents that cause postharvest diseases are introduced to the affected seed after harvest.
A
False
24
Q
T/F Bacterial wilt of alfalfa is less an issue today because of resistant varieties.
A
True
25
T/F Plant pathogenic viruses are generally composed of DNA enclosed in a protein case
False
26
T/F Viruses can enter the plant through the stomata.
False
27
T/F Fungi can transmit viruses to a plant.
True
28
T/F A method to control viral diseases is the use of pesticides.
False
29
T/F Insects that damage plants all have mouthparts that pierce.
False
30
T/F Many bactericides are copper-based.
True
31
T/F Contact insecticides, once absorbed by the insect, attack the nervous and respiratory system.
True
32
T/F UG99 stem rust has the potential to threaten 20% of the world's food supply.
True
33
T/F A bushel of corn or soybeans weighs 60 pounds (27 kilograms)
False
34
T/F Seeds at physiological maturity are dry enough for storage.
False
35
T/F Generally when soybeans are harvested, the leaves have fallen off the plants.
True
36
T/F After combining, grain is clean of residue.
True
37
T/F Above-optimum moisture levels in seeds increase the rate of respiration.
True
38
T/F Grain storage always improves grain quality.
False
39
T/F The decision to dry grain crops artificially versus naturally can be dependent on energy prices.
True
40
T/F Harvest forages generally contain mature seed.
False
41
T/F Silage yields are usually up to 50 percent higher per acre than hay yields.
True
42
T/F High cell wall content is associated with increased intake and digestibility.
False
43
T/F Many modern beef and dairy operations rely more on stored grains than on grazing to feed livestock.
True
44
T/F The process of fermentation during silage production turns lactic acid into glucose.
False
45
T/F Cotton is mature when the bolls begin to close.
False
46
T/F Sugar content is the most important quality for sugar beets.
True
47
T/F Potato size is the main determinant in harvesting.
True
48
T/F Organic producers are allowed to use genetically modified organisms.
False
49
T/F Organic agriculture promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and environmental stewardship.
True
50
T/F About 10 percent of cropland in the United States is certified organic.
False
51
T/F Organic farmers are inspected by governmental agencies for certification.
False
52
T/F Organic food tends to be more expensive than conventionally produced food.
True
53
T/F The term "natural" on a label is equivalent to "organic"
False
54
T/F The term "local" is regulated by the USDA.
False
55
T/F An example of cultural weed control method is tillage.
False
56
T/F One disadvantage to delayed planting is potentially lower yields.
True
57
T/F Organic farmers choose either cultural or mechanical weed control to manage their weeds.
False
58
T/F For organic crops that are used for human consumption, raw manure can be applied at any time during the growing season.
False
59
T/F Corn could not persist without human cultivation.
True
60
T/F Some corn hybrids are adapted to grow in places with a growing season as short as 70 days
True
61
T/F Flour corn is more resistant to fungi and insects than flint corn.
False
62
T/F Most corn grown today is hybrid corn.
True
63
T/F Wheat is adapted to warm tropical climates.
False
64
T/F Soft wheat has a greater protein content compared to hard wheat.
False
65
T/F Rice is a primary grain crop for over 50 percent of the world's population.
True
66
T/F Rice is very productive when grown under drier conditions.
False
67
T/F Wild rice is commonly used as a livestock feed.
False
68
T/F Barley can used as a substitute for wheat when making raised bread.
False
69
T/F Oats are still valued as feed for horses.
True
70
T/F Sorghum ranks fourth in importance worldwide as human food crop after corn, rice, and wheat.
True
71
T/F Rice in most of the world is cultivated using highly mechanized techniques.
False
72
T/F Sweet sorghum is being invested as an alternative biofuel.
True
73
T/F The first use of soybeans in North America was as a grain crop.
False
74
T/F The largest producer of soybeans in the world is the United States.
True
75
T/F The seed of cultivated soybeans is always yellow in color.
False
76
T/F Determinant soybean varieties are generally grown in the southern states.
False
77
T/F Soybeans do not require nitrogen fertilizer.
True
78
T/F Peanuts are best adapted to temperate regions
False
79
T/F Alfalfa can have taproots as deep as 20 feet (6 meters)
True
80
T/F Seed production of alfalfa is primarily in California and other western states.
True
81
T/F Sweet clover was once commonly used as a nitrogen source.
True
82
T/F Vetches are commonly grown in tropical regions as green manure crops.
False
83
T/F Benefits of using native legumes agronomically include natural adaptation and increasing diversity.
True
84
T/F Most of the field pea production in the United States is used as dried peas for soup or livestock feed.
True
85
T/F Crimson clover is adapted to hot and dry conditions
False
86
T/F Other plant families besides the grass and legume families can have crops of economic importance.
True
87
T/F Potatoes grow best in heavy clay soils.
False
88
T/F Tobacco crops are generally not allowed to flower and produce seed.
True
89
T/F The use of tobacco in its many forms can cause health problems such as lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and mouth cancers.
True
90
T/F Sweet potatoes can be grown as perennials in tropical areas.
True
91
T/F True yams have modified roots like sweet potatoes.
False
92
T/F Sugar beets contain 50 percent of sugar at harvest.
False
93
T/F Sugar cane is the source of 50 percent of the world production of sugar.
True
94
T/F The fiber from cotton is always white.
False
95
T/F Russian scientists were responsible for breeding for large heads and high seed production in sunflowers.
False
96
T/F Tobacco growers take actions to promote flowering when growing tobacco.
False
97
T/F Opium poppy is a source for legal and illegal drugs.
True
98
A plant can be classified as a weed if it:
A: causes economic loss to a crop
B: is detrimental to wildlife or ecosystems
C: is harmful to humans and livestock
D: All answers are correct
D: all answers are correct
99
```
Weeds that are especially injurious are classified by the government as:
A: Toxic
B: Noxious
C: Non-native
D: Exotic
```
B: Noxious
100
```
The long-term persistence of a certain annual weed species is most likely due to:
A: Extensive root system
B: Herbicide resistance
C: High seed production
D: Tolerance to tillage
```
C: A perennial
101
```
A weed that reproduces asexually is most likely:
A: An annual
B: A biennial
C: A perennial
D: None of these answers are correct
```
C: A perennial
102
```
Milk sickness is caused when people drink milk from cows who have consumed which weed?
A: Poison ivy
B: Musk thistle
C: Pigweed
D: White snakeroot
```
D: White snakeroot
103
```
The first defense against weeds is:
A: prevention of establishment
B: herbicides
C: tillage
D: biocontrols
```
A: prevention of establishment
104
```
Which agency of the USDA is responsible for preventing the introduction of noxious weeds?
A: EPA
B: APHIS
C: ARS
D: NRCS
```
B: APHIS
105
```
Which agency is responsible for approving new herbicides?
A: EPA
B: APHIS
C: ARS
D: NRCS
```
A: EPA
106
```
In what year were genetically engineered crops first introduced?
A: 1991
B: 1993
C: 1996
D: 1998
```
C: 1996
107
```
which type of ingredients are added to a herbicide formulation to facilitate application and handling or to increase activity?
A: active ingredient
B: inert ingredient
C: chemical ingredient
D: restricted ingredient
```
B: inert ingredient
108
```
LD50 is a measure of:
A: dispersion
B: toxicity
C: activity
D: suspension
```
C: activity
109
```
The mode of action for glyphosate is:
A: growth regulator
B: photosynthesis inhibitor
C: amino acid synthesis inhibitor
D: cell membrane disrupter
```
C: amino acid synthesis
110
```
The mode of action for 2,4-D is:
A: growth regulator
B: photosynthesis inhibitor
C: amino acid synthesis
D: cell membrane disrupter
```
A: growth regulator
111
```
The mode for atrazine is:
A: growth regulator
B: photosynthesis inhibitor
C: amino acid synthesis
D: cell membrane disrupter
```
D: cell membrane disrupter
112
```
Which type of herbicide is applied to foliage?
A: preemergence
B: preplant
C: systemic
D: contact
```
D: contact
113
```
Which type of herbicide is would be most useful on an established perennial weed?
A: preemergence
B: preplant
C: systemic
D: contact
```
C: systemic
114
```
Which would NOT be appropriate to prevent herbicide resistance?
A: crop rotation
B: using extra herbicide
C: herbicide rotation
D: tillage
```
B: using extra herbicide
115
```
Grassy weeds would be easiest to control in which crop?
A: corn
B: wheat
C: soybeans
D: oats
```
C: soybeans
116
```
The visual response by the plant to the pathogen is:
A: a symptom
B: a disease
C: an injury
D: an infection
```
A: a symptom
117
```
Which of the following is NOT abiotic disease factor?
A: parasitic plant
B: water deprivation
C: soil acidity
D: herbicide
```
A: parasitic plant
118
```
Which of the following organisms reproduces by spores?
A: bacterium
B: virus
C: fungus
D: nematode
```
C: fungus
119
```
Rust disease are caused by which group of fungi?
A: sclertinomycetes
B: basidiomycetes
C: fusariomycetes
D: pythiomycetes
```
B: basidiomycetes
120
```
Stem rust can have up to how many different spore stages?
A: two
B: three
C: five
D: seven
```
C: five
121
```
Damping off affects which growth stage?
A: seedling
B: flowering
C: fruiting
D: senescence
```
A: seedling
122
```
The disease associated with the Salem witch trials is:
A: scab
B: rust
C: blast
D: ergot
```
D: ergot
123
```
Leaf spots due to bacteria tend to be:
A: round
B: angular
C: mosaic
D: linear
```
B: angular
124
```
Bacterial wilts occur when the bacteria invade the:
A: flowers
B: leaves
C: fruits
D: vascular system
```
D: vascular system
125
```
Common and halo blight affect which crop species?
A: Corn
B: small grains
C: sugar beets
D: beans
```
D: beans
126
```
Vein clearing is a symptom common in:
A: viral diseases
B: bacterial diseases
C: plant parasitic diseases
D: fungal diseases
```
A: viral diseases
127
```
Which plant family does tobacco mosaic primarily infect?
A: rose family
B: potato family
C: grass family
D: legume family
```
B: potato family
128
```
Aster yellows is caused by which group of organisms:
A: fungi
B: bacteria
C: viruses
D: mycoplasma-like organisms
```
D: mycoplasma-like organisms
129
```
Nematodes are a type of:
A: insect
B: roundworm
C: fungi
D: bacteria
```
B: roundworm
130
```
The best strategy for nematode control would be:
A: removal of plant debris
B: seed treatments
C: fungicides
D: crop rotation
```
D: crop rotation
131
```
The soybean cyst nematode causes damage by:
A: necrosis
B: clogging phloem
C: feeding on roots
D: defoliating leaves
```
C: feeding on roots
132
```
The corn ear worm feeds on what part of the corn?
A: roots
B: blades
C: stems
D: kernels
```
D: kernels
133
```
A potential biocontrol being evaluated for use on soybean aphid is which of the following?
A: bacillus thuringiensis
B: binodoxys communis
C: pyrausta nubilalis
D: lepinotarsa decimilneata
```
B: binodoxys communis
134
```
Corn is typically harvested at grain moisture levels of:
A: 13 percent
B: 20 percent
C: 25 percent
D: 33 percent
```
A: 25 percent
135
```
Soybean is typically harvest at grain moisture levels of:
A: 13 percent
B: 20 percent
C: 25 percent
D: 33 percent
```
A: 13 percent
136
```
Swathing would most likely be part of harvesting for which crop?
A: corn
B: oats
C: soybeans
D: sugar beet
```
B: oats
137
```
Manual harvesting of grains was first replaced by which machine?
A: combine
B: reaper
C: binder
D: cradle
```
B: reaper
138
```
The minimum temperature for storage fungi growth is:
A: 20 F
B: 30 F
C: 40 F
D: 50 F
```
C: 40 F
139
```
the most frequent cause of loss during grain storage is:
A: insects
B: fungi
C: rodents
D: bacteria
```
B: fungi
140
```
The loss of forage nutrients during harvest frequently can be up to:
A: 5 percent
B: 25 percent
C: 40 percent
D: 60 percent
```
B: 25 percent
141
```
Forage feeding value is described as:
A: forage quality
B: intake
C: nutritive value
D: antiquality factors
```
A: forage quality
142
```
Thorns would be categorized as which of the following?
A: forage quality
B: intake
C: nutritive value
D: antiquality factors
```
D: antiquality factors
143
As the crop matures from vegetative to flowering stages, which of the following occurs?
A: Forage yield decreases and forage quality decreases.
B: Forage yield decreases and forage quality increases.
C: Forage yield increases and forage quality increases
D: Forage yield increases and forage quality decrease.
D: Forage yield increases and forage quality decreases
144
```
The stocking rate is:
A: number of paddocks in a pasture
B: amount of hay in a bale
C: amount of silage in a silo
D: animals on pasture per acre
```
D: animals on pasture per acre
145
```
The leading hay crop in the United States is:
A: smooth bromegrass
B: red cloveer
C: alfalfa
D: timothy
```
C: alfalfa
146
```
Drying hay in the field takes about how many days?
A: 1-5
B: 6-10
C: 11-15
D: over 15
```
A: 1-5
147
```
What is the most important determinant of quality in a tobacco crop?
A: leaf color
B: nicotine content
C: grain yield
D: moisture content
```
B: nicotine content
148
```
Which of the following is allowed in organic agriculture?
A: stacked trait corn
B: synthetic fertilizers
C: roundup
D: compost
```
D: compost
149
```
For how many years must land be without prohibited materials to be certified organic?
A: 1
B: 2
C: 3
D: 4
```
C: 3
150
```
How often are certified organic farms inspected?
A: once a year
B: twice a year
C: three times a year
D: every other year
```
A: once a year
151
```
In terms of organic sales, what are the two largest categories?
A: fruit/vegetables and meat
B: meat and dairy
C: fruit/vegetables and dairy
D: meat and grains
```
C: fruit/vegetables and dairy
152
```
The federal program that regulates organic agriculture in the United States is called:
A: National Organic Program
B: Organic System Plan
C: Organic Agriculture Department
D: National Organic Department
```
A: National Organic Program
153
```
The term "local" is defined by Congress as food grown not farther than which distance?
A: 10 miles
B: 40 miles
C: 100 miles
D: 400 miles
```
D: 400 miles
154
```
Yields in organic agriculture as compared to conventional agriculture tend to:
A: be always higher
B: be always lower
C: be equivalent
D: vary by crop
```
D: vary by crop
155
```
Which is considered to be one of the biggest challenges in organic production?
A: planting
B: selling crop
C: weed control
D: harvesting
```
C: weed control
156
```
A vigorously growing crop that is used to suppress weeds is called a:
A: smother crop
B: rotational crop
C: stifle crop
D: transitional crop
```
A: smother crop
157
```
Primary tillage can be performed with which of the following?
A: cultivator
B: rotary hoe
C: harrow
D: moldboard plow
```
D: moldboard plow
158
```
Secondary tillage can be performed with which of the following?
A: cultivator
B: rotary hoe
C: harrow
D: moldboard plow
```
C: harrow
159
```
Which of the following weed control operations has the most potential to damage crops?
A: inter-row cultivation
B: broadcast cultivation
C: primary tillage
D: secondary tillage
```
B: broadcast cultivation
160
```
Based on acreage and economic value, which of the following crops is the most important in the United States?
A: rice
B: wheat
C: soybean
D: corn
```
D: corn
161
```
On a corn plant, the male flowers are called:
A: the silk
B: the tassel
C: the ear
D: the husk
```
B: the tassel
162
```
Which is the most widely grown corn type?
A: flint
B: flower
C: pod
D: dent
```
D: dent
163
```
Which of the following corn types has very little starch?
A: flint
B: flower
C: sweet
D: dent
```
C: sweet
164
```
The leading use of corn is:
A: as livestock feed
B: in sweeteners
C: as corn on the cob
D: in processed corn products
```
A: as livestock feed
165
```
Which of the following crops is known as the "staff of life"
A: corn
B: wheat
C: barley
D: oats
```
B: wheat
166
```
The number of tiller on a wheat plant typically ranges from:
A: 1 to 2
B: 3 to 5
C: 5 to 10
D: 10 to 20
```
B: 3 to 5
167
```
Which type of flour is made by grinding the entire wheat grain?
A: self-rising flour
B: bleached enriched flour
C: white flower
D: whole wheat flower
```
D: whole wheat flower
168
```
Which of the following is used like a cereal grain but is actually a member of the Polygonaceae family?
A: buckwheat
B: triticale
C: spelt
D: Emmer wheat
```
A: buckwheat
169
```
Wild rice is a:
A: cool season annual plant
B: warm season annual plant
C: cool season perennial plant
D: warm season perennial plant
```
A: cool season annual plant
170
```
The two leading states for commercial wild rice production are:
A: Texas and Wisconsin
B: Texas and California
C: Minnesota and California
D: Wisconsin and Minnesota
```
C: Minnesota and California
171
```
Which of the following grains is known for its cholesterol-lowering capability?
A: oats
B: barley
C: rye
D: wheat
```
A: oats
172
```
Grain sorghum is produced primarily in which two states?
A: Illinois and Michigan
B: California and Washington
C: North and South Dakota
D: Kansas and Texas
```
D: Kansas and Texas
173
```
Which of the following is commonly used as winter cover crop?
A: corn
B: buckwheat
C: rye
D: rice
```
C: rye
174
```
Which of the following grains is adapted to high altitudes?
A: corn
B: quinoa
C: amaranth
D: buckwheat
```
B: quinoa
175
```
Which of the following is a native grass with potential usage as biofuel?
A: switchgrass
B: wheatgrass
C: tall fescue
D: Kentucky bluegrass
```
A: switchgrass
176
```
Tall fescue toxicosis is due to which of the following?
A: moldy tall fescue
B: a bacteria in tall fescue
C: overeating of tall fescue
D: a fungus in tall fescue
```
D: a fungus in tall fescue
177
```
How many maturity groups do soybeans have?
A: 7
B: 11
C: 13
D: 15
```
C: 13
178
```
Which of the following would be classified as a field bean?
A: kidney bean
B: green bean
C: snow pea
D: soybean
```
A: kidney bean
179
```
Field beans are native to:
A: Asia
B: Europe
C: Africa
D: the Americas
```
D: the Americas
180
```
Field beans need to be cooked because:
A: they contain toxic compounds
B: the oligosaccharides contribute to gas formation
C: the protein will be unavailable
D: they are too difficult to chew
```
C: the protein will be unavailable
181
```
Peanuts are native to:
A: Africa
B: Europe
C: North America
D: South America
```
D: South America
182
```
Which is NOT generally used as a grain legume?
A: chickpea
B: alfalfa
C: lupine
D: lentils
```
B: alfalfa
183
```
Up to how many times can alfalfa be harvested in a season?
A: only once
B: twice
C: five times
D: seven times
```
C: five times
184
```
Which of the following is sown on more acres in the United States?
A: white clover
B: red clover
C: sweet clover
D: alfalfa
```
B: red clover
185
```
Which of the following has stolons?
A: white clover
B: red clover
C: sweet clover
D: alfalfa
```
A: white clover
186
```
For which of the following is birdsfoot trefoil most suited?
A: hay
B: silage
C: pasture
D: grain
```
C: pasture
187
```
Which of the following is best adapted to dry conditions?
A: white clover
B: red clover
C: alfalfa
D: sainfoin
```
D: sainfoin
188
```
How much of the peanut frop produced in the United States is consumed as peanut butter?
A: 20 percent
B: 30 percent
C: 40 percent
D: 50 percent
```
D: 50 percent
189
```
Which of the following is NOT a typical color type for field peas?
A: green
B: brown
C: yellow
D: cream
```
B: brown
190
```
What potatoes originated in:
A: Europe
B: Asia
C: North America
D: South America
```
D: South America
191
```
Which of the following crops is NOT in the nightshade family?
A: sweet potato
B: white potato
C: tobacco
D: tomato
```
A: sweet potato
192
```
The leading producer of sweet potatoes is:
A: Asia
B: North America
C: South America
D: Africa
```
A: Asia
193
```
Tapioca is made of:
A: true yams
B: turnip
C: Jerusalem artichoke
D: cassava
```
D: cassava
194
```
Which of the following is native to North America?
A: true yams
B: turnip
C: Jerusalem artichoke
D: cassava
```
C: Jerusalem artichoke
195
```
Taro is grown for which part of the plant?
A: leaves
B: corms
C: seeds
D: tubers
```
B: corms
196
```
Cassava is which of the following?
A: cool season annual
B: perennial woody shrub
C: warm season annual
D: herbaceous perennial
```
B: perennial woody shrub
197
```
Seeds are produced in sugar beet in the:
A: first year
B: second year
C: third year
D: fourth year
```
B: second year
198
```
Platains are which type of crop?
A: sugar crop
B: oil crop
C: grain crop
D: starch crop
```
D: starch crop
199
```
Opium poppy is grown for which plant parts?
A: sap and seeds
B: sap, seeds, and roots
C: seeds only
D: sap only
```
A: sap and seeds
200
```
Sugar cane is native to which of the following regions?
A: the Caribbean
B: the South Pacific and India
C: China
D: South America
```
B: the South Pacific and India
201
```
The leading fiber crop in the world is:
A: flax
B: cotton
C: hemp
D: sisal
```
B: cotton
202
```
Where are the fibers of cotton found?
A: in the stem
B: in the leaves
C: attached to the roots
D: attached to the seeds
```
D: attached to the seeds
203
```
Where are the fibers of flax found?
A: in the stem
B: in the leaves
C: attached to the roots
D: attached to the seeds
```
A: in the stem
204
```
The cloth produced form flax is:
A: polyester
B: linen
C: satin
D: canvas
```
B: linen
205
```
Flax is which of the following?
A: cool season annual
B: cool season perennial
C: warm season annual
D: warm season perennial
```
A: cool season annual
206
```
Which of the following is NOT used as fiber crop?
A: flax
B: cotton
C: hemp
D: sunflower
```
D: sunflower
207
```
Which of the following is NOT an oil crop?
A: cotton
B: canola
C: safflower
D: none of these answers are correct
```
D: none of these answers are correct
208
```
Canola is which of the following?
A: a cool season annual
B: a cool season perennial
C: a warm season perennial
D: warm season annual
```
A: a cool season annual
