Final

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

A claim supported by data or reasoning

Question 2

Argument (Toulmin)

Answer 2

Movement from data, through a warrant, to a claim

Question 3

Argument (Warnick and Inch)

Answer 3

A set of statements in which a claim is made, support offered for it, and there is an
effort to influence someone in a context of disagreement

Question 4

Claim

Answer 4

Explicit appeal produced by an argument, must be controversial

Question 5

Formal logic/deductive reasoning

Answer 5

Makes broad statements about a category, applies those characteristics to specific elements, if specific rules not followed, argument is flawed

Question 6

Informal logic/inductive reasoning

Answer 6

Go beyond available data, conclusions may be tentative

Question 7

Warrant

Answer 7

Often unspoken, expresses the assumptions or reasoning

used by the arguer to link the data to the claim.

Question 8

Cause to effect

Answer 8

Attributes power to an object, specifies nature of effect, predictive

Question 9

Effect to cause

Answer 9

Nature of cause that brought about an effect, reasons backwards

Question 10

Sign/coexistential

Answer 10

Interprets meaning of symptoms, claims that some object possesses attributes of which clues are symptomatic

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

What is true of items in representative sample will be true of larger group

Question 12

Parallel Case/Example

Answer 12

Statement about an object, similar to second object in same category, what is true of first object will be true of second

Question 13

Analogy

Answer 13

Relationship between two items, assumes similar relationship between another pair of items, makes relationship explicit

Question 14

Classification

Answer 14

Conclusion about a class of things, what is true of these items will be true of unexamined one

Question 15

Authoritative

Answer 15

Concern the quality of source from which data are derived

Question 16

Motivational

Answer 16

Carry data to claim by addressing the inner motivations of audience

Question 17

Critiques of argument of parallel case

Answer 17

1. Are the two objects being compared truly of the same class?
2. Are the points of similarity relevant and significant?
3. Are the two objects being compared similar in a sufficient number of respects?
4. Are dissimilarities noncritical to the conclusion?

Question 18

Critiques of argument of generalization

Answer 18

1. Are there enough examples to reliably predict a general trend of characteristics?
2. Are the example relevant to the claim of generality?
3. Are the examples typical or representative of the class of objects about
   which the generalization is made?
4. Are examples that counter the claim made in the generalization noncritical?

Question 19

Critiques of arguments of cause

Answer 19

1. Necessary condition—A necessary condition is one that must be present for
   the effect to occur.
2. Sufficient condition—A sufficient condition ensures that the effect will occur;
   the presence of a sufficient condition guarantees the presence of the effect.
3. Is the cause capable of producing the desired effect?
4. Is the cause necessary and sufficient?
5. Might some other cause offset the desired effect?
6. Correlational argument—Two events or phenomena are correlated when an
   increase or decrease in one is related to an increase or decrease in the other.

Question 20

Critiques of argument of sign

Answer 20

1. Is the sign relationship constant?
2. Is the sign reasoning cumulative?
3. Are there contrary signs?

Question 21

Critiques of argument of authority

Answer 21

1. Is the source well-qualified to speak on the issue?
2. Has the source had access to firsthand information about the issue?
3. Is the source unbiased?
4. Is the testimony consistent with other sources of information?

Question 22

Enthymeme

Answer 22

Syllogism with step missing

Question 23

Syllogism

Answer 23

Argument with three parts

Question 24

Polysemy

Answer 24

Way in which words can have multiple meanings

Question 25

Literal analogy

Answer 25

Compare two things that are similar on their face, opponent only has to come up with one dissimilarity

Question 26

Figurative analogy

Answer 26

Compares two dissimilar things, weak because things compared are fundamentally different

Question 27

Rhetoric

Answer 27

Capacity to see all the available forms of persuasion in a given argument

Question 28

Jeremiad

Answer 28

Type of speech where blame assigned to audience, insist they take action

Question 29

Prima Facie

Answer 29

Based on first impression, accepted as correct until proven otherwise

Question 30

Enumeration

Answer 30

Form of induction by which people agree to bolster argument

Question 31

Apologia

Answer 31

Speech of self defense, admit to what you’ve been accused, say they were right

Question 32

Field of argument

Answer 32

Contexts in which argument occur that develop standards surrounding evidence

Question 33

Ad hominem

Answer 33

Attacking a person rather than the evidence they present

Question 34

Qualifier

Answer 34

Modification of amount that author believes in argument

Question 35

Post hoc ego propter hoc

Answer 35

Fallacy that confuses timing with cause, because one thing followed another, the first caused the second