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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of an organism’s body parts (its form).

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions of the parts of the body (its function).

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3
Q

cells

A

of which the body is made, trillions of which.

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4
Q

tissue

A

integrated group of similar cells that together perform a function.

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5
Q

organ

A

consists of two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function.

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6
Q

organ system

A

consists of teams of organs that together perform an important body function.

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7
Q

organism

A

depends on the coordination of all its organ systems for survival.

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8
Q

connective tissue

A

(TYPE OF TISSUE) consists of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix. Depending on the specific type, the matrix consists of protein fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid. Binds to and provides support for other tissues.

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9
Q

Bone

A

(TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE) consists of cells suspended in an extracellular matrix that is hardened by calcium.

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

(TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE) consists of cells suspended in a strong but flexible matrix. in your body, this forms much of your external nose and ears. in some animals this acts as a boneless skeleton. Provides flexibility and cushioning.

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11
Q

Blood

A

(TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE) contains red and white cells floating in a saltwater fluid called plasma. This transports substances throughout the body and plays a central role in the immune system.

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12
Q

loose connective tissue

A

(TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE) most common kind of connective tissue in the body. Highly elastic. its matrix of woven fibers helps hold other tissues androgens in place.

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13
Q

Adipose tissue

A

(TYPE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE) stores energy in the form of fat globules and provides insulation and padding.

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14
Q

Epithelium

A

(TYPE OF TISSUE) Most body and organ surfaces (such as the outer layer of skin, the inner and outer lining of blood vessels and digestive tract, are covered in this. This consists of sheets of tightly packed cells that are fused together. The Epidermis, outermost layer of skin) contains dense layers of tightly bound this. This kind of cell continuously falls off and is renewed.

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15
Q

Nervous tissue

A

(TYPE OF TISSUE) communicates signals between different parts of the body. Within your brain, spinal cord, and nerves, individual cells called neurons can transmit rapid electrical signals along spindly extensions.

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16
Q

Muscle tissue

A

(TYPE OF TISSUE) abundant in most animals, making up much of the “meat” that we consume. It consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers, each of which contains specialized proteins that allow it to contract.

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17
Q

Smooth muscle

A

(TYPE OF MUSCLE) found in many body systems, including the walls of the digestive tract and in blood vessels. Smooth muscle is contracted through involuntary signals.

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

(TYPE OF MUSCLE) found in heart tissue, branch and join one another to form a large interconnected tissue. This allows each beat of your heart to occur as one coordinated muscle contraction. Like smooth muscle, this muscle is involuntary.

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

(TYPE OF MUSCLE) attached to the bones by tendons allowing you to move. Appears stripped. Is for the most part under voluntary control.

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20
Q

muscle fibers

A

make up muscle tissue. these are bundles of long cells. Each contain specialized proteins that allow it to contract.

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21
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency to maintain a constant internal environment.

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22
Q

set point

A

the point at which most body conditions have to be maintained where the process is most optimal.

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23
Q

negative feedback

A

where the results of a process inhibit that very process, most common way that the body responds to changes in the environment. (Ex. Hunger, temperature regulation)

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24
Q

positive feedback

A

the stimulus pushes a process further to an extreme, usually to bring a process to completion. (Ex. childbirth, fever)

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25
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

if this is in a person the body fails to produce enough insulin (type 1) or target cells do not respond normally (type 2).

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26
Q

integumentary system

A

one of the organ systems that interacts most directly with the environment. Organs such as skin, hair, and nails that protect the body against physical harm. The skin contains several structures that aid in temperature regulation such as muscles that can produce heat by shivering, a layer of fat that provides insulation, and blood vessels on the surface of the skin.

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27
Q

nervous system

A

forms a communication and coordination network. consists of your brain, spinal cord, and many nerves. Neuron networks enable us to move, perceive our surroundings, learn, and remember.

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28
Q

Central Nervous System/CNS

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord. Receives incoming signals from PNS and mitigates responses to the PNS.

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29
Q

Peripheral Nervous System/PNS

A

contains the nerves that convey information into and out of the CNS.

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30
Q

meninges

A

layer of connective tissue that protects the Central Nervous System.

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31
Q

brain

A

receives and integrates sensory information, keeps the body functioning, controls the muscles, and is the center of emotion and intellect.

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32
Q

spinal cord

A

central communication conduit between the brain and the body. Jellylike bundle of millions of nerve fibers protected inside the hard spine.

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33
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

occupy spaces in both the brain and the spinal cord. Cushions and supplies nutrients, hormones, and white blood cells.

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34
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

(SYSTEM WITHIN THE PNS) controls many internal body organ systems, such as the circulatory, excretory, and endocrine systems. This control is generally involuntary.

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35
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

(SYSTEM WITHIN THE PNS) mostly under conscious control but it also includes involuntary reflexes.

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36
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the secretion of hormones via the pituitary gland and regulates many body response such as internal temperature, the biological clock, hunger, thirst, feelings of pleasure, and emotions.

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37
Q

Cerebrum

A

the largest and most complex part of the brain, consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres.

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38
Q

Cerebellum

A

uses sensory information to plan and to coordinate body movements.

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39
Q

brainstem

A

receives, integrates, and passes on sensory information to other brain regions. Also helps control automatic functions such as breathing and swallowing.

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40
Q

meningitis

A

when the cerebrospinal fluid becomes infected, the meninges may become inflamed causing this.

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41
Q

Integration

A

within the CNS, interneurons process sensory information and formulate motor responses.

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42
Q

Nerves

A

cable-like bundles of fibrous cells, wrapped in connective tissues. Communication line made from cable-like bundles of neuron fibers tightly wrapped in connective tissue.

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43
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Dendrites, Cell Body, Axon, Myelin Sheath.

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44
Q

Myelin sheath

A

a chain of bead-like supporting cells that insulate the axon and help speed the electrical signal.

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45
Q

Cell body

A

central hub of a neuron, housing the nucleus and other organelles.

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46
Q

dendrites

A

usually numerous, short, and highly branched. receive signals from other neurons and convey them toward the cell body.

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47
Q

Axon

A

long extension from the cell body. Signal travels from the cell body to the tip of this.

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48
Q

vesicles

A

neuron contains these filled with molecules of neurotransmitter.

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49
Q

neurotransmitter

A

when the nerve signal reaches a synapse, vesicles fuse with the neuron membrane and release molecules of this. These molecules travel across the gap and bind to proteins on the receiving cell which produces a response.

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50
Q

synapse

A

a junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap. nerve signals can be conveyed across the gap to another neuron or other type of cell by chemical neurotransmitter.

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51
Q

action potential/nerve signal

A

involves a temporary reversal of the electric charge, caused by ions flowing into and out of the axon.

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52
Q

resting potential

A

at rest, an axon has more positive charge outside the cell than inside. This electrical charge difference across the atom membrane of a neuron is called this.

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53
Q

senses

A

created when sensory receptor cells detect a stimulus and convert it to an electrical nerve signal that is communicated to the brain.

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54
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect heat and cold

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55
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect touch, pressure, motion, sound, body position

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56
Q

electromagneticreceptors

A

detect energy, including photoreceptors that detect light

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57
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals, such as those found in foods and odors.

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58
Q

circulatory system

A

a collection of organs and tissues that acts as an internal transport network. coneys oxygen from the lungs to body cells.

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59
Q

cardiovascular system

A

consists of your heart (cardio) and your blood vessels (vascular)

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60
Q

heart

A

receives blood via veins, then pumps it out via arteries

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61
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from your heart. Include smooth muscle, maintain higher pressure.

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62
Q

arterioles

A

your arteries branch into smaller tubes called these

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63
Q

capillaries

A

Join arterioles to venules. Gas exchange with interstitial fluid between cells. As narrow as one blood cell. tiny blood vessels that run through nearly every tissue of the body. have very thin walls that allow materials to be exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells.

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64
Q

venules

A

as blood exits capillaries, it enters small tubes called these. also carry blood to the heart. valves help pump against gravity.

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65
Q

veins

A

vessels that return blood to the heart. valves help pump against gravity.

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66
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs - where CO2 is expelled and fresh O2 is picked up - and then from the lungs back to the heart.

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67
Q

systemic circuit

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

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68
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fills the spaces between cells and tissues. It facilitates exchange of materials between cells and the blood.

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69
Q

hypertension

A

or high blood pressure. affects about 1/4 of American adults. Many people do not know they have it until its too late.

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70
Q

atria

A

collect blood returning to the heart through veins and squeeze it a short distance into the ventricles.

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71
Q

ventricles

A

thick, muscular. pump blood out of the heart to other body organs through arteries.

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72
Q

right atrium

A

the part of the heart that oxygen poor blood enters

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73
Q

right ventricle

A

where the blood is directly pumped from the right atrium. pumps oxygen depleted blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.

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74
Q

left atrium

A

O2 rich blood from the lungs enters the heart here, which pumps it directly to the left ventricle

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75
Q

left ventricle

A

uses powerful contractions to pump O2 rich blood through the aorta to the body.

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76
Q

cardiac cycle

A

rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles. Normal heart rate for an adult is about 72 heartbeats per minute.

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77
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

the pacemaker of the heart. within the wall of the right atrium, this sends out electrical impulses that spread through the walls of both atria causing them to contract simultaneously.

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78
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

when the electrical impulses sent by the SA node reach this, they pause for about .1 second allowing the atria to empty. The impulses then cause the ventricles to contract strongly and in unison, pushing blood out of the heart.

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79
Q

diastole

A

during which the heart muscles relax, allowing blood to flow into all four chambers of the heart.

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80
Q

systole

A

during which the heart muscles contract. First, the SA node stimulates the atria to contract, moving blood into the ventricles.

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81
Q

heart disease

A

fatty deposits blocking the arteries; the leading cause of death among Americans

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82
Q

anemia

A

The blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen. occurs when there is an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying molecule within red blood cells) or a low number of red blood cells.

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83
Q

heart attack

A

blockage of vessels supplying the heart with blood (AKA myocardial infraction)

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84
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

gradual buildup of fatty deposits, or plaque.

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85
Q

respiratory system

A

several organs that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between your body and the environment. Many structures contribute but the actual exchange of gases occurs between blood capillaries and alveoli (tiny air sacs) in your lungs.

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86
Q

respiration

A

refers to gas exchange at the organ and cellular level. gas exchange occurs in the lungs on behalf of all the cells in the body. in short, you breathe because your cells breathe.

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87
Q

breathing

A

the alternation of inhalation and exhalation of air from your lungs. Driven by movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

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88
Q

pharynx

A

the opening at the back of the throat, the junction of the respiratory and digestive systems.

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89
Q

trachea

A

or windpipe, conveys air from the pharynx into the lungs.

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90
Q

bronchi

A

the trachea branches into two of these. Each leads to a lung.

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91
Q

bronchioles

A

the bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes called these.

92
Q

alveoli

A

small sacs at the end of each bronchiole. the actual site of gas exchange.

93
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet of muscle that forms the border between the chest cavity and the abdomen. Movement of the diaphragm controls inhalation and exhalation.

94
Q

epiglottis

A

the entry of air into the windpipe is regulated by this. This movable flap covers the trachea preventing food from entering the windpipe.

95
Q

larynx

A

contains a pair of vocal cords. During exhalation, air moves through this and vibrates the vocal cords, producing sounds.

96
Q

bronchitis

A

most commonly caused by a viral infection of the bronchioles

97
Q

emphysema

A

often caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution

98
Q

upper respiratory infections/URI

A

can be caused by either viruses or bacteria

99
Q

asthma

A

long-term inflammation of the airway

100
Q

plasma

A

Straw-colored liquid that makes up over half of the volume of blood. liquid in which many small molecules and several types of cells dissolve in. composes blood.

101
Q

Red blood cells

A

transport oxygen. In the lungs O2 binds to a protein called hemoglobin. by far the most numerous type of blood cell. Each one is small, lacks many organelles normally found in animal cells and is shaped like a disk with indentations. Responsible for binding oxygen in the lungs and releasing it to body cells.

102
Q

Platelets

A

Almost immediately after the tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, these form a sticky plug that can seal a minor break. cellular fragments that aid in blood clotting.

103
Q

White blood cells

A

make up less than 1% of all blood cells, fight infections as part of the immune system. Many different kinds of these.

104
Q

Fibrin

A

Platelets release molecules that convert a blood protein called fibrinogen into a thread-like form called this.Molecules of this cross-link to form a clot which, if yon your skin, is called a scab.

105
Q

Hairs and cilia

A

(EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL BARRIER) sweep particles outward until they can be expelled

106
Q

mucous membranes

A

(EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL BARRIER) secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps particles.

107
Q

gastric juice

A

(EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL BARRIER) kills most of the bacteria you swallow. Also part of digestive system. An acidic fluid containing enzymes that help digest proteins and other molecules.

108
Q

skin

A

(EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL BARRIER) forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate.

109
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing viruses and microorganisms

110
Q

immune system

A

the body’s system of protection against infectious diseases.

111
Q

secretions

A

(EXAMPLE OF EXTERNAL BARRIER) secreted fluids - such as sweat, saliva, and tears - contain enzymes that prevent bacteria from multiplying.

112
Q

external barriers

A

example of defensive elements of the immune system: first line of defense.

113
Q

Inflammatory response

A

triggered by cell damage. White blood cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria.

114
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells which engulf and destroy bacteria during inflammatory response.

115
Q

lymphatic system

A

Kicks in when the body fights an infection.a branching network filled with lymph fluid. Invading microbes are swept into lymph nodes, where they are attacked by lymphocytes.

116
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that reside in the lymphatic system. Come in two varieties: B cells and T cells.

117
Q

specific immunity

A

comes into play if external defenses fail and infection occurs. Must first be primed by exposure to an antigen.

118
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that elicits an immune response. Associated with specific immunity.

119
Q

B cells

A

once activated, these secrete antibodies, proteins that circulate in the blood that are specific for that same antigen.

120
Q

clonal selection

A

This process is what happens when an antigen exposure stimulates the rapid multiplication of lymphocytes. allows the immune system to maintain a vast army of cells, but produces reinforcements only when they are needed.

121
Q

Helper T cells

A

can recognize antigens and then stimulate the production of several types of immune cells, including more of these cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

122
Q

memory cells

A

the first time lymphocytes encounter an antigen, clonal selection produces these which can live for decades.

123
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

occur when the immune system’s self-recognition breaks down. include rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.

124
Q

Immunodeficiency diseases

A

result when one or more components of the immune system are missing of defective. These include severe combined immunodeficiency and immunodeficiency diseases including AIDS.

125
Q

Vaccination

A

(also called immunization) involves purposefully exposing the immune system to an antigen, which stimulates the production of memory cells. Modern vaccines are created from deactivated, harmless bacteria or viruses of proteins from these microbes.

126
Q

Allergies

A

sensitivities to allergens, components of the environment that trigger an allergic reaction but are otherwise harmless.

127
Q

skeletal system

A

supports your body, protects your vital organs, and anchors your internal structure.

128
Q

endoskeleton

A

a bony skeleton located inside your body. Skeleton consists of 206 bones.

129
Q

axial skeleton

A

supports the axis, or trunk, of your body

130
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

paired limbs and girdles. Bones of the appendages.

131
Q

Ligaments

A

fibrous collagen tissue connecting bones together at joints. Several types of joints permit movement, Ball and socket, hinge, suture joints.

132
Q

tendons

A

fibrous collagen tissue connecting muscles to bones

133
Q

teeth

A

calcium phosphate, used for processing food.

134
Q

compact bone

A

forms outer layer of bone

135
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Forms spongy, inner layers. Houses bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

136
Q

bone

A

mostly mineral, partly organic, grow to replace cartilage through development.

137
Q

bone cells

A

build, dissolve, and maintain bone tissue.

138
Q

fractures

A

result from forces that exceed a bone’s ability to flex

139
Q

arthritis

A

an inflammation of the joints. Due to agains, immune system disorders, injury, or infection

140
Q

Osteoporosis

A

characterized by a low bone mineral density. Bones are thinner, so are more easily broken.

141
Q

skeletal muscles

A

produce movement when they contract (shorten) and exert a force against the stationary skeleton. attach to bones and allow movement. there are about 640 of these in the body.

142
Q

muscle fiber

A

compose each skeletal muscle in the form of bundles of parallel these. Each of these is a single long, cylindrical cel with many nuclei.

143
Q

myofibril

A

a rodlike strand inside a muscle fiber that is made from proteins; each muscle fiber is filled with a bundle of many of these.

144
Q

sarcomeres

A

each myofibril consists of a long series of these arranged end-to end. this is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber.

145
Q

smooth muscle

A

lines some of your organs, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels

146
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found exclusively in the heart.

147
Q

Ingestion

A

eating, the first stage of food processing.

148
Q

Digestion

A

the breakdown of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed by the body. Because the body’s cells cannot absorb large molecules, all nutrients must be broken into individual molecular building blocks before the body can use them.

149
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the use of physical processes to break down food into smaller pieces

150
Q

chemical digestion

A

the use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.

151
Q

Absorption

A

the uptake of these small nutrient molecules, primarily by the cells that line extensive folds of the small intestine.

152
Q

Elimination

A

the disposal of undigested matter from the body.

153
Q

alimentary canal

A

a long tube that is sometimes called the gut, divided along its length into specialized digestive organs. At each stop along this, specific steps occur.

154
Q

accessory organs

A

secrete specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts

155
Q

mouth/oral cavity

A

the site of ingestion. Saliva moistens food, forming a bolus, and begins chemical digestion.

156
Q

esophagus

A

a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves through the esophagus via muscle contractions called peristalsis.

157
Q

small intestine

A

chemical digestion is completed by enzymes within this which is narrow but not long. This is also the primary site of nutrient absorption.

158
Q

large intestine

A

measures about 5 feet long and 2 inches wide. Within the colon, main part of the large intestine, water is absorbed from the alimentary canal and returned to the bloodstream.

159
Q

Pancreas

A

produces enzymes that drive chemical digestion for use in small intestine. Regulates blood glucose levels through the secretion of hormones.

160
Q

Liver

A

produces bile (breaks down lipids) removes toxins from the blood.

161
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and regulates secretion of bile into small intestine

162
Q

appendix

A

long thought to be a useless vestigial organ. now known to be reservoir for bacteria that aid in digestion and immunity.

163
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of contractions in the muscles that line the alimentary canal which propel propel food through your gut.

164
Q

essential nutrients

A

To maintain proper health, an animal’s diet must contain sufficient quantities of these, materials that the body cannot make itself.

165
Q

minerals

A

(CLASS OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT) inorganic chemical elements required to maintain health. Some, such as calcium are required in relatively large amounts.

166
Q

vitamins

A

(CLASS OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT) an organic nutrient required in your diet, but only in very small amounts.

167
Q

essential fatty acids

A

(CLASS OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT) type of fatty acids that cannot be produced from scratch by the body. must be obtained from food.

168
Q

essential amino acids

A

(CLASS OF ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT) must be obtained from the diet because human cells cannot make them.

169
Q

acid reflux

A

caused by back flow of partially digested food into the esophagus.

170
Q

Gallstones

A

solid crystals of bile, can obstruct the gallbladder or its ducts.

171
Q

Constipation

A

if the movement of feces through the colon slows, too much water is reabsorbed and the feces become compacted.

172
Q

appendicitis

A

infection of the appendix by bacteria.

173
Q

Ulcer

A

A coating of mucus prevents gastric juice from harming the lining of the stomach. infection of the acid-tolerant bacterium … damages the mucus, leading to an erosion of the lining called a gastric ulcer.

174
Q

Cholera

A

improper sanitation can lead to infection of the small intestine.

175
Q

hormones

A

chemical signals produced by endocrine tissue that are transported by the bloodstream and affect target cells throughout the body.

176
Q

Hypothalamus

A

control center of the endocrine system

177
Q

Pituitary

A

Receives signals from the Hypothalamus, produces vital hormones

178
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

help regulate blood calcium levels

179
Q

Thyroid gland

A

regulates oxygen consumption, metabolism, blood calcium levels, and body temperature.

180
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Regulate metabolism and responses to stress. Of which there are two, one sitting atop each kidney. each one consists of two fused glands.

181
Q

testes/ovaries

A

growth and development, promote sexual characteristics, and regulate production

182
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of several endocrine glands and other tissues that make and secrete hormones.

183
Q

osmoregulation

A

the control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved ions.

184
Q

urinary system

A

the system that maintains water balance in the body. Disposes of wastes and helps regulate concentration of water and dissolved substances within the body.

185
Q

Uretur

A

Urine leaves each kidney via a tube called this.

186
Q

Urinary bladder

A

urine is bored in this until it is expelled from the body.

187
Q

Urethra

A

urine and sperm are conveyed through a tube called this.

188
Q

Kidneys

A

central organs of the urinary system

189
Q

renal artery

A

blood to be filtered enters each kidney via this

190
Q

renal vein

A

filtered blood leaves each kidney via this.

191
Q

nephron

A

consisting of one tubule and surrounding capillaries, is where the blood is actually filtered and urine is formed.

192
Q

ovulation

A

the release of an egg cell from the ovaries, occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

193
Q

prostate gland

A

adds fluid to semen

194
Q

erectile tissue

A

when filled with blood produces an erection

195
Q

glans

A

or head of the penis is where sperm exit

196
Q

prepuce

A

or foreskin, covers the penis and may be removed via circumcision.

197
Q

vas deferens

A

a duct through which sperm is ejaculated

198
Q

seminal vesicles

A

add fluid to semen

199
Q

epididymis

A

a tube in which semen is stored

200
Q

testis

A

where sperm is produced

201
Q

scrotum

A

an external sac that holds the testes and keeps them slightly cooler than body temperature.

202
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the process by which the testes divide via meiosis to produce male gametes: haploid sperm

203
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sperm develop inside boiled tubules called this

204
Q

acrosome

A

membrane-enclosed sac containing enzymes that help penetrate the egg

205
Q

head

A

contains a haploid nucleus with 23 chromosomes

206
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

cells near the outside of the seminiferous tubules divide by mitosis to produce diploid cells that are called this

207
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I producing two haploid these.

208
Q

ovary

A

female gonad, where eggs are produced and released

209
Q

cervix

A

a narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus.

210
Q

vagina

A

or birth canal, is where sperm enter and a baby exits

211
Q

oviduct

A

also called the Fallopian tube, is the site where egg meets sperm

212
Q

uterus

A

the site of the pregnancy where an embryo develops into a baby

213
Q

clitoris

A

contains erectile tissue that swells during arousal

214
Q

labia minora

A

are a pair of skin folds that border the opening of the vagina.

215
Q

vulva

A

collective name for all of the external female reproductive structures.

216
Q

oogenesis

A

the development of a mature egg (or ovum) within the ovary.

217
Q

primary oocyte

A

a diploid cell that is paused in meiosis I. A hormone can trigger the dormant cell to complete its development.

218
Q

secondary oocyte

A

formed when a primary oocyte completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II.

219
Q

Ovulation

A

the release of a secondary oocyte from the ovary into the oviduct. It will complete meiosis II to form a mature egg only if it contacts sperm in the oviduct.

220
Q

corpus luteum

A

develops from the ruptured follicle. If the oocyte is not fertilized, this degenerates.

221
Q

gastrula

A

by day 9 after fertilization, the embryo forms this, with defined layers that will develop into specific organs and tissues

222
Q

placenta

A

by day 21 the embryo is attached to the wall of the uterus by this. Provides nourishment and energy and disposes of waste.

223
Q

first trimester

A

marked by organ formation. 4th week heart is beating. 8th week called a fetus

224
Q

second trimester

A

time for growth

225
Q

third trimester

A

preparing for birth.

226
Q

amnion

A

the fluid-filled sac that encloses and protects the embryo

Biology final (1 decks)

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