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ABSC 308 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

When part of the value of a variable is attributed to chance, this is called-

a. Mortality
b. Random error
c. Regression effect
d. Selection

A

Random Error

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2
Q

When data fall outside the defined range for that variable of data, this is called what?

a. Missing data
b. Outliers
c. Missing data code
d. Invalid data

A

Outliers

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3
Q

When the effects of one variable depend on the level of another, this is called a-

a. Main effect
b. Null effect
c. Interaction
d. No effect

A

Main effect

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4
Q

What measure of central tendency is the midpoint of a distribution?

a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Range

A

Median

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5
Q

What type of design/s did the Linsheil et al (1990) study use?

a. Multi-element + Multiple baseline
b. Reversal + Multiple baseline
c. AB + Multi-element
d. Reversal + Multi-element

A

Reversal + Multiple baseline

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6
Q

Research that uses data in which you had no part in collecting, and was not collected for your purposes, is known as what type of research?

a. Case study
b. Survey
c. Archival
d. Observational

A

Archival

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7
Q

Which of the following is a listed advantage of quantitative models?

a. Effective
b. Parsimonious shorthand
c. Hypothetical constructs
d. Generalization

A

Generalization

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8
Q

This ethical consideration requires participants to enter into an agreement that clarifies the nature of the research and the responsibilities of each party-

a. Deception
b. Privacy
c. Freedom from coercion
d. Informed consent

A

Informed consent

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9
Q

One method used to control for order/sequence effects is by arranging that each condition occur equally as often in each ordinal position. This is called-

a. Block randomization
b. Reverse counterbalancing
c. Counterbalancing
d. Quasi balancing

A

Counterbalancing

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10
Q

A distribution of sample means from a population is known as a-

a. Frequency distribution
b. Expected frequencies
c. Sampling distribution
d. Population distribution

A

Sampling distribution

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11
Q

Which of the following is a listed strength for between-subject design?

a. All subjects experience the IV
b. Subjects are not assigned to groups
c. Results always generalize to populations
d. Capable of detecting interactions between factors

A

Capable of detecting interaction between factors

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12
Q

A sample that chose participants based on a certain characteristic is a-

a. Purposive sample
b. Haphazard sample
c. Convenience sample
d. Random sample

A

Purposive sample

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13
Q

What was the independent variable in the McSweeny (1978) study on calls to directory assistance?

a. Positive practice
b. Over-correction
c. Time-out
d. Response cost

A

Response cost

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14
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the SIBIS?

a. Positive side effects
b. Negative side effects
c. False positives
d. Inconsistent delivery of shock

A

False Positives

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15
Q

Experiments that serve to describe relations among variables as they exist in the natural environment are known as what?

a. Non-experimental studies
b. Experimental studies

A

Experimental studies

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16
Q

Data on this type of graph will always increase or remain the same, while never decreasing-

a. Scatterplot
b. Cumulative distribution
c. Histogram
d. Box and whiskers plot

A

Cumulative distribution

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17
Q

A measure of how big the difference is between two groups is known as the ___?

a. Power
b. Effect size
c. Grand mean
d. Mean square

A

Effect Size

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18
Q

When independent variables add to each-others effects, this is called a ___?

a. Synergistic interaction
b. Antagonistic interaction
c. Ceiling effect interaction
d. No interaction

A

Synergistiv interaction

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19
Q

The strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is known as

a. Power
b. History
c. Regression effect
d. Effect size

A

Power

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20
Q

A research procedure in which the scientist has complete control over all aspects (i.e., subject assignment, IV administration) is called a

a. True experiment
b. Quasi experiment
c. False experiment

A

True experiment

21
Q

When one question alternative is considered more socially acceptable than the other, this is known as

a. Acquiescence
b. Verification key
c. Social desirability
d. Bias

A

Social Desirability

22
Q

Simply describing behavior using words is called

a. Quantitative analysis
b. Mathematical analysis
c. Narrative description

A

Narrative description

23
Q

This ethical consideration states participants have the right to refuse to participate or withdraw from a study at any time without penalty.

a. Responsibility
b. Informed consent
c. Freedom from coercion
d. Privacy

A

Freedom from coercion

24
Q

Data points that are not invalid but highly improbable are known as what?

a. Missing data
b. Outliers
c. Invalid data
d. Over performers

A

Outliers

25
Q

What was the one of the independent variables in the Iwata and Becksfort (1982) study?

a. Education plus contingent fee reduction
b. Increased cost
c. Vouchers
d. Increased dentist visits

A

Education plus contingent fee reduction

26
Q

When independent variables reverse each-others effect, this is known as a

a. Ceiling effect interaction
b. Antagonistic interaction
c. Synergistic interaction
d. No interaction

A

Antagonistic Interaction

27
Q

What type of statistical analysis allows researchers to summarize sets of data collected under that same experimental condition

a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics

A

Inferential statistics

28
Q

A hypothesis that states there is no difference and is of no scientific interest is known as the:

a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
c. Significant hypothesis
d. Null hypothesis

A

Null hypothesis

29
Q

In this type of experimental design, all subjects experience all conditions corresponding to a variable.

a. Between-subjects design
b. Within-subject design
c. Group design

A

Within-subject design

30
Q

A rule about to behave, or what society deems appropriate, is known as a

a. Law
b. Regulation
c. Ethic
d. Statute

A

Ethic

31
Q

Which one is NOT one of the four features of quantitative models?

a. Equation identifies behavior
b. Equation predicts behavior
c. Equation describes behavior
d. Equation accounts for variability

A

Equation accounts for Variability

32
Q

The extent to which a study provides evidence of a cause-effect relation between the independent and dependent variables is known as

a. Construct validity
b. External validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Internal validity

A

Internal validity

33
Q

A collection of items designed to detect dishonest responses is called

a. Branching items
b. Verification key
c. Open-ended questions
d. Closed-ended questions

A

Verification key

34
Q

These types of non-experimental studies make use of existing documentation as a data source.

a. Surveys
b. Observational study
c. Archival studies
d. Descriptive studies

A

Archival studies

35
Q

How did McSweeney (1978) measure the dependent variable?

a. Surveys
b. Archival data
c. Observation
d. Case study

A

Archival Data

36
Q

Which of the following is a disadvantage of electrical stimulation?

a. Can be delivered quickly
b. Highly discrete event
c. Does not interfere with ongoing activities
d. Intrusive

A

Intrusive

37
Q

When the effect of one factor averaged over all levels of another independent variable, this is known as a

a. Interaction
b. No effect
c. Main effect
d. Secondary effect

A

Main effect

38
Q

The particular value of an independent variable is referred to as

a. Level
b. Balance
c. Factor
d. Condition

A

Level

39
Q

What was the dependent variable in the Iwata and Becksfort (1981) study?

a. Duration of brushing
b. Plaque accumulation
c. Frequency of brushing
d. Frequency of flossing

A

Plaque accumulation

40
Q

One of the three rules for conducting observational research is

a. Limited use of measures
b. Careful record keeping
c. Environmental changes
d. Sharing patient data

A

Environmental changes

41
Q

When categories are defined so that membership in one rules out membership of the other, this is called

a. Exhaustive
b. Acquiescence
c. Social desirability
d. Mutually exclusive

A

Mutually exclusive

42
Q

When equations incorporate ideas that are hard to express in words, this is known as

a. Parsimonious shorthand
b. Higher order relations
c. Hypothetical constructs
d. Modulating effects

A

Parsimonious shorthand

43
Q

A test that evaluates the frequency data to establish whether two or more categorical variables are related is called

a. T-test
b. Chi-square
c. Hypothesis test
d. ANOVA

A

Chi-square

44
Q

Which of the following was NOT one of the primary functions of the SIBIS device? (1 pt)

a. Automatic graphing of stimulus delivery data
b. Automatic detection of forceful blows
c. Response-contingent delivery of electric stimulation
d. Automatic recording of stimulus delivery

A

Automatic graphing of stimulus delivery data.

45
Q

This type of graph shows responses of a number of individuals on two variables, and is commonly used to show correlations between two variables of interest.

a. Histogram
b. Box and whiskers plot
c. Scatterplot
d. Time-series graph

A

Scatterplot

46
Q

An error that occurs when the effects of two variables in an experiment cannot be separated, resulting in a confused interpretation of the results is called

a. History
b. Maturation
c. Confounding
d. Selection

A

Confounding

47
Q

Setting up experimental conditions so that data can only confirm a hypothesis is a form of what?

a. Scientific misconduct
b. Scientific dignity
c. Good faith science
d. Acceptable behavior

A

Scientific misconduct

48
Q

What was the most common consequence to follow problem behavior in the Thompson and Iwata (2001) descriptive study?

a. Tangibles
b. Attention
c. Escape
d. Play

A

Attention

ABSC 308 (2 decks)

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