Final Flashcards
When part of the value of a variable is attributed to chance, this is called-
a. Mortality
b. Random error
c. Regression effect
d. Selection
Random Error
When data fall outside the defined range for that variable of data, this is called what?
a. Missing data
b. Outliers
c. Missing data code
d. Invalid data
Outliers
When the effects of one variable depend on the level of another, this is called a-
a. Main effect
b. Null effect
c. Interaction
d. No effect
Main effect
What measure of central tendency is the midpoint of a distribution?
a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Range
Median
What type of design/s did the Linsheil et al (1990) study use?
a. Multi-element + Multiple baseline
b. Reversal + Multiple baseline
c. AB + Multi-element
d. Reversal + Multi-element
Reversal + Multiple baseline
Research that uses data in which you had no part in collecting, and was not collected for your purposes, is known as what type of research?
a. Case study
b. Survey
c. Archival
d. Observational
Archival
Which of the following is a listed advantage of quantitative models?
a. Effective
b. Parsimonious shorthand
c. Hypothetical constructs
d. Generalization
Generalization
This ethical consideration requires participants to enter into an agreement that clarifies the nature of the research and the responsibilities of each party-
a. Deception
b. Privacy
c. Freedom from coercion
d. Informed consent
Informed consent
One method used to control for order/sequence effects is by arranging that each condition occur equally as often in each ordinal position. This is called-
a. Block randomization
b. Reverse counterbalancing
c. Counterbalancing
d. Quasi balancing
Counterbalancing
A distribution of sample means from a population is known as a-
a. Frequency distribution
b. Expected frequencies
c. Sampling distribution
d. Population distribution
Sampling distribution
Which of the following is a listed strength for between-subject design?
a. All subjects experience the IV
b. Subjects are not assigned to groups
c. Results always generalize to populations
d. Capable of detecting interactions between factors
Capable of detecting interaction between factors
A sample that chose participants based on a certain characteristic is a-
a. Purposive sample
b. Haphazard sample
c. Convenience sample
d. Random sample
Purposive sample
What was the independent variable in the McSweeny (1978) study on calls to directory assistance?
a. Positive practice
b. Over-correction
c. Time-out
d. Response cost
Response cost
Which of the following is a limitation of the SIBIS?
a. Positive side effects
b. Negative side effects
c. False positives
d. Inconsistent delivery of shock
False Positives
Experiments that serve to describe relations among variables as they exist in the natural environment are known as what?
a. Non-experimental studies
b. Experimental studies
Experimental studies
Data on this type of graph will always increase or remain the same, while never decreasing-
a. Scatterplot
b. Cumulative distribution
c. Histogram
d. Box and whiskers plot
Cumulative distribution
A measure of how big the difference is between two groups is known as the ___?
a. Power
b. Effect size
c. Grand mean
d. Mean square
Effect Size
When independent variables add to each-others effects, this is called a ___?
a. Synergistic interaction
b. Antagonistic interaction
c. Ceiling effect interaction
d. No interaction
Synergistiv interaction
The strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is known as
a. Power
b. History
c. Regression effect
d. Effect size
Power
A research procedure in which the scientist has complete control over all aspects (i.e., subject assignment, IV administration) is called a
a. True experiment
b. Quasi experiment
c. False experiment
True experiment
When one question alternative is considered more socially acceptable than the other, this is known as
a. Acquiescence
b. Verification key
c. Social desirability
d. Bias
Social Desirability
Simply describing behavior using words is called
a. Quantitative analysis
b. Mathematical analysis
c. Narrative description
Narrative description
This ethical consideration states participants have the right to refuse to participate or withdraw from a study at any time without penalty.
a. Responsibility
b. Informed consent
c. Freedom from coercion
d. Privacy
Freedom from coercion
Data points that are not invalid but highly improbable are known as what?
a. Missing data
b. Outliers
c. Invalid data
d. Over performers
Outliers
What was the one of the independent variables in the Iwata and Becksfort (1982) study?
a. Education plus contingent fee reduction
b. Increased cost
c. Vouchers
d. Increased dentist visits
Education plus contingent fee reduction
When independent variables reverse each-others effect, this is known as a
a. Ceiling effect interaction
b. Antagonistic interaction
c. Synergistic interaction
d. No interaction
Antagonistic Interaction
What type of statistical analysis allows researchers to summarize sets of data collected under that same experimental condition
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
Inferential statistics
A hypothesis that states there is no difference and is of no scientific interest is known as the:
a. Alternative hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
c. Significant hypothesis
d. Null hypothesis
Null hypothesis
In this type of experimental design, all subjects experience all conditions corresponding to a variable.
a. Between-subjects design
b. Within-subject design
c. Group design
Within-subject design
A rule about to behave, or what society deems appropriate, is known as a
a. Law
b. Regulation
c. Ethic
d. Statute
Ethic
Which one is NOT one of the four features of quantitative models?
a. Equation identifies behavior
b. Equation predicts behavior
c. Equation describes behavior
d. Equation accounts for variability
Equation accounts for Variability
The extent to which a study provides evidence of a cause-effect relation between the independent and dependent variables is known as
a. Construct validity
b. External validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Internal validity
Internal validity
A collection of items designed to detect dishonest responses is called
a. Branching items
b. Verification key
c. Open-ended questions
d. Closed-ended questions
Verification key
These types of non-experimental studies make use of existing documentation as a data source.
a. Surveys
b. Observational study
c. Archival studies
d. Descriptive studies
Archival studies
How did McSweeney (1978) measure the dependent variable?
a. Surveys
b. Archival data
c. Observation
d. Case study
Archival Data
Which of the following is a disadvantage of electrical stimulation?
a. Can be delivered quickly
b. Highly discrete event
c. Does not interfere with ongoing activities
d. Intrusive
Intrusive
When the effect of one factor averaged over all levels of another independent variable, this is known as a
a. Interaction
b. No effect
c. Main effect
d. Secondary effect
Main effect
The particular value of an independent variable is referred to as
a. Level
b. Balance
c. Factor
d. Condition
Level
What was the dependent variable in the Iwata and Becksfort (1981) study?
a. Duration of brushing
b. Plaque accumulation
c. Frequency of brushing
d. Frequency of flossing
Plaque accumulation
One of the three rules for conducting observational research is
a. Limited use of measures
b. Careful record keeping
c. Environmental changes
d. Sharing patient data
Environmental changes
When categories are defined so that membership in one rules out membership of the other, this is called
a. Exhaustive
b. Acquiescence
c. Social desirability
d. Mutually exclusive
Mutually exclusive
When equations incorporate ideas that are hard to express in words, this is known as
a. Parsimonious shorthand
b. Higher order relations
c. Hypothetical constructs
d. Modulating effects
Parsimonious shorthand
A test that evaluates the frequency data to establish whether two or more categorical variables are related is called
a. T-test
b. Chi-square
c. Hypothesis test
d. ANOVA
Chi-square
Which of the following was NOT one of the primary functions of the SIBIS device? (1 pt)
a. Automatic graphing of stimulus delivery data
b. Automatic detection of forceful blows
c. Response-contingent delivery of electric stimulation
d. Automatic recording of stimulus delivery
Automatic graphing of stimulus delivery data.
This type of graph shows responses of a number of individuals on two variables, and is commonly used to show correlations between two variables of interest.
a. Histogram
b. Box and whiskers plot
c. Scatterplot
d. Time-series graph
Scatterplot
An error that occurs when the effects of two variables in an experiment cannot be separated, resulting in a confused interpretation of the results is called
a. History
b. Maturation
c. Confounding
d. Selection
Confounding
Setting up experimental conditions so that data can only confirm a hypothesis is a form of what?
a. Scientific misconduct
b. Scientific dignity
c. Good faith science
d. Acceptable behavior
Scientific misconduct
What was the most common consequence to follow problem behavior in the Thompson and Iwata (2001) descriptive study?
a. Tangibles
b. Attention
c. Escape
d. Play
Attention
