Final

Question 1

Name the 3 modes of character

Answer 1

1) The Uncritical Person
2) The Self-Serving Critical Person
3) The Fair-Minded Uncritical Person

Question 2

2 characteristics of Egocentric thinking

Answer 2

• strives to gain its selfish interests

- strives to validate its current way of thinking

Question 3

2 characteristics of Rational thinking

Answer 3

• considers the rights and needs of others

- strives to see things the way they are

Question 4

Egocentric memory

Answer 4

The natural tendency to “forget” evidence that does not support our thinking and to “remember” evidence that does.

Question 5

Egocentric Myopia

Answer 5

The natural tendency to think in an absolutist way within an overly narrow point of view

Question 6

Egocentric Righteousness

Answer 6

The natural tendency to see ourselves in possession of the truth

Question 7

Egocentric Hypocrisy

Answer 7

The natural tendency to ignore flagrant inconsistencies between what we profess to believe and the actual beliefs our behavior implies, or between the standards we apply to ourselves and those we apply to others

Question 8

Egocentric Oversimplification

Answer 8

The natural tendency to ignore real and important complexities in the world in favor of simplistic notions when considerations of those complexities would require us to modify our beliefs or values

Question 9

Egocentric Blindness

Answer 9

The natural tendency to not notice facts and evidence that contradict our favored beliefs or values

Question 10

Egocentric immediacy

Answer 10

The natural tendency to overgeneralize immediate feelings and experiences, so that when one, or only a few, events in our life seem highly favorable or unfavorable, all of life seems favorable or unfavorable to us

Question 11

4 characteristics of the Uncritical Person

Answer 11

a. Unconcerned with the development of intellectual abilities
b. Manipulated by self-serving critical persons and easily indoctrinated
c. Resulting in the person being victimized or blindly read into victimizing others
d. Good-hearted but self-deceived

Question 12

4 characteristics of the Self-Serving Critical Person

Answer 12

a. Develops intellectual abilities to serve one’s self-interest without regard to the rights and needs of others
b. Manipulates less sophisticated people
c. Resulting in those people being harmed (directly or indirectly)
d. Unethical, self-righteous, and self-deceived

Question 13

4 characteristics of the Fair-Minded Critical Person

Answer 13

a. Developed intellectual abilities to serve one’s interests while respecting the rights and needs of others
b. Acts as forthrightly as possible
c. Resulting in people being treated reasonably and fairly
d. Ethical, empathetic, and just

Question 14

8 Elements of thought (PPQIICAI)

Answer 14

1. Point of View
2. Purpose
3. Questions at Issue
4. Information
5. Interpretation and inference
6. Concepts
7. Assumptions
8. Implications and consequences

Question 15

Point of View

Answer 15

frame of reference, perspective, orientation, world view

Question 16

Purpose

Answer 16

Goal, objective, function

Question 17

Question at issue

Answer 17

Problem, Issue

Question 18

Information

Answer 18

data, facts, evidence, observations, experiences, reasons

Question 19

Interpretation and Inference

Answer 19

Conclusions, solutions

Question 20

Concepts

Answer 20

Theories, definition, laws, principles, models

Question 21

Assumptions

Answer 21

Presuppositions, axioms, taking for granted

Question 22

Implications and consequences

Answer 22

that which follows logically, effects

Question 23

6 steps of naturally developing as an ethical thinker

Answer 23

• toward self-serving egocentrism
• wherein we tend to dehumanize and distort others so we may use them to serve our ends
• we, therefore, can become greedy, acquisitive, or selfish
• unkind, domineering, mean, violent, cruel, brutal, inconsiderate, ruthless, or vicious
• we cover-up our unethical nature through self-deception and become dishonest, deceitful, insincere, or disingenuous
• we hide our true nature from ourselves and become prejudiced, narrow-minded, chauvinistic, or intolerant

Question 24

8 steps that require cultivation when developing as an ethical thinker

Answer 24

• toward fair-minded empathic reasonability
• wherein we strive to see things and people as they are and to consider the welfare and needs of others as well as our own
• because we are learning to consider and respect the needs of others, we become more thoughtful, considerate, generous, less selfish
• we tend to use our intelligence in ways that are honest, insightful, and show integrity
• we avoid deceiving, misleading, or deluding others. We strive not to do what causes pain or suffering to others
• our skills of self-insight and disclosure enable us to see ourselves as we are and to be more kind and helpful to others
• we become more honest, sincere, and genuine
• less prejudiced, more open-minded, and tolerant

Question 25

Cognitive Dimensions: Ethical Macro-Abilities

Answer 25

· avoiding oversimplification of ethical issues
· developing one’s ethical perspective
· clarifying ethical issues and claims
· clarifying ethical ideas
· developing criteria for ethical evaluation
· evaluating ethical authorities
· raising and pursuing root ethical questions
· evaluating ethical arguments
· generating and assessing solutions to ethical problems
· identifying and clarifying ethical points of view
· engaging in Socratic discussion on ethical issues
· practicing dialectical thinking on ethical issues

Question 26

Ethical Humility

Answer 26

Awareness of the limits of one’s ethical insight, including sensitivity to circumstances in which one’s native egocentrism is likely to function self deceptively; sensitivity to bias and prejudice in, and limitations of, one’s viewpoint.

Question 27

Ethical Courage

Answer 27

the willingness to face and assess fairly ethical ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints to which we have not given serious hearing, regardless of our strong negative reaction to them.

Question 28

Ethical Empathy

Answer 28

Having a consciousness of the need to imaginatively put oneself in the place of others in order to genuinely understand them.

Question 29

Ethical Integrity

Answer 29

recognition of the need to be true to one’s own ethical thinking, to be consistent in the ethical standards one applies, to hold one’s self to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one holds one’s antagonists, to practice what one ethically advocates for others, and to honestly admit discrepancies and ethical inconsistencies in one’s own thought and action

Question 30

Ethical Perseverance

Answer 30

willingness and consciousness of the need to pursue ethical insights and truths despite difficulties, obstacles, and frustrations, firm adherence to ethical principles despite irrational opposition of others, a sense of the need to struggle with confusion and unsettled questions over an extended period of time, to achieve deeper ethical understanding or insight

Question 31

Fairmindedness

Answer 31

willingness and consciousness of the need to entertain all ethical viewpoints sympathetically and to assess the with the same intellectual standards without reference to one’s own feeling or vested interests, or the feeling or vested interests of one’s friends, community, or nation; implies adherence to ethical standards without reference to ones’ own advantage or the advantage of one’s group

Question 32

Deontos Meaning

Answer 32

Essence

Question 33

Ethical Affective Dimensions

Answer 33

· exercising independent ethical thought and judgment
· developing insight into ethical egocentrism and sociocentrism
· exercising ethical reciprocity
· exploring thoughts underlying ethical reactions
· suspending ethical judgment

Question 34

Cognitive Dimensions: Ethical Micro-Skills

Answer 34

· Distinguishing facts from ethical principles, values, and ideas
· Using critical vocabulary in discussing ethical issues
· Distinguishing ethical principles or ideas
· Examining ethical assumptions
· Distinguishing ethically relevant from ethically irrelevant facts
· Making plausible ethical inferences
· Supplying evidence for an ethical conclusion
· Recognizing ethical contradictions
· Recognizing ethical implications and consequences
· Refining ethical generalizations