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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Defensive and predatory behavior is elicited by stimulating what brain region?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What part of the Periaqueductal Gray mediates cerca strike behavior?

A

Dorsal PAG

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3
Q

What part of the Periaqueductal Gray mediates post encounter behavior?

A

Ventral PAG

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4
Q

What is the full post encounter pathway for analgesia

A

Amygdala -> Ventral PAG -> Rostral Ventral Medualla -> Dorsal Horn Spinal Chord -> Analgesia

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5
Q

What is the full post encounter pathway for freezing

A

Amygdala -> Ventral PAG -> Rostral Ventral Medulla -> Ventral Horn Spinal Cord -> Freezing

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6
Q

What are three pieces of evidence that opiates act on the ventral PAG

A

1) Stimulating ventral PAG has strong analgesic reaction on animals
2) Cross tolerance between ventral PAG and opiates
3) Naloxone is a opiate antagonist that inhibits the analgesic effects of both opiate and electrical stimulation of the ventral PAG

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7
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus in the circa strike pathway?

A

Responds to contact related stimuli and innervate the dorsal PAG

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8
Q

What two brain regions innervate the dorsolateral PAG in the circa-strike defense pathway?

A

Dorsal horn of the spinal chord and the superior colliculus

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9
Q

Are people with an ablated occipital lobe able to perceive any visual cues if so why?

A

The superior colliculus allows people with no occipital lobe to orient towards to light

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10
Q

What two brain regions are implicated in pre-encounter defense?

A

Ventral hypothalamus and pre-frontal cortex

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11
Q

What evidence implicates the ventral hypothalamus in anxiety (pre-encounter defense)?

A

Animals with a working ventral hippocampi will avoid a open walkway where they are likely to fall but animals with a ablated ventral hippocampi will not

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12
Q

What is the evidence that the ventral and dorsal hippocampi should be considered distinct brain regions?

A

They express different genes, and project to different regions

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13
Q

Where does the ventral hippocampus project to?

A

Hormonal regions and the pre-frontal cortex areas implicated in anxiety

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14
Q

Where does the dorsal hippocampus project to?

A

Cortical areas

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15
Q

The _________ amygdala can be described as cortex- like, while the ______ amygdala is striatal-like

A

The basal lateral amygdala can be described as cortex-like, while the central amygdala is striatal-like

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16
Q

What 3 things make the basal lateral amygdala cortex-like?

A

1) Receives sensory information from cortex and thalamus
2) Originates from same cells in utero as cortex
3) All efferent neurons that project to other regions are glutamatergic

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17
Q

True or false the basal lateral amygdala has no GABAergic neurons?

A

False, but all the GABAergic neurons in the basal lateral amygdala only innervate local cells

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18
Q

Is the BLA most comparable to the neo-cortex of all brain regions?

A

No paleo-cortex

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19
Q

What 3 characteristics make the central amygdala striatal-like?

A

1) Projects to areas that generates motor, emotional and physiological responses
2) Originates from same cells in utero as the striatum
3) All the cells in the central amygdala are GABAergic

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20
Q

The amygdala is composed of the basal nucleus, the lateral nucleus, the central nucleus and ________ ___

A

The amygdala is composed of the basal nucleus, the lateral nucleus, the central nucleus and interpolated cells

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21
Q

Interpolated/intercalated cells are what kind of neuron and what is their function?

A

Interpolated cells transmit some of the signals between the central nucleus and basal lateral amygdala. They are gabaergic

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22
Q

What kind of brain loop does the amygdala mirror and how is that functionally structured?

A

sensory info -> basal lateral amygdala -> central amygdala -> emotional responses

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23
Q

What are the pro and cons of electro-physiology?

A

High temporal resolution, low spatial resolution

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24
Q

What is the electro-physiological evidence that cells in the amygdala respond to both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?

A

The same cells in the basal lateral amygdala that increase their firing rate in response to a foot shock also respond to a click

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25
Q

_____ turns on immediate early genes

A

calcium cations

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26
Q

Within 30 seconds of a neuron’s firing rate increasing the ___ gene appears in the nucleus. Around 20 minutes later it leaves the nucleus and shows up in the _______

A

Within 30 seconds of a neuron’s firing rate increasing the ARC gene appears in the nucleus. Around 20 minutes later it leaves the nucleus and shows up in the cytoplasm.

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27
Q

What is the pro and con of the catFISH technique?

A

High spatial resolution, low temporal resolution

28
Q

What kind of fear conditioning paradigm did the first experiment (Barot S K et. al.) on fear conditioning with catFISH use and why?

A

Taste aversion because conditioning will still happen even if there is a delay between CS and US. A delay is needed because time must be allowed for the ARC to move from nucleus to cytoplasm. CS: saccharine solution, US: lithium chloride that triggers nausea and diarrhea in rats.

29
Q

What were the results of the Barot S K et. al. study on taste aversion?

A

The CS and US condition had significantly more cells that showed ARC in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The other conditions were all about the same.

30
Q

What was the design of the first study (Zelinowsky et. al.) that tested if neurons active during learning reactivate during memory?

A

The experimental group received a delayed shocked after investigating an environment while the control group received an immediate shock before investigating their environment.

31
Q

What were the results of the context fear Zelinowsky et. al. study?

A

In the immediate condition there were cells which fired for event 1: (shock + exploration) and there were cells that fired for event 2: (just exploration) but none that fired for both. In the delay condition, there were cells no cells that just fired in event 1 and not event 2 but there were cells that fired just for event 2 and cells that fired for both.

32
Q

Which condition would you expect to find more dual-labeled cells (cells with ARC+ in both nucleus and cytoplasm) audiovisual cue paired with shock or audiovisual cue paired with lithium chloride?

A

More double labeled cells in audiovisual cue/shock condition

33
Q

What are two explanations for why rats are fear conditioned faster with auditory stimulus rather than visual stimulus?

A
  • Stronger convergence in amygdala with auditory stimulus

- Auditory stimulus follows more direct pathway with less intermediaries

34
Q

What are the two brain regions in the auditory-amygdala pathway?

A

Inferior colliculus -> Medial Geniculate Nucleus ->

35
Q

What are the four brain regions in the visual-auditory pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus -> V1/V2, Lateral Posterior Nucleus ->TE2/Perirhinal

36
Q

What is the evidence that auditory stimulation better reinforces fear learning because of the more direct pathway?

A

If you lesion the inferior colliculus in day-old rats, the LGN grows projections to the MGN and rats learn to freeze to visual cues faster than they do in sham surgery condition

37
Q

During long term potentiation, AMPA receptors are triggered by _______ from the CS neuron axon terminals. The receptors let in ______

A

glutamate, sodium

38
Q

Before conditioning, NMDA receptors don’t allow _____ to enter because they are blocked by _____. Why does that change when the cell is enervated by the US?

A

Before conditioning, NMDA receptors don’t allow calcium to enter because they are blocked by magnesium. When the cell is depolarized, the magnesium block is ejected and calcium flows in

39
Q

What does the calcium ion do when it enters the cell’s nucleus

A

Triggers immediate expression genes->creates CREB transcription factor->creates RNA that tag the AMPA receptor with specialized proteins and proteins for new AMPA receptors

40
Q

What evidence is there that the amygdala is involved in the performance of fear conditioning?

A
  • catFISH shows that BLA neurons that are active during learning, reactivate during testing
  • inhibiting BLA during testing blocks freezing
41
Q

What are 4 requirements of a scientific theory of fear?

A
  1. Explain why anxiety disorders are so prevalent
  2. Why we behave as we do when we are afraid
  3. Allow us to do basic science to advance our understanding of fear and anxiety
  4. Provide novel insights into treatment of anxiety disorders
42
Q

Why are anxiety disorders so prevalent according to selection pressure theory

A

Anxiety disorders are essentially false hits (choosing to defend against a non-existent danger). Humans have evolved to make this error over the more costly false miss

43
Q

What is the basis of therapy for anxiety disorders?

A

Systematic desensitization, Pavlovian extinction

44
Q

What is flooding therapy?

A

Patients are exposed abruptly to fear-inducing stimuli while employing strategies designed to make them feel relaxed

45
Q

What is the evidence that extinction is not unlearned but rather the build up of inhibition?

A

Fear can be spontaneous recovered, renewed and reinstated

46
Q

How is fear spontaneously recovered?

A

After a pause the conditional response to fear can suddenly reappear if the acquisition was stronger than the extinction

47
Q

How is fear conditioning reinstated?

A

After extinction, the unconditional stimulus is presented on its own, than the conditional stimulus is presented on its own

48
Q

What are the three types of fear renewal? Which is the strongest and which is the least strong?

A

ABA: Fear is acquired in context A, extinguished in context B; retained in context A (strongest fear response)
ABC: Fear is acquired in A, extinguished in B, acquisition generalizes to novel context C but acquisition does not
AAB: Fear is acquired in A, extinguished in A; acquisition generalizes to B, extinction does not (least strong response)

49
Q

Fear recovery after successful extinction is always caused by the fact that extinction is ____ ________

A

context dependent

50
Q

What part of the brain regulates recovery of fear post extinction?

A

Ventro-medial pre-limbic prefrontal cortex

51
Q

What happens to context learning if you sever projections from the hippocampus to the BLA?

A

Context learning is seriously impaired

52
Q

Does severing hippocampal projections to the amygdala impair tone learning?

A

Yes, but not as much as it does for context learning

53
Q

If you only lesion the amygdala but retain the hippocampus which kind of learning is more affected: tone learning, context learning or both?

A

tone learning

54
Q

What is the evidence that NMDA receptors are necessary for fear conditioning?

A
  • If NMDA receptors in the BLA are blocked with an antagonist during freezing to the CS is reduced during the conditioning phase and 2 minutes later
  • If NMDA is blocked in projections between hippocampus and amygdala is blocked, LTP is greatly reduced
  • Blocking NMDA receptors in infra-limbic VMPFC blocks extinction
55
Q

What happens to fear conditioning if NMDA receptors are blocked in the infra-limbic VMPFC

A

Nothing, only important during extinction

56
Q

The infra-limbic VMPFC has to be stimulated at what interval in relation to the CS for it to amplify extinction? What interval has the most immediate effect?

A

0.1 second right after CS has a more immediate effect but stimulating 1 second before ultimately amplifies extinction almost as much

57
Q

The the infra-limbic VMPFC has to be stimulated at what interval in relation to the CS during extinction for it to reduce recovery? What interval is most effective for reducing recovery?

A

1.0 seconds before and 0.1 seconds after CS are both effective at reducing spontaneous recovery. However, 0.1 seconds is more effective

58
Q

What are two potential circuits for fear inhibition from extinction

A

1) Infra-limbic VMPFC -> BLA -> Central Nucleus
2) Infra-limbic VMPFC -> interpolated cells -> Central Nucleus
- Could be both

59
Q

What brain region regulates fear renewal

A

Pre-limbic vmPFC

60
Q

What brain region mediates renewal of fear in new contexts?

A

hippocampus

61
Q

What is the evidence that the hippocampus regulates fear renewal in novel contexts?

A
  • In ABC test fear does not renew in C context when GABA like drugs inhibit hippocampus
  • Colored staining shows that hippocampal neurons project more to pre-limbic vmPFC and BLA when in new contexts
  • More neurons in hippocampus project to both pre-limbic vmPFC and BLA then either region alone
62
Q

What happens to renewal when you just lesion the hippocampus or just the amygdala on one side?

A

Renewal continues

63
Q

What happens to fear renewal when you lesion the hippocampus on one hemisphere and the amygdala on the opposite hemisphere?

A

Fear renewal is blocked

64
Q

What happens to fear renewal when you lesion the hippocampus on one hemisphere and the pre-limbic vmPFC on the opposite hemisphere?

A

Fear renewal is blocked

65
Q

How can drug therapy help humans with the fear renewal problem?

A

If the drug scopolomy is delivered during extinction fear in subjects doing public speaking as measured by skin conductance does not renew as much in a novel virtual reality condition

Psych Fear and Anxiety (2 decks)

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