FINAL

Question 1

what fit malthusianism assert?

Answer 1

Malthusianism is the belief that the capacity of the population to grow in future years is greater than the power of the earth to provide resources. Further, it is the belief that population is the single greatest influence on the status of the earth

Question 2

what is one criticism of malthusianism

Answer 2

malthus was around during the early stages of the industrial revolution, and never witnessed the impact that technology would have on increased in food yields

Question 3

what is a common property resource

Answer 3

property that functions through customs, rules, regulations, but not in the form of exclusive property ownership

Question 4

under what circumstances can common property resources be sustainably managed

Answer 4

under the presence of some form of institutions, understood as a system of recognized constraints on individual behaviour
include things such as boundaries
proportionality (those who help organize and manage should receive equal or more benefits)
collective choice (those who make rules for the resources are those who use them and modified through group forum)
monitoring
conflict resolution
sanctions

Question 5

what is the prisoners dilemma

Answer 5

a paradox in making analysis in which two individuals act in their own self interest creating a less than optimal outcome.

Question 6

connect the prisoners dilemma to Garett Hardins Theory (tragedy of the commons)

Answer 6

demonstrated how each individual has inventive to cheat the system for personal gain while still benefitting from the others “not cheating the system:

Question 7

describe the main features of the theory of tragedy of the commons and environmental degradation

Answer 7

explains our general inability to manage our consumption and use of the environment which leads to environmental destruction.

Question 8

criticism of tragedy of the commons

Answer 8

higher developed countries who have financial and technological abilities to contribute to solutions have the highest emissions and resource consumption rates

Question 9

what is the market response model and how does it relate to market environmentalism

Answer 9

market response model: model that predicts economic responses to scarcity of a resource will lead to increase in prices that will result in either decreased demand or increased supply.
related to market environmentalism because an increase in the price of an environmental good leads to less demand for that product

Question 10

what is an externality? how does market based environmentalism address externalities

Answer 10

an externality is a cost or benefit received by someone that did not agree to the receiving of said cost/benefit
-market environmentalism addresses externalities by seeking to hold those who impose externalities onto others accountable financially for their actions.

Question 11

what is the political economy approach

Answer 11

-believe political powers and economic structures produce the environment we live in and how we perceive it
(labour bind society and nature)
-

Question 12

what is market environmentalism

Answer 12

believe that thinking economically suggests that scarcity operates as the engine of the interaction between environment and humans

Question 13

using example of lawns explain what is meant by nature is socially constructed

Answer 13

lawns are socially constructed because they are a socially invented ecology.

Question 14

using the example of wolves explain what is meant by nature is socially constructed

Answer 14

wolves are significant to ecological dynamics because they are an apex predator, meaning they are at the top of the food chain and if the wolves didnt exist there would be major instability in the environment, IN the past, human viewed wolves as a savage hunter that wastes its kill and is a threat to the livestock. Men were considered to be a righteous hunter.

Question 15

using the example if uranium in Australia what is meant by nature is socially constructed

Answer 15

• the concept of property is a social construct

- reflects John Lockes idea of nature being useless unless someone owns it

Question 16

what is the secret of surplus value? describe where surplus comes from according to the political economy approach

Answer 16

surplus value is the value produces by underpaying labour or over-extracting from the environment, which is accumulated by owners and investors

• surplus comes from the FCOC- capitalists take a share of the sale of products andkeep it for themselves and therapy the worker whatever is left over.
• the secret is that the environment must be worked harder and under invested in order to sustain surpluses

Question 17

what is the “spatial fix” how does it relate to the second contradiction of capital

Answer 17

spacial fix deals with the tendency of capitalism to temporarily establish itself in other places in the world in order to deal with periodic crises. This is done by establishing new markets, new resources and new sited of production.
-the second contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism will eventually undermine the environmental conditions it relies on. when capitalism experiences crisis, it just spreads to other parts of the world that can experience degradation of itself and its workers

Question 18

what is environmental justice? use the example of uranium mining to illustrate your answer

Answer 18

• environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race colour, national origin or income with respect to the development of environmental laws
• the uranium mines were an example of environmental injustice because those who benefited the most from uranium mining were not those who most heavily bore the consequences

Question 19

describe why Navajo uranium mines were an example of environmental injustice

Answer 19

• they were paid very little money
• conditions were unsafe and little effort was made to reduce exposure to hazards
• cancer incidence was very high
• th people were rural, poor, and easy to exploit
• were given hazardous waste by-products to use in housing as a substitute for bricks
• were nit given the money owed to them and these houses were not cleaned up

Question 20

political economy approaches to solving environmental degradation in relation to tuna fisheries

Answer 20

• fishing techniques involve incidental dolphin by catch and ecosystem damaging nets create conditions for second contradiction of capitalism
• tuna harvesters degrading the tuna’s habitat such that it can no longer sustain strong populations of tuna, which the harvesters require to sustain their livelihoods
• best solution is to regulate fishery economies. This can be done by installing governmental regulation and certification programs to boycott companies who fish unsustainable (small producers face economic barriers to becoming certified-therefore sell less product)

Question 21

market environmentalism approaches to solving environmental degradation in relation to tuna fisheries

Answer 21

• eco labs and certification programs to change customer behaviour to increase the supply of sustainable tuna fishing companies and reduce by catch
• underlying cause of the depletion of fish sticks is the seafood industry had primarily been focusing on tuns, so to solve the problem we need to “eat the right fish”

Question 22

compare the forest transition theory with the “accumulation and deforestation” theory, How does each explain contemporary global patterns of deforestation

Answer 22

• forest transition theory states population and economic growth causes forests to decline and later through economic growth we can have forest recovery. What destroys the forests is what’s used to fix them.
• the forest transition theory is very similar to the accumulation and deforestation theory, 4they both state that the economic growth causes forests to decline
• the accumulation and deforestation theory states that the expansion of development creates a problem. However, in this theory, there is no cycle for forest recovery

Question 23

what is the forest transition theory

Answer 23

a model that predicts a theory of deforestation in a region during development, when a forest is a resource or when land is cleared for agriculture, followed by a return of forests when the economy changes and populated immigrates and/or becomes conservation orientated

Question 24

what does the environmental kuznets curve predict

Answer 24

the environmental kuznets curve predicts that development initially occurs and harms the environment. However, after a threshold, regulation/affluence/economic transition begin to increase and impacts of humans fall dramatically

Question 25

what is the accumulation and deforestation theory

Answer 25

-accumulation of land for capitalistic agriculture results in deforestation as forests are cleared to grow cash crops. It involves primitive accumulation which s the direct appropriation by capitalists of natural