FINAL Flashcards
Social Anxiety Disorder
An intense worry or fear of being scrutinized or being embarrassed/ humiliated in the presence of others (worry about what people think about you becomes clinically significant); AVOIDANCE; Involves hypersensitivity to social cues, as well as significant attempts to avoid drawing attention to oneself, or social avoidance all together (related to Looks or Behaviors)
SUBTYPES of Social Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder and Performance Social Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety occurs in every situation with anyone
Performance Social Anxiety Disorder
Specific situations trigger social acuity (Bathroom in public, Meeting new people, Public speaking, Eating around others)
Specific Phobias
Extreme and irrational fear of a specific object or situation that produces significant distress or panic (A fear is not the same thing as a phobia!); Person goes to great lengths to avoid the object or situation, or endures it with extreme distress (effects everyday life); Most can recognize that the fear and avoidance are unreasonable, but “can’t help it”; Must markedly interfere with one’s ability to function
SUBTYPES of Specific Phobias
Animal, Natural/Environmental, Blood-injection-injury, Situational, “Other”
Animal SP Subtype
All types, including insects (Most common: Snakes, Bats, Bees)
Natural/Environmental SP Subtype
Things found in “nature”/ outdoors (e.g., heights, storms, water)
Blood-injection-injury SP Subtype:
Covers most medical situations (Doctor/Dentist/ Equipment); unusual vasovagal response involved (Fainting, sudden heart rate and blood pressure drop)
Situational SP Subtype:
Certain occurrences only, might not be situations that happen often but when it does you’re screwed! (Planes, the dark, enclosed spaces, bridges)
“Other” SP Subtype
Anything not reflected above (Costumes, Clowns)
Agoraphobia
Involves fear and avoidance of situations where escaping or getting help easily is unlikely in the event that something incapacitating or embarrassing happens (Open or public places)
- Most commonly, with Agoraphobia the person fears having a panic attack in these situations and thus avoids them markedly; DSM provides a list of possible “situations” and at least 2 of those are required (Many due to past occurrences)
- Some with agoraphobia may even become “housebound” (Avoid public transportation, restaurants, etc.)
Panic Disorder
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (frightening attacks of fear and bodily symptoms); Also apprehension about future panic attacks, or significant changes in behavior to avoid attacks (Must be present for a month or longer) Many avoid situations to avoid attacks and working out bc it feels like an attack
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Excessive and uncontrollable apprehension and worry about virtually everything; The anxiety is present on the majority of days for at least 6 months; Also accompanied by certain physical symptoms (e.g., restlessness or muscle tension); Most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder (Disruptive to everyday life)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Vicious cycle of Obsessions (Intrusive, frequent/intense, cognitions: thoughts, images, or urges that won’t go away) and Compulsions (Behaviors to reduce the anxiety brought on by obsessions)
- OCD Thoughts: “Need to do this”; Thoughts of hurting someone
- OCD Behaviors: Repetitive or Ritualistic Behaviors; Doubting Actions (opening/closing doors)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A preoccupation with perceived physical defects in a normal-appearing person, or Excessive (unwarranted) distress over an actual slight bodily defect; “Perceived ugliness”
The “compulsive” part of Body Dysmorphic Disorder involves the associated repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror-checking, over-use of make-up)
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) and Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)
Vicious cycles that involve constant obsessions about the behavior in question, as well as the compulsive act
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Hair loss is visible and significant
Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)
The picking results in visible lesions/scabs/scars (and infection can be a risk)
Hoarding Disorder
Persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of value, such that living areas are substantially cluttered and dysfunctional as a result; Typically see obsessions over the “need” for items and a compulsion to acquire more and more; Can be quite serious to the point that the person has no insight re: the dirtiness or danger of living that way
Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD
Both require either witnessing or experiencing a significant stressor/trauma; What “counts” as a trauma = tough question; Require 4 categories of “aftermath” symptoms: Persistent intrusion (or “re-experiencing”) symptoms such as memories, nightmares, or flashbacks; Significant avoidance of trauma-related triggers; Problems with cognition and mood; Changes in reactivity/physiological arousal
Acute Stress Disorder
Involves less extensive trauma, requires less symptoms, and symptoms are less severe; Diagnosed when the symptoms persist for at least 3 days, but less than a month
PTSD
Involves worse trauma, requires more symptoms, and symptoms are more severe; Diagnosed when symptoms last at least a month
Adjustment Disorder
Occurs when someone has difficulty coping with or adjusting to a specific life stressor, the reactions to the stressor are disproportionate to the severity or intensity of the event or situation; Criteria: 1. Exposure to an identifiable stressor that results in the onset of significant emotional or behavioral symptoms (mood or behavioral changes, symptoms of anxiety or depression) that occur within 3 months of the event, 2. Emotional distress and behavioral symptoms that are out of proportion to the severity of the stressor and result in significant impairment in social, academic, or work-related functioning, or other life activities, 3. Symptoms last no longer than 6 months after the stressor or consequences of the stressor have ended.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Medical symptom(s) with unusual frequency or intensity for at least 6 months (often years); The response to the symptoms is excessive, such that it often becomes that person’s “identity”
SUBTYPES of Somatic Symptom Disorder
“Predominantly somatic type” and “with pain features”:
“Predominantly somatic type” of Somatic Symptom Disorder
Involves a variety of complaints affecting different body systems
“With pain features” subtype of Somatic Symptom Disorder
A condition involving excessive anxiety or persistent concerns over pain that appears to have no physical basis
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Severe anxiety about the possibility of having a serious disease (despite evidence to the contrary); The worry is not so much about the symptoms themselves but the implications of the symptoms (e.g., “it’s very serious,” or “I’m going to die from this.”); Cognitive distortions are very common, and medical reassurance does not always help
Conversion Disorder
A neurological malfunction that lacks a specific medical cause; Freud said these people “convert” unconscious anxiety into a physical symptom; Today, we have evidence that symptoms can be intermittent and usually precipitated by marked stress; Important to distinguish from “malingering”
Factitious Disorder (or FD imposed onto another)
Symptoms of illness (mental or physical) are deliberately induced or simulated with the goal of eliciting attention; Can be imposed onto another (e.g., a child); Like conversion disorder, this is also not malingering (Lying/Addicted to being cared for medically); Individuals are often UNAWARE of the motivation for their behavior (in other words, they do it for attention, but don’t realize that’s what’s going on), and Often simulate the illness in a compulsive manner
Dissociative Amnesia
Involve severe alterations to or detachments from reality; Affect identity, memory, or consciousness most strongly; Sudden, partial, or total loss of personal info and memory (Not due to physical injury, but rather a psychological stressor or trauma)
Localized (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)
May be selective to certain details
Generalized (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)
Everything
Fugue (SUBTYPES of Dissociative Amnesia)
The amnesia is accompanied by some form of travel
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Severe and frightening episodes of feeling “unreal” or “detached” from oneself; Also includes experiences of derealization (a change in perception); Can be fairly intense and anxiety-provoking
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Formerly known as “multiple personality disorder;” Defining feature is disruption (fragmentation) of identity (And may include experiences of possession); Number of identities varies a lot (avg is about 12); Identities may display unique behaviors, voice, posture, even physiological reactions (And may be aware of one another, but not always)
Major Depressive Disorder
At least 5 of 9 depression symptoms have occurred over the same 2-week period, causes impairment, and the individual has never had a manic or hypomanic episode; Chronicity is greater in dysthymia than MDD, Severity is greater in MDD than dysthymia; Possibly “with seasonal pattern” (Most likely winter)
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood, feelings of sadness, or emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, significant weight gain or weight loss (without dieting) or increases or decreases in appetite, persistent changes in sleep patterns, involving increased sleep or inability to sleep, observable restlessness or slowing of activity, persistent fatigue or loss of energy, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, persistent difficulty with concentration or decision making; suicidal behaviors or recurrent thoughts of death or suicid
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood, feelings of sadness, or emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, significant weight gain or weight loss (without dieting) or increases or decreases in appetite, persistent changes in sleep patterns, involving increased sleep or inability to sleep, observable restlessness or slowing of activity, persistent fatigue or loss of energy, excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness, persistent difficulty with concentration or decision making; suicidal behaviors or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Dysthymic Disorder
Symptoms are generally milder but more chronic than major depression; Persists for at least 2 years, with symptoms present most of the day, for more days than not; For some, symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods (≥ 20 years, becomes part of personality) (response to treatment is typically poor in these cases); Chronicity is greater in dysthymia than MDD, Severity is greater in MDD than dysthymia
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Severe depression, mood swings, anxiety, tension, or irritability occurring before the onset of menses; Improvement of symptoms within a few days of menstruation and minimal or no symptoms following menstruation; (PMDD produces much greater distress than premenstrual syndrome and interferes with social, interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning); Diagnosis requires the presence of five premenstrual symptoms, at least one must involve significantly depressed mood, mood swings, anger, anxiety, tension, irritability, or increased interpersonal conflict.
Other symptoms of PMDD
include difficulty concentrating; social withdrawal, lack of energy, food cravings or overeating, insomnia or excessive sleepiness, feeling overwhelmed, or physical symptoms such as bloating, weight gain, or breast tenderness
Bipolar I Disorder
At least one manic episode has occurred; Depressive episodes are likely to have occurred as well (but not required for diagnosis); Some experience “rapid cycling” of mood episodes (at least 4 episodes – of either type – in one year); Depression does not have to have occurred
Bipolar II Disorder
Alternation between full depressive and hypomanic episodes; The depression tends to be more severe and pronounced in Bipolar II (but that’s not required and not true of all patients)
Cyclothymic Disorder:
The “bipolar version” of dysthymia (Somewhat like a combination of dysthymia and hypomania); Individual cycles between periods of depression and mood elevation that are not severe enough to be major depressive episodes or manic episodes; Must last for at least 2 years; Some will progress to Bipolar I or II
Anorexia Nervosa
Extreme weight loss and thinness, seriously under “expected” body weight (Women may show amenorrhea as a sign of this, Many lack insight into how serious the problem is); Fueled by intense fear of obesity or fear of losing control over eating; Body image disturbance underlies this relentless pursuit of thinness, which often begins with “normal” dieting
SUBTYPES of Anorexia Nervosa
Consider last 3 months- If person has binged/purged in that time, it’s that subtype. If not, it’s restricting
Restricting subtype
Drastically limit caloric intake via dieting and fasting (Not eating as much as normally would or should
Binge-eating/purging subtype
Involves binging on food and then purging it
3 main distinctions of Anorexia Nervosa
1) Severally low body weight, 2) Denial of problem, 3) Significant amount of fear
Bulimia Nervosa:
Binge eating is the “hallmark” of bulimia and involves consuming excessive amounts of food in one sitting; Must happen at least once a week for three months; During a binge, eating is perceived as uncontrollable and may continue until there is physical pain (due to fullness) and/or high levels of guilt/shame; In bulimia nervosa binge eating is required, unlike in anorexia; Far exceed what a typical person would eat
Bulimia Nervosa also includes compensatory behaviors such as purging (eliminating food) through self-induced vomiting, diuretics, or laxatives Differs from B/P subtype of AN because exercising excessively is also common and could even include fasting between binges
Differentiating between Anorexia and Bulimia
- Body Weight: AN: Must be underweight; BN: Does not have associated weight criteria
- Level of fear: AN: Level of fear is present and clinically significant; BN: Does not have a phobic like obsession with it
- What binging/ purging looks like: AN: B/P tends to be more planned and controlled than in bulimia
Binge Eating Disorder
Involves periods of binge eating that are much like those seen in bulimia (excessive eating, loss of control, shame, guilt etc.); Again, at least once a week for 3 months; However, compensatory behavior is not observed; Females more likely to have this disorder (3.5% versus 2% of men); Medical consequences are also common, but are somewhat different and related to excess weight (Does not have to be obese or overweight)
________ Use Disorder (Consider alcohol and other substances in text. “Substance use disorder” would not be an accurate answer.)
Symptoms need to co-occur within a period of 12 months; But only two symptoms need to co-occur within that period; Labeled as mild, moderate, or severe…depending on number of criteria met
Symptoms of SUD
1) Quantity used or the amount of time spent using is often greater than intended; 2) Efforts to control the use are unsuccessful due to a persistent desire for the substance; 3) Considerable time is spent using, recovering from effects, or attempting to obtain; 4) A strong desire, craving, or urge to use is present; 5) Use interferes with major role obligations at work, school, or home; 6) Use continues despite harmful social or interpersonal effects caused or made worse by use; 7) Participation in social, work, or leisure activities is avoided/reduced due to use; 8) Use occurs in situations where it may be physically hazardous; 9) Continued use occurs even when it is causing physical or psychological problems or making these problems worse; 10) Tolerance develops, including a need for increasing quantities to achieve intoxication or desired effects or a noticeable decrease in effects when using the same amount; 11) After heavy or sustained use, reduction in/abstinence from it results in withdrawal symptoms or precipitates resumption of use or similar substances to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Depressants (Categories of Substances)
Alcohol, Opiates (heroin, morphine, codeine, hydro/oxycodone), Anxiolytics/Sedatives (benzos (Xanax, Valium); sleeping pills (Ambien))
Stimulants (Categories of Substances)
Caffeine, Amphetamines (methamphetamine; Rx drugs like Adderall, Ritalin, Vyvanse, Dexedrine), Cocaine
Hallucinogens (Categories of Substances)
LSD (acid), Psilocybin (mushrooms), Mescaline, Salvia
Dissociative Anesthetics (Categories of Substances)
PCP (phencyclidine), Ketamine, Methoxetamine (MXE), Dextromethorphan (DXM)
Substances with mixed properties (Categories of Substances)
Nicotine, Marijuana, Inhalants, and Ecstasy
Gambling Disorder
Very much resembles the substance use disorder criteria, but applies to gambling behavior
Schizophrenia
To be diagnosed two or more of the following symptoms must be present for at least one month a) hallucinations, b) delusions, c) catatonia, d) disorganized speech, or e) negative symptoms (and one must be a, b, or c); Major impairment in functioning since the onset of the symptoms (i.e., obvious “decompensation” over time); Ongoing disturbance for at least 6 months total (with at least one continuous month of features seen in #1)
Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
Delusions and Hallucinations
Cognitive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
Problems with thinking, speech, and communication (Disorganized Speech); Often see problems with attention and memory as well
Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (Schizophrenia)
Catatonia
Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)
Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior
Brief Psychotic Disorder and Schizophreniform Disorder:
Time-limited expressions of SZ symptoms
Brief Psychotic Disorder
1 month, Likely to only involve positive symptoms
Schizophreniform
Typical symptoms of SZ, but between 1 – 6 months, obvious impairment
Delusional Disorder
Delusions in the absence of other psychotic symptoms; 6 subtypes: 5 specific themes + “mixed”
SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder
Grandiose, Persecutory, Erotomanic, Jealous, Somatic, and “Mixed”
Grandiose (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
“I am Rich/Famous”
Persecutory (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
“Someone is out to get me”
Erotomanic (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
“Love is mutual but secret”
Jealous (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
“He is cheating on me”
Somatic (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
Internal body functioning, think something is bizarre “I have gas in my veins instead of blood”
“Mixed” (SUBTYPES of Delusional Disorder)
MULTIPLE
Schizoaffective Disorder
SZ Symptoms and Depressive/Manic Symptoms (Hard to differentiate from bipolar)
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Sexual dysfunction in men that is characterized by a lack of sexual desire
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Distressing disinterest in sexual activities or inability to attain or maintain physiological or psychological arousal during sexual activity
Male Erectile Disorder
Inability to attain or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Sexual dysfunction involving persistent delay or inability to achieve an orgasm with adequate clitoral stimulation
Early Ejaculation
Ejaculation prior to or within 1 minute after vaginal penetration
Delayed Ejaculation
Persistent delay or absence of ejaculation nearly all the time during partnered sex activity
Genito-pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Difficulty with vaginal penetration, fear of pain, tightening of pelvic muscles
Gender Dysphoria
Involves feeling “trapped” in the body of the wrong gender; Strong dissatisfaction/ disgust with one’s sexual anatomy, gender non-conformity, and overwhelming desire to be “more like” the opposite gender; Gender non-conformity in childhood often coincides (experience does not mean Disorder, only those that have clinically significant distress over it)
Fetishistic Disorder
Sexual attraction to non living objects (or specific body parts) that is impairing in some way; Can include any object or body part; Rarely seen in women
Transvestic Disorder
Does not just refer to cross-dressing behavior, Instead is a specific fetish, in which the target of arousal is clothing of the opposite gender (usually a man/women’s clothing) CAN ONLY BE DIAGNOSED IN MEN
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Strong urges and recurrent acts of exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers
Voyeuristic Disorder
Observing an unsuspecting individual undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual behavior
Frotteuristic Disorder
Rubbing against or sexually touching a non-consenting person
Pedophilic Disorder
Pedophiles exhibit sexual attraction to young children or adolescents (usually < age 13); Must have acted on the urges (or be clinically distressed by them) to be diagnosed; Must be at least 16 and 5 years older than the target; Specifiers: exclusive vs. non-exclusive, sexual attraction pattern, and whether limited to incest; Young females are more often targets than males; The disorder is rarer, but not unheard of, in females
Sexual Sadism Disorder
Inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification
Sexual Masochism Disorder
Suffer pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification
Personality Disorder
Characterized by enduring personality patterns (involving behavior, thoughts, emotions, and interpersonal functioning) that are (a) extreme and deviate markedly from cultural expectations, (b) inflexible and pervasive across situations, (c) evident in adolescence or early adulthood and stable over time, and (d) associated with distress and impairment (APA, 2013). Although there are often telltale signs of personality psychopathology in childhood, clinicians do not usually consider a personality disorder diagnosis until late adolescence or adulthood when personality development is more complete.
