Final Flashcards
What are the 6 structures that comprise the skeletal framework of the larynx?
Hyoid bone Corniculate cartilages (2x) Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Arytenoid cartilages (2x) Cricoid cartilage
What are the two laryngeal joints?
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Describe the point of attachement and motion of the cricothyroid joint.
Thé attachement is between the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage and the outer surface of the cricoid cartilage
Motion: rotation and sliding of the thyroid cartilage and rotation and sliding of the cricoid cartilage
Describe the point of attachement and motion of the cricoarytenoid joint.
Attached to the arytenoid cartilages and the cricoid cartilages
Motion: rocking and sliding of he arytenoid cartilages
What are the anterior and posterior attachment sites of the vocal folds?
Anterior: upper thyroid cartilage
Posterior: outside of arytenoid cartilages
What is the attachement point and orientation of the epiglottis?
Attachement: lingual surface is attached to the hyoid bone and the lower part attached to the inside of the thyroid cartilage just below the thyroid notch
What the different intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Cricothyroid: lengthens and shortens the vocal folds
Thyroarytenoid: shortens distance between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Lateral cricoarytenoid: rocks arytenoid cartilage towards midline and slides inward
Transverse arytenoid: pulls arytenoid cartilage together through upward, inward, and backward sliding movements (opens vocal folds)
Oblique arytenoid: pulls arytenoids together in tipping motion (opens vocal folds)
Posterior cricoarytenoid: rocks arytenoids away from midline and out of airway
Differentiate between vocal cords and folds.
Cords: internal thyroarytenoid and vocal ligaments
Folds: cords + external thyroarytenoid
What are the main extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Inferior constrictor
What are the main muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm in normal breathing and external intercostal when trying to speak softly at a high lung volume
What are the main muscles of expiration?
Abdominal and internal intercostales
What are the main active and passive forces in breathing for life?
Active: diaphragm contracting to force inspiration
Passive: natural recoil of diaphragm on expiration and abs on inspiration
How do we adjust our breathing for speaking?
Whispering in high inhalation: external intercostales contract pulling the ribcage up and out to control breathing
Running out of air and talking loudly: internal intercostales and abs contract, pulling the ribs in and pushing the air out
Rest breathing: tidal breathing
Speaking: sharp, quick inhalation with small adjustments during expiration
What are the two cell types in the nervous system?
Glial calls and neurons
Differentiate between the CNS and PNS.
CNS: in bone, includes brain, spinal cord, cerebellum, and brain stem
PNS: begin in CNS and grows out into the periphery, includes cranial nerves (to the head) and spinal (to the body)
Define localization and latéralisation.
Localization: certain areas of the brain perform specific functions
Latéralisation: functions occur in either the right or left side of the brain
State one piece of evidence for the strict localization of sensorimotor and cognitive functions.
Presence of primary functions which is supported by the development of columns in our brain that are associated with columns
State one piece of evidence against the strict localization of sensorimotor and cognitive functions.
Oversimplified
Lésion study is flawed due to the changing of things in the brain
Differentiate between primary and association cortex.
Primary: does one function, normally a yes or no, where the pathway begins
Association: higher order of primary function, everything aside from basic function
What are the three parts of the brain that aren’t associated with motor strength?
Cerebellum: smooth movement
Basal ganglia: November initiation
Association cortex: appropriate movement
What brain structures are associated with motor strength?
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Neuromuscular junction
Peripheral nerve
What does the thalamus do?
Relay Center between body and cerebral cortex
Integrates motor and sensory information
What is the motor control hierarchy?
- Association cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
- Upper motor neuron
- Lower motor neuron
- Peripheral nerve
- Neuromuscular junction
- Muscle
What is a motor unit?
The fundamental unit of muscle
Includes muscle fibres that are innervantes by a single nerve coming from the spinal column and the brain stem
List the anatomical elements of a monosynaptic stretch reflex.
Sensory nerve, muscle spindle, motor neuron, and a muscle fibre
Develop a strategy for assessing signs and symptoms of disorders of motor control.
Strength vs. Abnormal quality of movement
Other parameters can include: presence of atrophy, reflexes, fasiculations
What are the main structures of the outer ear?
Pinna
External auditory meats
What are the main structures of the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane Malleus Stapes Incus Eustachian tube
What are the main structures of the inner ear?
Oval window
Round window
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Dovie the anatomical structures of the ear into conductive and sensorineural elements.
Conductive: pinna, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, malleus, stapes, incus, oval window
Sensorineural: cochlea and organ of corti
Give a general over view of how the acoustic signal is translated into nerve impulses in the ear.
Outer ear collects and directs sounds to ossicles (acoustic to mechanical)
Ossicles direct mechanical energy through oval window to fluid in the cochlea (mechanical to fluid)
Fluid waves cause hair cells embedded in the tympanic membrane to move which causes the release of neurotransmitters, causing an electrical signal to the sent to the brain stem
Depending on the displacement of fluid and the size of the wave, different areas of hairs will move at different frequencies, resulting in release of single from different area and shaping the sound
What are the 3 main functions of the brain stem?
Conduit for the pathway (corridor for all major sensory, motor, cerebellum and cranial nerve pathways)
Location of cranial nerve nuclei
Location of other nuclei with unique functions
What are the unique functions of the brain stem?
Consciousness
Cerebellar circuits
Muscle tone
Cardiac, respiratory and other essential functions
Differentiate cranial and spinal nerves.
Three main differences: additional special senses, location and what info is carried
Spinal: carry motor and somatosensory to the body always together
Cranial: carry special sense info such as smell, taste, vision, hearing to the head and neck and can carry motor or sensory or both
What is senscence?
The progressive deterioration of many bodily functions over time
What sensory functions are affected by aging?
Presbyopia (loss of visual acuity)
Presbycusis: hair cell degeneration of cochlea
Presbosmia and presbystasis
Decreased somatosensory function including tactile spatial acuity
What motor functions are affected by aging?
Sarcopenia = weakness
Slowing and tremor seen with age may be unfinished form of PD or truest normal aging
What effects does aging have on cognition?
Highly variable and generally not significant enough to impair daily occupational or social functioning
Slow down psychologically with age resulting in slower at perceiving, processing, and reacting
The main theory is that it represents reduced inhibition and slow speed with contributions from perceptual deficits, domain specific cognitive impairments and reduced cognitive capacity
How does attention change with age?
Selective attention declines
What is required for selective attention and how does age effect this?
Age causes restrictions in inhibitory control leading to:
1) Reduced access control (ability to ignore concurrent distractions)
2) Reduced deletion control (delete info that is no longer relèvent to current task)
3) Reduced restraint control (restrain responding when a response is inappropriate)
How does selective attention effect our communication?
It is hard to carry on a conversation when you are distracted by things going on around them
How do learning and memory change with aging?
It effects learning/encoding and retrieval of info more than memories, causing more repetition of new info to be required
Not all types of memory are equally vulnerable (ex episodic is highly vs, procedural is not)
Many individuals experience mild cognitive impairment
What parts of language are still intact with aging?
Syntax, morphology, and word knowledge
What parts of language are effected with aging?
The main effects are secondary to slower processing and poorer attention
Word-finding and generative naming may decline but not to the extent that it interferes with communication
What doesn’t change with aging?
IQ Personality (changes in inhibitory control are typically exagérations of personality)
What structures are included in the diencephalon system?
Thalamus
Subthalamic nucleus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relay station for all sensory and motor tracts and regulates cortical activity for alertness
What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?
Part of the basal ganglia circuits for motor and cognitive functions
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls autonomic nervous system including unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, stress/endocrine response, bp, temperature regulation, fluid balance
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Holds pineal gland which secretes melatonin as well as connects dienchelhalon to limbic system and cortex
What are the functions of the limbic system
Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion
What are the structures of the limbic system?
Limbic cortex
Hippocampal formation
Amygdala
Olfactory cortex
What allows for the functions of the limbic system?
Homeostatic functions including autonomic and neuroendocrine functions - connection to hypothalamus
Olfaction - olfactory cortex
Memory - hippocampal formation
Emotions and drives - amygdala
All the systems of the limbic system are interconnected, meaning the activation in one leads to activation in others ex. Smell leads to a memory
Describe the olfactory cortex
Olfactory bulb sits on top of the sinus cavity and under the frontal cavity with neurons going through the skull into the mucous of the nasal cavity
Connected to your memory system (hypothalamus) and thalamus (relaxation via a smell)
Describe the hippocampal formation?
Allows for the encoding of new conscious memories - neurons allow for long term pertentiation
Automatic things are now relient on this (ex. Mirror drawing, obligatory reading, phonology, syntax, morphology, intonation/prosody, semantics, prosody, pragmatics)
Describe the amygdala
Important in rage and aggression
Increases in firing when looking at someone in the eye
Activity illicite fear and panic where as removal is associated with placid, tame behaviour
Connected to limbic cortex, hypothalamus, olfactory cortex, brainstem centres involved in vegetative functions
