Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is an intuition
A
The sense of ‘just knowing’ something is right or wrong, by means of a feeling or hunch
2
Q
What is cultural relativism
A
Theory which is sometimes invoked to prevent people from criticizing the practices of particular culturesthe idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s ownculture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
3
Q
What are Kohlbergs 6 stages of moral reasoning
A
Pre- Conventional:
Morality of obedience
Morality of instrumental egoism and exchange
Conventional:
Morality of interpersonal concordance. Be considerate, nice, and kind
Morality of law and duty to the social order
Post- Conventional:
Morality of consensus. You are obligated to the arrangements that are agreed to by due process.
morality of non-arbitrary social cooperation
4
Q
What is subjective relativism/ moral skepticism
A
idea that morality is simply a matter of individual opinion or taste, which some have the power to impose on others
5
Q
What is contractarianism
A
by thomas hobbes- political theorist
where people are primarily self-interested, and that a rational assessment of the best strategy for attaining the maximization of their self-interest will lead them to act morally
6
Q
what is utilitarianism
A
an action is right if it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct
7
Q
what is hedonist utilitarianism
A
Equated happiness with pleasure
Physical enjoyment of food, sex and comfort
8
Q
what is Pluralist Utilitarianism
A
values such as knowledge, moral excellence, love and friendship, etc. have an intrinsic worth that isn’t reducible to pleasure
9
Q
what is preference utilitarianism
A
preference utilitarian makes no judgment but simply tries to maximize everyone’s subjective preferences
10
Q
what is the difference between an act and rule utilitarian
A
those who think we should always pursue utility directly, and consider whether each action maximizes happiness, and those who think we should pursue it indirectly, and let ourselves be guided by rules, principles, and virtues that have passed the utilitarian test
11
Q
who does not agree with utilitarianism
A
Kantian Deontology Kantians emphasize duty, rules, and universal principles
12
Q
what is a prima facie duty
A
Prima Facie Duties - acts that would be one’s duty unless overridden by more important moral obligation. Prima Facie literally means “on the face of it” or “ apparent.”
13
Q
what are ross’s 7 prima facie duties
A
Fidelity
Reparation
Gratitude: The duty to show thanks to others for their services
Justice
Beneficence
Self-improvement: The duty to help oneself by improving one’s virtue and intelligence.
Non-maleficence
14
Q
what is fidelity
A
The duty to keep promises and fulfil agreements into which one has entered
15
Q
what is reparation
A
The duty of restoring. Making amends for past wrongful acts.
16
Q
what is justice prima facie duty
A
The duty to distribute rewards or punishments by merit
Beneficence: The duty to “do good” and improve others
17
Q
what is beneficence prima facie duty
A
The duty to “do good” and improve the condition of others. Active kindness.
18
Q
what is non maleficence prima facie duty
A
Or non-injury. The duty to avoid doing harm or wrong to others.
19
Q
what are virtues
A
qualities of character or personality that are useful or admirable both for the person who has them and for others
20
Q
What are micro ethics
A
Micro Ethics are “the concepts and values that define individual responsibilities and role behaviour” (personal or role morality
21
Q
What are macro ethics
A
Macro Ethics concern “the principles that govern or should govern our overall system” (politics, law, and distributive justice)
22
Q
What are rights
A
a justified claim on the part of one person or group against some other person, group, or society. The right of one person or group imposes a corresponding duty or obligation on the part of others
23
Q
What are negative rights
A
The right to life, liberty, and property are all negative. They imply that others cannot kill you, or interfere with your freedom, or take away your possessions without due process
24
Q
What is positive freedom
A
originated with T.H. Green (1836-1882). He argued that true freedom is not merely a matter of being left alone, but a positive ability to do something
○ Requires that we have the resources to develop our abilities and explore various options
25
What are positive rights
support positive freedom. Positive rights were championed by welfare liberals and socialists, who believed that the state should provide a social safety net and ensure that people's basic needs were met
26
What do Libertarians and Free-Market Capitalists agree with
sanctify Negative Rights, but suspect that Positive Rights are a bogus excuse to tax away the fruits of our labour and infringe on our negative liberty to do what we want
27
What do Welfare Liberals and Democratic Socialists agree with
uphold both Negative and Positive Rights (as the UN Declaration does). They strongly uphold civil liberties and individual freedom, but are more willing to tax and regulate in the economic sphere for the sake of social welfare, helping the less advantaged, and providing various public goods.
28
What does right wing justice focus on
free market, merit and negative rights
29
what is right wing: free market
however the market allocates wealth through free exchange is just, and whatever market value people receive for the fruits of their labour is just even if it is unequal.
30
what is right wing: merit
those who are smarter, more talented, or more hard working deserve to enjoy a higher standard of living. Some equate merit with market value, while others believe in rewarding other kinds of merit (scholarships for academic achievement, more money for those who work hard and take risks).
31
what is right wing: negative rights
libertarians uphold negative rights, especially property rights. Conservatives favour tax cuts and less government regulation of business.
32
what does left wing justice focus on
equality, need and positive rights
33
what is left wing: equality
each person should receive an equal shares of social benefits and burdens. greater equality of opportunity and more redistribution of wealth. For example, consider have unions prefer to base befits on seniority, which everyone attains, rather than merit.
34
what is left wing: need
the importance of meeting basic human needs, and helping those who require assistance due to poverty, unemployment, or disability. Karl Marx said that in a perfectly Communist society, the principle would be: "From each according to their ability, to each according to their need"
35
what is left wing: positive rights
everyone has a right to welfare, education, health care, etc, and public institution should be generously funded to provide these goods.
36
what is diminishing marginal utility
for money or any good, the amount of utility we gain from each additional unit decreases as the total amount we have increases
37
what does kai nielsen advocate
focuses on employees control over their condition of work
advocates industrial democracy.
Workers run factories and determine how they will work, what they will work on, and their hours of work. Everyone should have a right to work, a right to the means of life.
38
what is Milton Friedmans theory
the stockholder theory- the view that managers only have an ethical responsibility to the owners of the company
Serve their interests and maximize profits
39
What is stakeholder theory
the main alternative to Friedman's view. It insists that managers have a responsibility to all those who have a stake in the company (Owners, Managers, Employees, Customers, Suppliers, and the Local Community)
40
what is the hedonic paradox
says that the more we consciously seek happiness, the less likely we are to achieve it.Do things that you enjoy and value, achieve your goals, and happiness will follow
41
what is the profit- seeking paradox
the more we single-mindedly focus on obtaining profits, the less likely we are the achieve them. The straightforward maximization of profit is ultimately counter-productive if it means finding ways to wring every last cent out of customers and employees.
42
what is abstract greed
Abstract Greed: greed without desire for what money can buy, but rather a brainwashed sense that one ought to maximize income, not to obtain any particular luxury, but simply as an unquestionable goal
43
what is the notion of friedmanism
the notion that the one and only purpose of business is to make as much money as possible
44
what is the notion of eichmannism
```
the tendency of people in large organizations to abdicate responsibility and simply go along with those in charge
milgam experiment (electric chair with increasing voltage)
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45
what are the necessary features in defining professions
```
Extensive training (they usually require advanced degrees)
Provide important services for society
Training and skills are largely intellectual, they apply specialized knowledge
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46
What are classic professions
Classic Professions- Medicine, law, clergy
| First jobs to be professionalized
47
what are business professions
Business Professions- engineering, accounting, management
• Reflect as industrial and commercial society in which technology, keeping track of money, and running large organizations are important
48
why are social responsibility of professions more important
Shaw and Barry:
Society invests heavily in the training of professionals.
Society grants professions a wide area of self-governance.
The state permits professions a monopoly over the provision of certain services.
We invest with a trust that they will watch over the well-being of society
49
what is laity
a term which originally meant everyone outside the religious clergy, but has come to refer to all non- professionals
From doctor perspective; everyone outside the medical profession is a laity
50
what are dangers of professionalization: conspiracies in restraint of trade
Business corporations engaging in monopolistic practices, like price fixing, are described as conspiracies in restraint of trade
limit competition by promoting Licensing and Credentialing as a requirement to practice a profession
51
What is in the careless society with John McKnight
he fears that community will be replaced by reliance on helping experts (leave it to the social worker, the counsellor, etc). He is also concerned that welfare money will be unduly funnelled into the pockets of helping professionals rather than reaching the needy
52
what are michael bayles 2 remedies for the downside of professionalization
Put members of the public in professional regulatory bodies in sufficient numbers to give them a majority
Limit the requirement for Licensing to certain services
53
What does John Ladd think about the code of professional ethics
Professional codes confuse ethics (which is open-ended and reflective) with law-making, rule-making, or policy-making
a philosopher who is skeptical of the value of codes of ethics
54
what is whistleblowing
when an insider reports or publicizes the wrongdoing of a corporate or government organization
55
What is bluffing
an act in which one attempts to misrepresent one's intentions or overstate the strength of one's position in the bargaining process
56
What does Carr defend about bluffing
defending the idea that business and private life have different ethical imperatives, and that business people may properly do whatever they want within the law
57
Definition of lie
a deliberate false statement intended to deceive others, or forseen as likely to deceive (Carson)
an intentionally deceptive message
58
What is deception
intentionally causing another to have false beliefs. It is the broader category
59
What are the 3 positions on lying
Absolutist
Expedient
The principle of veracity
60
What does an absolutist believe on lying
forbids lying under any circumstances
61
What does an expedient believe on lying
It is just one of many acts which are to be evaluated on whether they promote utility in a given case
62
What does the principle of veracity mean in lying
we have a prima facie obligation to keep promises and tell the truth. Lying is bad and honesty should be our default position. But in special circumstances and certain moral dilemmas, lying may be permissible.
63
3 Positions against lying
lying as violence
lying and the fabric of trust
lying and respect for autonomy
64
3 Justifications for lying
right to self- defence
right to privacy and to avoid self incrimination
right to fairness and to avoid being a sucker
65
What are the 2 miscellaneous justifications of lying
consent
| white lies
66
What are bribes
socially disapproved inducements of official action. They are payments or gifts intended to secure some advantage or favour from an official in contravention of their duty.
67
what does the foreign corrupt practices act do
Prohibit the bribery of foreign government officials
make it illegal for U.S., persons to bribe a foreign government official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business
68
What do realists believe in bribery (Henry lane and Donald Simpson)
Realists argue that "your competitors use bribes and unless you are willing to meet this standard, competitive practice you will lose business and, ultimately, jobs for workers at home"
69
What do moralists believe in bribery (Henry lane and Donald Simpson)
Moralists believe that bribery is wrong, that "cultural relativity is no excuse for unethical behavior" and "we should uphold our legal and ethical standards anywhere in the world"
70
What is extortion
when money is demanded by government officials, as opposed to bribes which are offered to them by companies
71
When was there a shift in advertising
in the 1890's there was a shift in advertising to slogans, jingles, and photographic images
72
When did advertising begin to draw on psychology to influence consumer behaviour
In the 1920's, advertising began to draw on psychology to influence consumer behaviour. The psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and the behaviorist theories of John B. Watson were both becoming popular
73
What did Freud see in humans
Freud saw humans not as rational beings, but as controlled by unconscious desires, often sexual in nature
74
What did Watson see in people
Watson, the father of behaviourism, saw people as a stimulus-response mechanism which could be conditioned to behave in certain ways
75
What is bait and switch
"Bait and Switch" is a ploy in which a product is advertised but only a few items are keep in stock, so customers are lured into the store and then switched to more expensive items
76
What is doublespeak
the art of creating a false impression and misleading through words without actually lying. "to make promises without actually promising anything, to make statements about products without actually saying anything, to pretend to communicate while saying nothing"
77
What are parity products
these are products that are essentially the same, so they must be promoted on the basis of image-making. For example, Coke and Pepsi or competing brands of toothpaste.
78
What are weasel words
They appear to say something but actually just create a vague positive impression
ex. New and improved, up to
79
What is puffery
the practice of making exaggerated, fanciful, or highly suggestive claims about a product or service
Usually the exaggeration is obvious and concerns subjective feelings or non-material associations
80
What is the dependance effect and whos concept is it
• economist John Kenneth Galbraith's concept that business creates the desire for its products through advertising. Rather than producing products to satisfy pre-existing desires, business creates the desire for what it has to sell
81
What is autonomy
To be autonomous is not merely to be free, in the sense of being left alone, but to have the inner resources to make use of that freedom in a self-directed way
Autonomous if we identify and fully own them
Non- autonomous if foreign to our personality
82
What is subliminal advertising
Subliminal advertising reaches the unconscious directly with a message that the consumer isn't consciously aware of. ex, if the words "hungry" or "buy popcorn" could be flashed across a movie screen so quickly that they weren't consciously perceived, and it resulted in an increase of popcorn sales
83
What is an advertising technique that concerns Waide
associative advertising
It tries to link non-marketable goods (popularity, sex appeal, and success) with the product they are selling
the overall message it sends is "you are what you own" and the way to attain the non-material goods we long for is to buy consumer products
84
What is the Employment at Will (EAW)
in the absence of a specific contract, an employer may hire, fire, demote, or promote any employee
freedom of owners and managers to do what they want with their business
85
What are unions
Unions are a means of balancing power between workers and management, especially when workers are low skilled and easily replaced
86
What is the Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications (BFOQs)
these are job specifications to which civil right law does not apply. This concept exists to sort out criteria on which it is reasonable to "discriminate" from criteria which are prohibited
87
What is nepotism
the practice of showing favouritism to relatives and close friends, is clearly natural is a family business, but obviously wrong in a corporate or government setting if the person isn't qualified
88
What are the 3 headings in the nine point bill of rights for employees
freedoms of speech, association, and conscience
right to privacy
procedural rights
89
what are the 3 points in the freedom of speech, association, and conscience heading of bill of rights
1. Right to criticize, in speech or press, the ethics or legality of management actions.
2. Right to engage in the political, economic, or cultural activities of one's choice after working hours, and to express views contrary to those of management.
3. Right to refuse to carry out an order that violates the common norms of morality.
90
What are the 4 points in the right to privacy heading of the bill of rights
1. Limits on surveillance without consent, the right to refuse tests that invade privacy.
2. Forbids unreasonable search and seizure in the workplace.
3. Workers can check their files, there are limits on information gathering and sharing.
4. Blacklisting is forbidden.
91
What are the 2 points in the procedural rights heading of the bill of rights
1. Those discharged or demoted are entitled to a written statement of explanation.
2. Employees who feel their rights have been violated are entitled to a hearing before an impartial arbitrator.
92
What is sigmun Frueds meaning of life
to love and to work
93
what is the dominant approach to the meaning of life
to sell your life energy (time, etc.) for the maximum income, and try to compensate for time at work by using the proceeds to enjoy an affluent consumer lifestyle
94
what is the voluntary simplicity movement of the meaning of life
§ to live as simply as possible, so as to reduce the amount of life energy that must be sold for pay
95
What is Felice Shwartz concept about work and family issues
raised the issue of high turnover for female managers and linked it to family issues"Career-Primary" women on the Fast Track and "Career-and-Family" women on the Mommy Track
96
What is Felice Schwarts program about
family-friendly programs that allow "Career-and-Family" women to remain in management jobs
• Extended parental and family leave
• Flexible scheduling, flextime, and telecommuting
Job sharing, and part-time jobs without loss of benefits and status
97
What are the 4 groups that are recognized to benefit from affirmative action policies
women
aboriginal people
disabled persons
visible minorities
98
4 points in defining equality in employment
non discrimination
economic, social, political, and educational equality
meeting special needs
quota laws, reverse discrimination
99
What was Jan Narvesons concept about employment discrimination
No duty to hire anyone; whoever creates the jobs can give them to the people they want on whatever basis
Discrimination is not economically rational; companies are rewarded for hiring the most competent people
100
Whos concept was weak vs. strong sense affirmative action
Thomas Nagel
| - from weak to strong
101
What is weak sense affirmative action
special efforts to ensure equal opportunity, such as public advertisement of positions, active recruitment of a designated minority, or special training programs.
102
what is strong sense affirmative action
definite preference for designated minority over other candidates who are better qualified. This may involve quotas.
103
What are the 4 arguments FOR affirmative action
1) Compensatory Justice Argument
today members of Group B today should be compensated through reverse discrimination at Group A's expense.
2) Equal Results Argument
3) Racist or Sexist Society Argument
4) Role Model or Breaking the Stereotypes Argument
104
What are Louis Pojmans 4 arguments against affirmative action
1) Reverse Discrimination is Morally Self- ContradictoryReverse 2)Discrimination is Unjust
3) The Designation of "Victim Groups" to Receive Preferential Treatment is Arbitrary
4) Utility- The Negative Impact of Reverse Discrimination
105
What is Quid Pro Quo as sexual harassment in the workplace
Literally means something is given in return for something else
Employee must submit to unwelcome sexual advances in order to keep her job or get a raise, promotion, etc
106
What is hostile environment in sexual harassment in the workplace
Unwelcome sexual conduct which poisons the victim's work environment- must be pervasive, and harmful to the victim's emotional well- being to meet the definition for hostile work environment
107
what is sexual harassment
behavior that is not only unwelcome but repeated
108
what is sexual favouritism
§ supervisor rewards those employees who submit to sexual demands
109
what is harassment by non- employees
An employer can be held responsible for such harassment if he has control or could have control over the situation
Since the employer made her wear the uniform, but did nothing to protect her, the employer could be held liable
110
what is morally wrong with sexual harassment
It is the "harassment" that is objectionable, the fact that it is "sexual" is not relevant. The classic sexual harasser is a bully who enjoys abusing power, making women feel uncomfortable, putting women down
111
What is Donna Laframboise polarized views about sexual harassment
Many men fear that their innocent behaviour may be misunderstood
no clear behavioral definition of sexual harassment, beyond indecent assault and quid pro quo threats. So much depends on context and interpretation
112
What are De Georges 7 guidelines for multinational corporations operating in the 3rd world
1. Do no intentional direct harm.
2. Produce more good than bad for the host country (utilitarian)
3. Contribute to the country's development.
4. Respect employee rights
5. Pay fair share of taxes.
6. Respect and work with local culture
7. Cooperate with local government (labour unions, taxes, regulations, redistribution of wealth)
113
what are the global implications of environmental issues
The burning of fossil fuels and the cutting of forests contributes to the Greenhouse Effect which impacts the temperature and weather of the entire planet
○ They transcend boundaries
114
What are the 4 characteristics of environmental issues
global implications
long term effects
uncertainty (how much risk?)
basic ethical questions
115
What is anthropocentrism by Baxter
in which animals and nature only have value in reference to people
• merely means to human satisfaction
• People only consider penguins important because they enjoy looking at them- no intrinsic value
116
What are the 2 approaches that would disagree with anthropocentrism
animal rights
| deep ecology
117
who is the leading philosophical defender of animal rights
Peter Singer
a utilitarian and expands the theory to include, not just the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people, but the pleasures and pains of all sentient beings
118
What does deep ecology mean (biocentrism)
* gives weight to the interests not only of animals but of natural ecosystems
* Biocentric
* insists that all living beings have value and are ends in themselves
119
What is the tragedy of commons
The problem is that unowned (and not easily divided) air and water leads to a Tragedy of the Commons
120
What is the Cost Benefit Analysis to economic utilitarianism
based on the premis that everything of value can be quantified in terms of market value or willingness to pay
121
What are the 5 problems with the cost benefit analysis
not some value free tool of economic analysis
sacrifices some for the sake of the majority
hard to quantify environment risks
some things can and should not be values in market terms (sex)
biased in favour of those with money
122
What is conservation
fits with Baxter's anthropocentrism in the previous article. Forests are to be conserved and scientifically managed so they can be used wisely by people
○ instrumental value- whatever it can yield for the service of man
123
What is preservation
the preservation philosophy sees a spiritual and aesthetic value of wilderness. It upholds the inherent worth of other living things
