final

Question 1

six stages of development of career counseling

Answer 1

Pope

1: growth of placement services in urban areas to meet needs of growing industrial organizations
2. growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary
3: growth of guidance in college and universities, and counselor training
4: organization career development, pervasive lifestyle
5: transitions brought on by information technology, private practice, outplacement services
6: changing demographics, multi cultural counseling, development of tech, school-work transitions

Question 2

Frank parsons

Answer 2

1908
choosing a vocation
systematic, conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career
established career guidance program

Question 3

first national conference

Answer 3

boston 1910

national vocational guidance association 1913

Question 4

Career counseling was created to

Answer 4

to meet the needs of society as it shifted from rural to urban living in the industrial age

Question 5

Case for the individual

Answer 5

Emphasis on the individual really boils down to an appreciation of individual differences and
uniqueness. We realize that even though we may use the same interventions with a multitude of clients, and interpret the same instrument repeatedly, that each individual represents a complex interplay of experiences, history, traits, abilities, interests and values.

Question 6

career life perspective

Answer 6

Suggests that career choice should not take place in a vacuum, that career is but one role that we
play, that counselors should explore all the interactions between work and other aspects of a
person’s life, and that there is a holistic nature to our choices.

Question 7

working in the 21st century

Answer 7

Work today is a reflection of our lives today. It is much more complex, with an emphasis on
speed, technology and information. Other practices such as outsourcing and contract/temp work are becoming more common. What may represent woe for one client (whose job is being outsourced) may represent glee for another (people can craft professional careers via contract work and maintain flexibility and independence).

Question 8

career development

Answer 8

the total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any individual

Question 9

Which of the following was an effect of the rise of industrialism in the late 1800’s

Answer 9

many experienced a loss of identity

Question 10

1917 Smith-Hughes Act established grants for

Answer 10

support of vocational/educational programs

Question 11

new concept of education emerged in the early 1970s

Answer 11

prepare youth for entering the work force

Question 12

Who was responsible for the first major breach from Parson’s three step model?

Answer 12

Rodgers

Question 13

Which is true about the 21st century worker?

Answer 13

their finely tuned skills will be built on a solid knowledge base that needs continual updating

Question 14

Discuss how the study of human abilities influenced the career guidance movement.

Answer 14

The study of human differences eventually led to a humanistic approach to counseling.
Counselors placed greater emphasis upon all aspects of lifestyle.
A major emphasis was placed upon individual potential and work-related experience.
A greater emphasis was placed upon individuality of human traits and abilities.

Question 15

What does an integrated approach to career counseling mean, and what are the implications of such an approach for career counselors?

Answer 15

Clients are complex, and come to counseling with issues that impact various areas of their lives
Career counselors need a broad array of skills.
Career issues are not isolated from other mental health issues.
Counselors not specializing in career development need to have some career counseling training
and knowledge.

Question 16

A client you are seeing reports being under a heavy load of stress, and it’s to the point that she dreads going to work, and is having problems eating and sleeping. Identify 3 possible interventions or recommendations that you might make.

Answer 16

A. Stress management techniques
B. Depression screening
C. Time management
D. Career decision making procedures
E. An inventory or career/life satisfaction
F. Journaling
G. Cognitive restructuring – linking thoughts and feelings to behaviors

Question 17

Describe what you might explore if you were trying to clarify a client’s lifestyle orientation?

Answer 17

A. The person’s commitment to work, leisure, volunteer activities, home and family
B. Individual aspirations for social status
C. Work climate preferences
D. Education and training goals
E. Desires/needs with respect to mobility and financial security

Question 18

Trait-Oriented theories

Answer 18

Refers to theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that makes up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
Potential sets of reinforcers in the work environment enhance job satisfaction. Individuals are attracted to occupational environments meeting their personal needs and this provides satisfaction.

Question 19

Trait-and-Factor Theory ~Parsons

Answer 19

Matching individual’s traits with requirements of specific occupation. Key assumption: individuals have unique patterns of ability/traits that can be objectively measured and correlated with requirements of various job types.

Question 20

Trait-and-Factor Theory Williamson

Answer 20

Williamson evolved from Parsons
Six sequential steps
Analysis - data gathering, separate components
Synthesis - strengths/weaknesses
Diagnosis - identify issues, thoughts and behaviors
Prognosis - predict and map out success 
Counseling 
Follow-up

Question 21

John holland typology

Answer 21

Individuals are attracted to career due to personality and variables that create their background.
Career choice expression of personality into work world and there needs to be congruence with view of self with occupational preference.
concept one chooses career to satisfy one’s preferred modal persona orientation
Self knowledge and Career information essential for career decision making
Six kinds of modal occupation environments and six matching modal personal orientations
R - realistic
I - investigative
A - artistic
S- social
E - enterprising
C - conventional

Question 22

Social Learning and Cognitive Theories

Answer 22

Social conditioning, social position, and life events influence career choice
Individuals influenced by:
Genetic endowments
Contextual experiences
Learning experiences
Skills learned in managing tasks
Problem solving and decision making

Question 23

3 Social Learning and Cognitive Theories

Answer 23

Learning Theory of Career Counseling - Krumboltz Cognitive Information Processing Perspective - Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon
Social Cognitive Perspective - Lent, Brown, & Hackett

Question 24

Learning Theory of Career Counseling ~ (LTCC) Krumboltz

Answer 24

Attempt to simplify process of career selection based on life events
Four factors:
1.Genetic endowment
2. Environmental conditions and events
3. Learning experiences (observation and direct experiences)
4. Task approach skills

Model emphasizes importance of learning experiences and their effect on occupational selection.
Learning takes place through observation
Need to assist individual to understand validity of their beliefs (major component)

Question 25

Happenstance Approach

Answer 25

Krumboltz ~ LTCC
Premise suggests chance events over one’s lifespan can have positive and negative consequences that influence career choice
Five critical client skills
curiosity - persistence - flexibility - optimism - risk taking

Question 26

Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)

~Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon

Answer 26

Career counselor’s principal function is to identify client’s needs and develop interventions to help client acquire knowledge and skills to address those needs.
Career problem solving a cognitive process that can be improved through CASVE procedure Problem solving heavily stressed
Career Counseling is a learning event

Question 27

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) ~Lent, Brown, & Hackett

Answer 27

Embedded in Bandura’s General Social Cognitive Theory
Major goals:
Find methods of defining specific mediators from which learning experiences shape and influence career behavior.
Explain how variables (interest, abilities, values) interrelate and influence career outcomes

Question 28

The development of assessment instruments and the refinement of occupational information are closely associated with which theory:

Answer 28

trait-oriented

Question 29

developmental theories

Answer 29

lifespan and linespace approach,

adapt o life changing roles

Question 30

Donald super stages, tasks

Answer 30

growth, exploratory, establishment, maintenance, decline

crystallization, specifications, implementation, stabilization, consolidation

Question 31

person environment perceptive

Answer 31

career construction theory, contextual explanation of career
concerns of clients do not only exist within the person

Question 32

PEC theory emphasizes that:

Answer 32

an individual seeks to achieve & maintain a positive relationship within her/his work environment

Question 33

Having a clear and stable picture of one’s goals, interests and talents, is a description of:

Answer 33

vocationalidentity

Question 34

most popular theory in practical application

Answer 34

trait and factor theory

Question 35

diagnosis of client problems

Answer 35

differential, dynamic decisional

labels: decided, undecided , indecisive

Question 36

5 models of career counseling

Answer 36

trait factor combined with pef: emphasizes optimal fit of each client with occupation

developmental: stresses promoting career development over the lifespan

learning theory: uses learning interventions to improve each clients skills and other personal characteristics

cognitive approach model: stresses individual learning plans and cognitive restructuring

multicultural model fort ethnic women emphasizes recognizing salient cultural variables that inhibit career choice

Question 37

sequence of career counseling interview

Answer 37

informal assessment of wellbeing, assets, strengths, identifying information, family life, social/developmemt history, life roles, problems that interfere with career choice and development, claryify problems, identify goals

Question 38

interview cultural sensitivity

Answer 38

eye contact, touch, probing questions, space and distance, restrictive emotions, self-disclosure, confrontation

Question 39

career choice and development constraints

Answer 39

contextual experiences, changing nature of work, negative cognitions, psychological disorders

Question 40

disclosure of information to another professional requires

Answer 40

signed written consent

Question 41

free consent

Answer 41

no coercion

Question 42

informed consent

Answer 42

informed of purpose and goals of counseling