final Flashcards
six stages of development of career counseling
Pope
1: growth of placement services in urban areas to meet needs of growing industrial organizations
2. growth of educational guidance in elementary and secondary
3: growth of guidance in college and universities, and counselor training
4: organization career development, pervasive lifestyle
5: transitions brought on by information technology, private practice, outplacement services
6: changing demographics, multi cultural counseling, development of tech, school-work transitions
Frank parsons
1908
choosing a vocation
systematic, conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career
established career guidance program
first national conference
boston 1910
national vocational guidance association 1913
Career counseling was created to
to meet the needs of society as it shifted from rural to urban living in the industrial age
Case for the individual
Emphasis on the individual really boils down to an appreciation of individual differences and
uniqueness. We realize that even though we may use the same interventions with a multitude of clients, and interpret the same instrument repeatedly, that each individual represents a complex interplay of experiences, history, traits, abilities, interests and values.
career life perspective
Suggests that career choice should not take place in a vacuum, that career is but one role that we
play, that counselors should explore all the interactions between work and other aspects of a
person’s life, and that there is a holistic nature to our choices.
working in the 21st century
Work today is a reflection of our lives today. It is much more complex, with an emphasis on
speed, technology and information. Other practices such as outsourcing and contract/temp work are becoming more common. What may represent woe for one client (whose job is being outsourced) may represent glee for another (people can craft professional careers via contract work and maintain flexibility and independence).
career development
the total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any individual
Which of the following was an effect of the rise of industrialism in the late 1800’s
many experienced a loss of identity
1917 Smith-Hughes Act established grants for
support of vocational/educational programs
new concept of education emerged in the early 1970s
prepare youth for entering the work force
Who was responsible for the first major breach from Parson’s three step model?
Rodgers
Which is true about the 21st century worker?
their finely tuned skills will be built on a solid knowledge base that needs continual updating
Discuss how the study of human abilities influenced the career guidance movement.
The study of human differences eventually led to a humanistic approach to counseling.
Counselors placed greater emphasis upon all aspects of lifestyle.
A major emphasis was placed upon individual potential and work-related experience.
A greater emphasis was placed upon individuality of human traits and abilities.
What does an integrated approach to career counseling mean, and what are the implications of such an approach for career counselors?
Clients are complex, and come to counseling with issues that impact various areas of their lives
Career counselors need a broad array of skills.
Career issues are not isolated from other mental health issues.
Counselors not specializing in career development need to have some career counseling training
and knowledge.
A client you are seeing reports being under a heavy load of stress, and it’s to the point that she dreads going to work, and is having problems eating and sleeping. Identify 3 possible interventions or recommendations that you might make.
A. Stress management techniques
B. Depression screening
C. Time management
D. Career decision making procedures
E. An inventory or career/life satisfaction
F. Journaling
G. Cognitive restructuring – linking thoughts and feelings to behaviors
Describe what you might explore if you were trying to clarify a client’s lifestyle orientation?
A. The person’s commitment to work, leisure, volunteer activities, home and family
B. Individual aspirations for social status
C. Work climate preferences
D. Education and training goals
E. Desires/needs with respect to mobility and financial security
Trait-Oriented theories
Refers to theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that makes up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
Potential sets of reinforcers in the work environment enhance job satisfaction. Individuals are attracted to occupational environments meeting their personal needs and this provides satisfaction.
Trait-and-Factor Theory ~Parsons
Matching individual’s traits with requirements of specific occupation. Key assumption: individuals have unique patterns of ability/traits that can be objectively measured and correlated with requirements of various job types.
Trait-and-Factor Theory Williamson
Williamson evolved from Parsons Six sequential steps Analysis - data gathering, separate components Synthesis - strengths/weaknesses Diagnosis - identify issues, thoughts and behaviors Prognosis - predict and map out success Counseling Follow-up
John holland typology
Individuals are attracted to career due to personality and variables that create their background.
Career choice expression of personality into work world and there needs to be congruence with view of self with occupational preference.
concept one chooses career to satisfy one’s preferred modal persona orientation
Self knowledge and Career information essential for career decision making
Six kinds of modal occupation environments and six matching modal personal orientations
R - realistic
I - investigative
A - artistic
S- social
E - enterprising
C - conventional
Social Learning and Cognitive Theories
Social conditioning, social position, and life events influence career choice Individuals influenced by: Genetic endowments Contextual experiences Learning experiences Skills learned in managing tasks Problem solving and decision making
3 Social Learning and Cognitive Theories
Learning Theory of Career Counseling - Krumboltz Cognitive Information Processing Perspective - Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon
Social Cognitive Perspective - Lent, Brown, & Hackett
Learning Theory of Career Counseling ~ (LTCC) Krumboltz
Attempt to simplify process of career selection based on life events
Four factors:
1.Genetic endowment
2. Environmental conditions and events
3. Learning experiences (observation and direct experiences)
4. Task approach skills
Model emphasizes importance of learning experiences and their effect on occupational selection.
Learning takes place through observation
Need to assist individual to understand validity of their beliefs (major component)
Happenstance Approach
Krumboltz ~ LTCC
Premise suggests chance events over one’s lifespan can have positive and negative consequences that influence career choice
Five critical client skills
curiosity - persistence - flexibility - optimism - risk taking
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
~Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon
Career counselor’s principal function is to identify client’s needs and develop interventions to help client acquire knowledge and skills to address those needs.
Career problem solving a cognitive process that can be improved through CASVE procedure Problem solving heavily stressed
Career Counseling is a learning event
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) ~Lent, Brown, & Hackett
Embedded in Bandura’s General Social Cognitive Theory
Major goals:
Find methods of defining specific mediators from which learning experiences shape and influence career behavior.
Explain how variables (interest, abilities, values) interrelate and influence career outcomes
The development of assessment instruments and the refinement of occupational information are closely associated with which theory:
trait-oriented
developmental theories
lifespan and linespace approach,
adapt o life changing roles
Donald super stages, tasks
growth, exploratory, establishment, maintenance, decline
crystallization, specifications, implementation, stabilization, consolidation
person environment perceptive
career construction theory, contextual explanation of career
concerns of clients do not only exist within the person
PEC theory emphasizes that:
an individual seeks to achieve & maintain a positive relationship within her/his work environment
Having a clear and stable picture of one’s goals, interests and talents, is a description of:
vocationalidentity
most popular theory in practical application
trait and factor theory
diagnosis of client problems
differential, dynamic decisional
labels: decided, undecided , indecisive
5 models of career counseling
trait factor combined with pef: emphasizes optimal fit of each client with occupation
developmental: stresses promoting career development over the lifespan
learning theory: uses learning interventions to improve each clients skills and other personal characteristics
cognitive approach model: stresses individual learning plans and cognitive restructuring
multicultural model fort ethnic women emphasizes recognizing salient cultural variables that inhibit career choice
sequence of career counseling interview
informal assessment of wellbeing, assets, strengths, identifying information, family life, social/developmemt history, life roles, problems that interfere with career choice and development, claryify problems, identify goals
interview cultural sensitivity
eye contact, touch, probing questions, space and distance, restrictive emotions, self-disclosure, confrontation
career choice and development constraints
contextual experiences, changing nature of work, negative cognitions, psychological disorders
disclosure of information to another professional requires
signed written consent
free consent
no coercion
informed consent
informed of purpose and goals of counseling
