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FRHD 3070 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What does qualitative interviewing involve?

A

asking question, listening, expressing interest, and recording what was said.

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2
Q

What are some of the additional names that qualitative interviews go by?

A

unstructured, semi-structured, in depth, ethnographic, open ended, informal , long

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3
Q

What is an interview guide?

A

A list of questions that a researcher wishes to address in the course of a qualitative interview.

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4
Q

What are the 9 different question types that can occur during a qualitative interview according to Kvale?

A
  • introducing questions
  • follow-up questions
  • probing questions
  • specifying questions
  • direct questions
  • indirect questions
  • structuring questions
  • interpreting questions
  • silence
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5
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviews, this refers to questions that are general opening questions in which the interviewee is prompted to give his or her account of a situation or experience.

A

Introducing questions

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6
Q

What type of question is this: refers to questions that are asked in qualitative interviews to get additional description about topics just discussed by the interviewee

A

Follow-Up Questions

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7
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviews, refers to types of questions used by an interviewer to expand on incomplete points an interviewee has raised

A

probing questions

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8
Q

What is the difference between follow-up questions and probing questions?

A

With follow-up questions, the interviewer asks the interviewee to expand on a particular point; with probing questions, the interviewer asks for general expansion without indicating which part of the answer he or she is interested in getting information about.

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9
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviews, questions that the researcher asks to get more detailed descriptions about specific aspects of the interviewee’s descriptions.

A

Specifying Questions

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10
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviewing, questions introduced by the interviewer usually toward the end of the interview to address specific topics that may not have been covered.

A

Direct Questions

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11
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviews, questions that the interviewer asks to get a sense of how the interviewee believes other people think, behave, or feel.

A

Indirect Questions

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12
Q

What type of question is this: Questions used in qualitative interviews to keep the interview on track if it has gone off topic or to keep the interview moving along.

A

Structuring Questions

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13
Q

What type of question is this: In qualitative interviewing, questions that are asked to ensure that the researcher is interpreting what the interviewee is saying as correctly as possible.

A

Interpreting Questions

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14
Q

What is a technique used by researchers to get interviewees to continue speaking (by not saying anything)?

A

Silence

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15
Q

Research that uses qualitative interviewing as its method of collection is typically ______ in nature.

A

Inductive

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16
Q

What is theoretical sampling?

A

means a researcher does not know in advance how many individuals he or she needs to interview.

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17
Q

What is selective transcription?

A

A transcription technique in qualitative interviews where only parts of interviews that the researcher deems most relevant are transcribed.

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18
Q

What is groupthink?

A

In focus group research, refers to people’s natural desire to avoid conflict and learn toward group consensus, even when the opinion of the group does not reflect their own personal opinions.

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19
Q

A good rule of thumb is that if there is no causal question to answer, then is it probably not an ________.

A

Impact evaluation

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20
Q

______ research builds on the principles of a positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques.

A

Experimental research

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21
Q

What are 3 things that researchers do in experiments?

A
  1. begin with a hypothesis
  2. Modify something in a situation
  3. compare outcomes with and without the modification
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22
Q

The ______ is usually best for issues that have a narrow scope or scale.

A

experiment

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23
Q

Define: Random Assignment

A

Dividing subjects into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a random process, so the experimenter can treat the groups as equivalent.

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24
Q

Random means that a case has a _____ chance of ending up in one group or the other group.

A

an exactly equal chance

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25
Q

What happens in random sampling?

A

the researcher selects a smaller subset of cases from a larger pool.

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26
Q

Explain how to randomly assign:

A

A researcher begins with a collection of cases (individuals, organizations, or whatever the unit of analysis is) and then divides it into two or more groups by a random process, such as asking people to count off, tossing a coin, or throwing dice. For example, a researcher wants to divide 32 people into two groups of 16. A random method is writing each person’s name on a slip of paper, putting the slips in a hat, mixing the slips with eyes closed, and then drawing the first 16 names for Group 1 and the second 16 for Group 2.

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27
Q

Define: Subjects

A

In experimental research, the cases or people used in research projects and on whom variables are measured.

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28
Q

Define: treatment

A

What the independent variable in experimental research is called (denoted by the symbol “X”)

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29
Q

Define: dependent variables or outcomes

A

the physical conditions, social behaviours, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs of subjects that change in response to a treatment (often denoted as “O”)

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30
Q

How can dependent variables be measured?

A
  • paper and pencil indicators
  • observation
  • interviews
  • physiological responses
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31
Q

Define: Pretest

A

the measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment prior to the treatment

32
Q

Define: Post-test

A

the measurement of the dependent variable in experimental research after the treatment

33
Q

Define: Experimental group

A

the group that receives the treatment in experimental research

34
Q

Define: Control group

A

the group that does not receive the treatment in experimental research

35
Q

Define: Deception

A

When an experimenter lies to subjects about the true nature of an experiment or creates a false impression through his or her actions or the setting.

36
Q

Define: Experimental Design

A

Arranging the parts of an experiment and putting them together.

37
Q

Define: Classical experimental design

A

An experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, an experimental group, and pretests and post-tests for each group.

38
Q

Define: Pre-experimental designs

A

Experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design. They may be substituted in situations where an experimenter cannot use all the features of a classical experimental design, but they have weaker internal validity.

39
Q

Define: One-shot case study

A

An experimental design with only an experimental group and a post-test, no pretest.

40
Q

The experiment is usually best for issues that have _________

A

a narrow scope or scale.

41
Q

In general, the ______ is better suites for micro-level concerns than for macro-level concerns or questions.

A

experiment

42
Q

What are the seven parts of the classic experimental design?

A
  1. Treatment or independent variable
  2. Dependent variable
  3. Pretest
  4. Post-test
  5. Experimental group
  6. Control group
  7. Random assignment
43
Q

What the independent variable in experimental research is called:

A

treatment

44
Q

What are some examples of dependent variables or outcomes?

A
  • physical conditions
  • social behaviours
  • attitudes and feelings
  • beliefs of subjects

All of the above change in response to a treatment

45
Q

What are the two types of experimental design?

A

Classical experimental design and pre-experimental design.

46
Q

What is the other name for a static group comparison?

A

post-test-only nonequivalent group design.

47
Q

Define: Static group comparison

A

An experimental design with two groups, no random assignment, and only a post-test.

48
Q

What is a weakness of the static group comparison?

A

any post-test outcome difference between the groups could be due to group differences prior to the experiment instead of to the treatment.

49
Q

What is a Quasi-Experimental design?

A

Experimental designs that are stronger than pre-experimental designs. They are variations on the classical experimental design that an experimenter uses in special situations or when an experimenter has limited control over the independent variable.

50
Q

Describe an interrupted time series design:

A

a researcher uses one group and makes multiple pretest measures before and after the treatment.

51
Q

Describe equivalent time series design:

A

one-group design that extends over a time period. It has a pretest, treatment, and post-test followed by treatment and post test, treatment and post test, and so on.

52
Q

What does the Latin square design examine?

A

whether the order or sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect. (ie geography topics being taught in various order to see which order would be most beneficial for the students)

53
Q

Describe the solomon four-group design:

A

subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups. Only one experimental group and one control group receive a pretest. All four groups receive a post-test.

54
Q

What is an interaction effect?

A

The effect of two independent variables that operate simultaneously. The effect of the variables together is greater than what would occur from a simple addition of the effects from each. The variables operate together on one another to create an extra boost.

55
Q

In design notation what does O mean?

A

observation of dependent variable

56
Q

In design notation what does X mean?

A

treatment, independent variable

57
Q

In design notation what does R mean?

A

random assignment

58
Q

T or F: The Os are numbered with subscripts from left to right based on time order.

A

True, Pretests are O1 and post-tests are O2

59
Q

When are the Xs numbered with subscripts?

A

When the independent variable has more than two levels

60
Q

What does internal validity mean?

A

The ability to eliminate alternative explanations of the dependent variable.

61
Q

What is an example of selection bias?

A

example is an experiment on the ability of people to navigate heavy traffic. All subjects assigned to one group come from rural areas, and all subjects in the other grew up in large cities. An examination of pretest scores helps a researcher detect this threat because no group differences are expected.

62
Q

Define: Selection Bias

A

a threat to internal validity when groups in an experiment are not equivalent at the beginning of the experiment

63
Q

Define: History Effects

A

The threat that an event unrelated to the treatment will occur during the experiment and influence the dependent variable.

64
Q

Define: Maturation

A

the threat that some biological, psychological, or emotional process within the subjects and separate from the treatment will change over time.

65
Q

Describe: testing effect

A

a pretest measure that itself affects an experiment

66
Q

Describe instrumentation

A

this occurs when the instrument or dependent variable measure changes during the experiment.

67
Q

Describe mortality or attrition:

A

arises when some subjects do not continue throughout the experiment. A researcher cannot know whether the results would have been different had the subjects stayed.

68
Q

Describe: Statistical Regression

A

A problem of extreme values or a tendency for random errors to move group results toward the average.

69
Q

Describe: Diffusion of treatment

A

the threat that research participants in different groups will communicate with each other and learn about the other’s treatment.

70
Q

Describe: Reactivity

A

research participants might react differently in an experiment than they would in real life because they know they are in a study

71
Q

Describe the Hawthorne Effect:

A

An effect of reactivity named after a famous case in which subjects reacted to the fact that they were in an experiment more than they reacted to the treatment.

72
Q

Describe laboratory experiments

A

experimental research that takes place in an artificial setting over which the experimenter has great control.

73
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

A specific type of quasi-experiment where a researcher can examine the impact of a policy change or similar change in a social system by comparing an outcome of interest before and after such a change is implemented.

74
Q

Describe: Data reduction

A

The analytic process of going from a large collection of data to a more generalizable statements about social life.

75
Q

Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis require that researchers make _______ from their empirical data about the details of social life.

A

inferences

76
Q

What are some of the similarities between qualitative and quantitative data analysis?

A
  • both use data reduction techniques in order to make statements about social life
  • both make inferences from empirical observations to social life
  • analysis is based on comparisons
  • researchers look for patterns in the data to make statements about social life
  • the statements researchers make about social life are rooted in the data
  • researchers locate processes and causal linkages in the data
  • researchers strive to avoid errors

FRHD 3070 (2 decks)

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