Final Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
According to WHO (1948) what is health?
A
A state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease.
2
Q
What is the dominant view in health fields?
A
Medical Model of Health
3
Q
What does the medical model of health focus on?
A
Incidence, causes, and treatments of disease with attention to curing health-related problems.
4
Q
Which model of health sees health in physiological and biological terms?
A
Medical model of health
5
Q
What are some of the weaknesses of the medical model?
A
- Narrative of decline in the aging process
- Medical iatrogenisis (illness that is induced by the medical system)
6
Q
What is an example of medical iatrogenisis?
A
Someone had an IUD taken out and was told they would not be able to have children for at least 3 years, despite originally being told they would be able to have children right away. The problem was caused by a ‘medical solution’.
7
Q
Which model of health is a bio-psycho-social model that also considers genetics and physiological health?
A
Social model of health
8
Q
Which model emphasizes agency, self-care, and health belief/behaviour change.
A
Social model of health
9
Q
What does the health promotion model aim to do?
A
- addressing health challenges and inequities
- supporting health promotion (public health, knowledge, healthy environments, etc.)
- implementing community strategies
10
Q
What does the micro level represent?
A
Individuals
11
Q
What does the meso level represent?
A
Policy
12
Q
What does the macro level represent?
A
Structural
13
Q
What does the Physical Environment represent (social determinants of health)
A
- pollution
- safety
- rural/urban
14
Q
What do the socio-demographic factors represent (social determinants of health)
A
- age
- sex
- gender
- ethnicity
- race
- sexual orientation / identity
15
Q
What do the lifestyle choices and behaviours represent (social determinants of health)
A
- physical activity
- oral care
- smoking
- nutrition
16
Q
What does the socio-economic status represent (social determinants of health)
A
- Income and social status
- often related to education
17
Q
What does the social Environment represent (social determinants of health)
A
- support networks
18
Q
What does the working Environment represent (social determinants of health)
A
- stress
- safety
- access
19
Q
What are the social determinants of health?
A
- Socio-economic status
- Lifestyle choices and behaviours
- Socio-demographic factors
- Physical environment
- social environment
- working environment
20
Q
___ % of older adults have 2+ chronic conditions
A
57%
21
Q
What are some examples of chronic conditions?
A
- arthritis
- hypertension
- heart disease
- diabetes
- COPD
- Asthma
22
Q
According to _________ hypothesis, onset of disease has compressed into shorter periods at end of life; thus health of older people has improved.
A
morbidity compression
23
Q
T or F: There is a pattern of increasing chronic conditions among older people.
A
True. Research shoes that while people are free of disability for longer period before death, there appears to be pattern of increasing chronic conditions among older people.
24
Q
The health paradox (lower risk of disability, higher risk of disease) is probably due to what?
A
the changing role of the health system over last several decades.
25
Define: Self-efficacy
the perceived confidence that one can accomplish a behavioural change or adopt a new behaviour. (a necessary precursor to make a shift in behaviour)
26
T or F: The majority of older people say that their health is "good", "very good", or "excellent"
True. However, people tend to overestimate their subjective health status.
27
What are some factors associated with morbidity and with the reaction to an illness in later life?
- Personal factors: adaptation to stress and pain and coping strategies
- Social factors: availability of a support system
- Structural factors: gender, age, class, and the health care system
- Cultural factors: ethnic/religious health beliefs
28
Qin was diagnosed with arthritis at 75, but is now 110, they are a.... what?
Survivor
29
Cecilia was diagnosed with Parkinson's at age 97, but is now 110, they are a ... what?
Delayer
30
Stanislaw reached 100 without being diagnosed with a chronic illness (coincidence that he is a Master athlete?), they are an...
Escaper
31
Define: multimorbidity
facing more than one chronic condition (often results in increasing vulnerability and perhaps the person being labelled as "frail"
32
The Lifecourse Model of Multimorbidity Resilience (LMMR) identifies three interlocking multimorbidity resilience domains. What are they?
1. Functional
2. Social
3. Psychological
33
What year was the universal medicare system established?
1972; based on the medical care act of 1968.
34
Canadian health-care system is highly ______, ________, and _______, making it difficult to meet changing and complex health-care needs of a rapidly aging population.
medicalized, bureaucratic, and fragmented
35
T or F: Although persons 65+ constituted 17% of the population, they accounted for 50%+ of patient days in acute-care hospitals and 45% of health expenditures.
True
36
T or F: Older people misuse and make unreasonable use of the health-care system.
Older people do not misuse or make unreasonable use of the health-care system, and there has been a decrease in length of acute-care hospital stays among older people in recent years (faster recoveries, more day surgeries, and availability of home care).
37
Canada spends just ____ % of its public funds for long-term care on home care, whereas Netherlands, France, and Denmark spend 32%, 43%, 73%
15%
38
Primary reasons for health-expenditure increases are _____ and _______
hospital costs and use of new technologies/pharmaceuticals
39
Population aging has added ____ % to public sector health spending each year over the past decade.
less than 1%
40
What does the anti-aging movement do?
Promotes ageism, is class-based, and requires careful monitoring by government agencies to protect consumers from scams and the side effects of unproven medications and therapeutic modalities.
41
What are some barriers to accessing health care?
- lack of transportation
- not living close to needed services
- language and cognitive deficits
- being a member of a vulnerable group (e.g. LGBTQ)
- cultural differences
42
Define: Acute Illness
Medical condition with rapid onset
43
Define: Chronic Illness
Persistant, or long-lasting, illness that develops over time
44
Define: Prevalence
Current rate of illnesses
45
Define: Incidence
Rate of new cases
46
Define: Comorbidity
More than one condition at a time
47
Define: Morbidity compression
shortened period of disease in later life
48
What is modernization theory?
Possible switch from 'elder' role to lesser status.
49
_______ status in early life is correlated with health and functional status in later life.
Socio-economic
50
What are the three waves of feminist theory?
First Wave - Mid 1800's - after WW1
Second Wave - Social movements of the (Dorothy Smith)
Third Wave - Bell hooks (Gloria Jean watkins)
51
What are the 4 types of feminism?
- Liberal feminists
- Marxist feminists
- Radical feminists
- Socialist Feminists
52
Describe: Liberal Feminists
Women's inequality is a consequence of unequal opportunity structures between men and women
53
Describe: Marxist Feminists
Women's position of inequality is a consequence of capitalism
54
Describe: Radical Feminists
Women's position of inequality is a consequence of patriarchy (male power)
55
Describe: Socialist Feminists
Women's position of inequality is a consequence of capitalism and patriarchy (male power
56
What is the central premise of the feminist gerontology theory?
gender is a fundamental organizing principle of society, operating over the life course of individuals.
57
What is the central focus of feminist gerontology theory?
Empowerment of older women
58
________ is produced and reproduced by the dominant class through the institutions that form the 'superstructure'
Hegemony
59
What does hegemonic masculinity involve?
power, authority, aggression, and violence within a context of race, class, and gender
60
T or F: Hegemonic masculinity is not a realistic description of masculine practices, but rather it is a normative pattern or aspiration.
True
61
What does the queer theory aim to do?
Aims to redefine "queer," a historically derogatory term directed at gays and lesbians
62
What does the principle of centers difference argue?
argues that ideas about difference should ground social, political, and intellectual pursuits.
63
What does the principle of centers difference aim to recognize?
Aims to recognize what is rewarding and challenging about diversity.
64
Discuss the principle: Sexuality is multi-faceted
- Widen the scope of sexuality
| - Disrupt binary modes of thought
65
Discuss the principle of challenging heterosexism:
- Challenged the belief that heterosexuality is a "naturally" superior form of sexuality
- Argues that heterosexuality is a normative practice that is used to control and constrain people
66
What are the social factors that contextualize work, retirement, and economic security in later life?
- recession versus economic boom
| - Present: technological advances, artificial intelligence, globalization, automatization
67
What are the individual factors that contextualize work, retirement, and economic security in later life?
Capacity for private saving and/or pension
68
What are some examples of work trajectories becoming less permanent and more complex?
- Companies restructuring (getting rid of older folks and bringing in the younger generation)
-
69
T or F: There is a social shift in accepting and valuing older workers.
True
70
Define: Greying workforce
more older workers than previous generations
71
Define: Delayed retirement
especially for men, people with more education, and people who are self-employed or in professional positions
72
How much money do Older workers (45+) contribute to taxes and volunteer contributions?
- Contribute $2.2 billion in annual taxes
| - $3.1 billion in annual volunteer contributions
73
What is discrimination of older workers (45+) based on?
- Based on perceived lack of productivity, physical strength, inability to learn or adapt to new technology.
74
___% of people view retirement favorably
80%
75
How did retirement begin?
Began as a social institution of welfare states & social security programs
- continues to be re-shaped by political, economic, and social changes, such as inflation, fertility rates, and national debt.
76
T or F: Retirement is on average, much longer than previous generations due to longer life expectancies.
True
77
_____ is an event that takes place within the context of our postmodern society
Retirement
78
What are some aspects that impact current retirement?
- more fluid and complex
- not predictable
- work is less 'permanent'
79
Transition to retirement is easier for those who ....
Have good health/wealth, retire voluntarily, have support of family, and continue to participate in social activities
80
What are some individual adaptive strategies after retirement?
- replacing roles/activities
- adjusting to perceived loss of identity/self-worth
- changing spending habits
- re-establishing social relationships
81
T or F: If retirement involved unstable exit (e.g. via "bridge" jobs or chronic unemployment after stable career), there can be adverse effects on health
True
82
What is the biggest fear of retirement?
- fear of financial difficulties in retirement
83
What is financial gerontology?
When economic production and social support are balanced.
84
Economic security in later life is both a _________ and a __________.
Public contract and a private responsibility
85
What are the 3 thinks that wealth and income in later life depend on?
1) Education
2) Work History
3) Marital History
86
Uncertainty about the financial future can be due to what?
- due to social, health, or interpersonal factors
| AKA precarity in older age (how long one can work, how long one will live, inflation, etc)
87
What are some Individual factors influencing retirement decisions and lifestyles (Highlight 10.3)
Chart in textbook
88
What are some societal factors influencing retirement decisions and lifestyles (Highlight 10.3)
Chart in textbook
89
Who is most likely to experience economic insecurity in later life?
- widowed women
- people with less education
- gaps in employment history
- low wage earners
- immigrants
- aboriginal people
- people with chronic health problems
90
___% of Canadians live below the low income measure
7% (Low income line is drawn at 50% of the median family or single income in Canada, after taxes and transfers)
91
______ status among older people is related to education, work history, gender, marital history, year of immigration, visible-minority status, savings patterns over the life course, and employment status in retirement.
Economic
92
The pension system is designed to replace only about ___% of a person's pre-retirement income, reflecting the belief that retirees tend to have lower expenses.
70%
93
What are the three levels of Canada's retirement support system?
1. Public-sector programs: Old Age Security (OAS), Guaranteed Income supplement (GIS), and "the allowance".
2. Government-based Canada / Quebec Pension Plan.
3. Private Pensions and individual savings (e.g. employer pension plan; RRSPs)
94
What happens in level 1 of Canada's Retirement support system?
- Old Age Security (OAS) with 4.2 million recipients
- Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) with 1.7 million recipients
- The Allowance (ages 60-64, until eligible for OAS)
95
What happens in level 2 of Canada's Retirement Support System?
- Canada Pension Plan [or Quebec Pension Plan]
| - Mandatory insurance plan funded by employee and employer contributions
96
What happens in level 3 of Canada's Retirement Support System?
- Employer based (defined benefits or defined contributions)
| - Individual: Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) or Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSPs and RRPs)
97
Maintaining Economic Viability of the Public Pension System
Chart in slides
98
T or F: the current cohort has more discretionary income than the previous one.
True. Boomers are healthier and wealthier.
99
Define: Environmental Gerontology
The study of the behavioural, social, and psychological implications of aging and the aged within specific environments.
100
What are some factors of age friendly cities?
- transportation
- housing
- social participation
- respect and social inclusion
- civic participation and employment
- communication and information
- community support and health services
- outdoor spaces and buildings
101
The _____ model attempt to explain the links between aging individuals and their environment
ecological
102
What is the environmental press?
Environmental press is assessment of one's personal (e.g. family), group (e.g. social norms), supra-personal (e.g. neighbourhood), social (e.g. cultural values), and physical environments that can create demands for older people.
103
Individual competence is....
an individual's physical/cognition functioning
104
The ecological model of aging is based on what?
Based on idea that adaptation involves interaction of individual "competence" and environmental "press"
105
Levels of individual competence can vary from low to high, while the degree of environmental press can range from...
weak to strong
106
How one manipulates their environment to create a better 'fit' describes what?
Person-environment interactions
107
What are some examples of environmental presses?
- Objective physical environment
- social environment
- Supra-personal environment (ie. what does their neighbourhood look like - lots of young folks or older folks?)
- group environment
- personal environment
108
What are some weaknesses of the ecological model of aging?
- fails to consider personal agency
- fails to account for individual familiarity with the environment
- fails to account for individual personality and risk taking behaviour
109
Integrative Framework of aging
textbook 8.2 (pg 242)
110
What are some common environmental issues in aging?
- risk of falls
- driving / transportation
- crime / victimization
- GeroTechnology
- Homelessness
111
What are the three general choices that older people who are able to live independently have regarding where to live?
1. Remain in family home where they lived for years (older people tend to prefer this option)
2. Move to another unit in the same community
3. Migrate to another community
112
What are some examples of Community dwelling?
Living in their own home, apartment complex
113
What are some examples of Institutional living?
retirement home, nursing home
114
What does 'aging in place' allow older people to do?
Allows older people to maintain a sense of identity and autonomy that institutionalized living does not.
115
What are some factors that make aging in place more difficult?
- if a person loses the ability to walk or drive, or perform activities of daily living and maintaining a home
- if they fear crime in the area
116
T or F: The Majority of older Canadians who are not in institution either live with family member (usually a partner) or on their own.
True
117
What are 3 living options in later life?
- Community Dwelling
- Independent Housing
- Supportive Housing
118
What is a community dwelling?
- with family/partner or alone
| - living arrangements are influenced by ethnicity / culture
119
What is independent Housing
- Houses, apartments, condos, etc.
120
What is supportive housing?
- Offer of services, such as congregate dining, security, cleaning, personal care, recreation, etc.
- Independent living, senior apartments, assisted living, congregate housing, retirement homes
- "Granny flat" or in-law quarters
- Home sharing
121
What are institutionalized dwelling options?
- Vary by province
- Nursing homes (admission by interRAI assessments)
-
122
T or F: Nursing homes are subsidized and government regulated
True
123
T or F: Private retirement homes are not regulated - leading to questions re: quality of care
True
124
What are some reasons for moving in later life?
- to be closer to family
- to an area with different resources
- lower cost of living
- weather
125
Approximately what percentage of all health-care expenditures in Canada are accounted for by home care costs?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 50%
a. 5%
126
What is an ADL
Activities of Daily Living
- functional activities (the basics)
- Eating, dressing, getting out of bed, grooming oneself, or using the toilet
127
What is an iADL
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
- ie driving, cooking
- Shopping, meal prep, banking, cleaning and maintaining a home
128
What is a disability?
"reported" difficulty performing activities of daily life (ADLs) or in performing instrumental activities of daily life
129
What is frailty?
characterized by impairments across physiological systems that often entail imbalances in systems
130
What does family provide?
- stability, support, financial assistance
- social interaction
- socialization, concerning values, morals, and life skills
- structure in which we experience life transitions
131
What four dimensions of family relationships are central to intimate ties/relationships between and within generations in later life:
1. Number of relatives available and nature of their relationship to the older person
2. Past and present patterns of contact and interaction between older persons and kin
3. Quality of family relationships across life course
4. Type of communication and support given and received between members of generations, and in what direction the exchange flows
132
About ____% of couples live common-law.
10%
133
Among older people, what are three commonly reported advantages of being childless?
1. fewer worries and problems
2. more financial wealth
3. greater freedom
134
Among older people, what are three commonly reported disadvantages of being childless?
1. lack of companionship
2. lack of support and care
3. missed experiences around parenthood and thus feeling incomplete (most likely to be reported by women)
135
People who are not related (by birth or marriage), but have an emotionally significant relationship with one another such that their relationship takes on the characteristics of a familial relationship are called....
fictive kin
136
Family members who provide support for others, nurture family history and tradition, and keep other family members connected are called what?
Kin Keepers
| - primarily the matriarch or the oldest daughter
137
T or F: Being an empty nester is a positive experience for most parents.
True
138
T or F: Baby boomers have the highest rates of divorce.
True
139
What is a truncated family?
Family lineage eventually disappears when the youngest generation is childless.
140
What are some factors of post-structuralism?
- Society is comprised of a network of power relations and discourses
- people's decisions are the product of discourse
- Society is not built on universal truths or patterns of human nature
141
What are some assumptions of post-structuralism?
Facts or knowledge are embedded in power relations; scientific knowledge or ideas about truth cannot stand outside of power relations
142
Which theory is concerned with how knowledge is socially produced?
Post-Structuralism
143
Who is Michel Foucault?
- French Philosopher
- argues that knowledge is socially produced and historically specific
- conducts genealogy or an analysis of the "history of the present"
144
Discuss Panopticon:
- we police ourselves because of what we think other people are thinking about us. (Social pressure)
145
T or F: Normal changes are subtle and do not impair daily activities
True
146
A 16 year old learns to play chess and quickly becomes proficient enough to be accepted into the school's chess club. Is this fluid or crystallized intelligence?
Fluid - something that is relatively new to them; newly acquired skill
147
Describe pragmatics (crystallized) intelligence:
- content rich
- culture dependent
- experience based
- more experiential
148
Describe mechanics (fluid) intelligence:
Basic information processing
- content poor
- universal, biological
- genetically predisposed
- More innate
149
Ten years later, the chess player achieves grandmaster status. Is this a result of fluid or crystallized intelligence?
Crystallized
150
Which intelligence is more affected by the aging process?
mechanics (fluid) intelligence; crystallized tens to hold strong.
151
What are the five criteria for wisdom-related performance?
- Factual knowledge
- procedural knowledge
- life-span contextualism
- value relativism
- Awareness and management of uncertainty
152
Describe: Factual Knowledge
To what extent does this performance show general and specific knowledge bout life matters and demonstrate scope and depth in the coverage of issues?
153
Describe: Procedural knowledge
To what extent does this performance consider strategies of decision making, self-regulation, life interpretation, life planning, and advice giving
154
Describe: Life-span contextualism
to what extent does this performance consider the past, current, and possible future contexts of life and the many circumstances in which a life is embedded and how they relate to each other?
155
Describe: Value relativism
To what extent does this performance consider variations in values and life priorities and the importance of viewing each person within his or her own framework of values and life goals, despite a small set of universal values such as the orientation toward the well-being of oneself and others?
156
Describe: Awareness and management of uncertainty
To what extent does this performance consider the inherent uncertainty of life and effective strategies for dealing with uncertainty?
157
What is the current consensus of change in the Big Five with increasing age?
- absence of neuroticism
| - presence of agreeableness and conscientiousness
158
T or F: Personality traits stop changing at age 30
False, this does not have uniform support.
159
What are some barriers to mental health care?
- failure to seek treatment
- lack of understanding re: mental illnesses and treatments
- inadequate resources for mental-health care
- Shortage of health-care workers with relevant expertise
- Lack of holistic and coordinated care
- Improper prescribing practices for certain mental-health conditions
- Long-Term care facilities that are ill-equipped to provide proper mental-health care services
160
What are some symptoms of major depression?
- Changes in mood
- anhedonia
- loss of appetite
- agitation
- difficulty concentrating
- impaired decision making
- feelings of guilt and/or worthlessness
161
Who is most at risk for suicide?
White males over age 85 who are widowed are most at risk.
162
Suicide prevention for older adults include:
- monitoring those who live alone and have recently suffered multiple losses
- providing social support
- making sure that someone is in regular contact by phone or in person
- encouraging a person who appears depressed to seek professional help.
163
Define: Delirium
acute confusional state
164
What are the three categories of delirium?
- Hyperactive: agitated, irritable, and restless
- Hypoactive: lethargic and apathetic
- Mixed psychomotor: fluctuates between first two
165
What is the difference between acute and persistent?
Acute: hours to days
Persistent: weeks to months
166
What are the symptoms of Delirium?
- Inability to shift or maintain attention
- disorganized thinking
- perceptual disturbances
- decreased/increased psychomotor activity
- reduced consciousness
- Disorientation
- Memory impairment
167
What are the criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment?
- modest cognitive decline from previous level
- Deficits do not interfere with independence
- Deficits not a result of delirium
- Deficits not a result of another mental disorder
168
What are the two deciding factors of dementia?
cognitive change, interference with daily life
169
What are the criteria for Major Cognitive Impairment?
- significant cognitive decline from previous level
- deficits interfere with independence
- deficits not a result of delirium
- deficits not a result of another mental disorder
170
Define: Dementia
Is a decline in cognitive function severe enough that it interferes with daily life.
171
Dementia must impact 2 or more cognitive domains. List four of the cognitive domains.
- executive function
- language
- memory
- perception
172
In dementia, cognitive impairments must include memory plus what?
- Language / Communication (aphasia)
- Visual perception (agnosia)
- Motor impairment (apraxia)
- Executive functions (ability to focus and pay attention, reasoning and judgement)
173
Things you can do when working with someone with dementia:
- enter into someones reality
- validation
- distraction
174
Which structure of the immune system atrophies throughout life and is almost nonexistent in older adults?
a. Tonsils
b. Thymus Gland
c. Spleen
d. Peyer's Patches
b. Thymus Gland
175
Which of the following is the most common cause of infection by the (HIV) in older adults?
a. blood transfusions
b. sharing of hypodermic needles
c. unprotected sex
d. Organ transplantation
c. Unprotected Sex
176
Which age-related disorder of the cardiovascular system is characterized by a hardening of the arteries due to the building up of plaque in the blood vessels?
a. angina pectoris
b. acute coronary syndrome
c. myocardial infarction
d. atherosclerosis
d. atherosclerosis
177
What is the difference between palliative and hospice care?
Palliative: comfort care, can happen at any point in a persons illness
hospice care: end of life care (no longer receiving treatments that may cure them)
178
What are advance directives?
People you choose to make medical and financial decisions for you if you can’t make them yourself
179
What are Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?
```
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
```
180
What does the thymus gland do?
This gland helps produce some of the fighters for the immune system, not able to necessarily produce the fighters that you need
(Shrinks with age)
181
What is the most common cause of hearing loss?
Presbycusis (damage to tiny hair cells in ears, not always age related, can be environmentally related.
182
In terms of hearing loss, ____ are affected earlier than ______ but no gender difference in fourth age.
men, women
183
What are some examples of physiological aging of the skin (intrinsic)?
- synthesis of elastin and collagen protein slows down
| - the barrier lipid region becomes compromised
184
What are some examples of photo aging of the skin? (extrinsic)
- UV sun exposure
| - freckles, leathery skin, wrinkles, spider veins
185
What are some of the causes of extrinsic aging?
```
The sun
Facial expressions
Gravity
Sleeping positions
Smoking
```
186
What is this?: progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, lose muscular power/endure, not a normal part of aging
Sarcopenia
187
When the kidney's stop working, what are three potentially dangerous conditions that may occur?
(1) The level of waste products in the blood increases.
(2) Acidity of the blood increases because excess acid is no longer removed by the kidneys.
(3) Sodium and water balance, crucial for life, is disrupted, producing serious disequilibrium of the internal environment.
188
Which structure of the immune system atrophies throughout life and is almost nonexistent in older adults?
a. tonsils
b. thymus gland
c. spleen
d. peyer's patches
b. thymus gland
189
Which of the following is the most common cause of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in older adults?
a. blood transfusions
b. sharing of hypodermic needle
c. unprotected sex
d. organ transplantation
c. unprotected sex
190
Your boss, Kevin, who is 42 years old, has recently begun holding books and documents at arms' length in order to read them. Which of the following age-related changes in the eye most likely causes this condition?
a. lens becoming cloudy
b. vitreous humor becoming more liquid
c. loss of elasticity of the lens
d. loss of rods and cones in retina
c. loss of elasticity of the lens
191
Your neighbor, Hilda, who is 81, complains that she can't see a thing when driving at night. Which of the following age-related changes in the eye is most likely responsible for this limitation?
a. cornea becoming thicker and less curved with age
b. lens becoming less elastic
c. Vitreous humor becoming more liquid
d. changes in the chemical sensitivity of the rods and cones
d. changes in the chemical sensitivity of the rods and cones
192
Which age-related disorder of the cardiovascular system is characterized by a hardening of the arteries due to the building up of plaque in the blood vessels?
a. angina pectoris
b. acute coronary syndrome
c. myocardial infarction
d. atherosclerosis
d. atherosclerosis
193
Which of the following are age-related changes in the respiratory system?
Lungs decrease in size and elasticity.
The cough reflex becomes more sensitive.
Alveoli enlarge, decreasing surface area available for gas exchange.
The vocal cords thin, producing a higher pitch in voice.
Production of mucus is increased.
Lungs decrease in size and elasticity.
Alveoli enlarge, decreasing surface area available for gas exchange.
The vocal cords thin, producing a higher pitch in voice.
194
An older woman you meet when walking your dog in the park mentions that she was just diagnosed as having osteoporosis. Which of the following most accurately describes what occurs in this condition?
Degeneration and compression of intervertebral discs
Severe bone loss due to resorption
Roughening of cartilage, which decreases flexibility and cushioning of bones
Weakening of tendons and ligaments
Severe bone loss due to resorption
195
Your grandfather, who is 84 years old, complains that his muscles are "wasting away" and that he feels increasingly fatigued and frail as he ages. Which condition should you most suspect that your grandfather is experiencing?
a. arthritis
b. osteoporosis
c. bursitis
d. sarcopenia
d. sarcopenia
196
Isabel experiences frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which of the following age-related changes in the urinary system is most likely to contribute to Isabel's UTIs?
a. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys
b. declining glomerular filtration rate
c. decreased kidney size
d. Loss of bladder tone and elasticity
d. Loss of bladder tone and elasticity
197
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You are a gerontologist teaching a group of residents at an assisted living center on lifestyle factors that contribute to digestive problems in older adults. Which of the following should you mention?
Poor dietary choices
Excessive fluid intake
Excessive bulk in diet
Excessive straining when defecating
Lack of exercise
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Poor dietary choices
Excessive straining when defecating
Lack of exercise
198
What are the reversible dementias?
```
D: drugs and alcohol
E: emotional disorders
M: metabolic
E: environmental toxins
N: nutrition
T: tumor
I: infections
A: anemia
```
199
To be diagnosed with Dementia, one must have what?
```
Cognitive impairment must include memory, plus:
Language/communication (aphasia)
Visual perception (agnosia)
Motor impairment (apraxia)
Executive functions
Focusing and paying attention
Reasoning and judgement
```
200
What health issue is this: Is a decline in cognitive function severe enough that it interferes with daily life
Dementia
201
What are some examples of irreversible dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease
Lewy Body Dementias
Vascular Dementia
Frontotemporal Lobar Disorders (FTLD)
202
If you have someone who wakes up one day and is all of a sudden confused, that is _______.
delirium
203
With _____ you want to correct them, like you keep telling them where they are and what’s going on, bringing them back to reality NOT with _______
delirium; dementia
204
Mechanics (Fluid) innate abilities
| Crystallized based on experience
Remember this
205
________ thought arose in philosophy as a response to positivist science, which assumes that human behavior can be studied in an objective and reliable way
Postmodern
206
What are the four dimensions of family relationships that are central to intimate ties/relationships between and within generations in later life?
- Number of relatives available and nature of their relationship to the older person (e.g., spouse, child, sibling, grandchild);
- Past and present patterns of contact and interaction between older persons and kin;
- Quality of family relationships across life course (e.g., parent to infant and adult child to parent);
- Type of communication and support given and received between members of generations, and in what direction the exchange flows.
207
Describe: Fictive Kin
People who are not related (by birth or marriage) but have an emotionally significant relationship with one another such that their relationship takes on the characteristics of a familial relationship.
208
Describe: Kin keepers
family members who provide support for others, nurture family history and tradition, and keep other family members connected.
Primarily the matriarch or to the oldest daughter,
209
Describe: Environmental gerontology
The study of the behavioral, social, and psychological implications of aging and the aged within specific environments.
210
Discuss: Individual Competence
Individual competence is an individual’s physical/cognition functioning.
Related to how much one can control their environment, how much autonomy they have
211
Discuss: Environmental Press
Environmental press is assessment of one’s personal (e.g., family), group (e.g., social norms), supra-personal (e.g., neighborhood), social (e.g., cultural values), and physical environments that can create demands for older people.
Influence of all the environmental factors
Things that are influencing/constraining them
212
What are the five environmental presses?
- Group
- Supra personal
- Social
- Objective physical
- personal
213
Describe: Community Dwelling
With family/partner or alone
| Living arrangements are influenced by ethnicity/culture
214
Describe: Independent housing
Houses*, apartments, condos, etc.
Can be a financial asset, but liability with inflation
Can be subsidized, low-income housing
215
Describe: supportive housing
Offer of services, such as congregate dining, security, cleaning, personal care, recreation, etc.
Independent living, senior apartments, assisted living, congregate housing, retirement homes…
“Granny-flat” or in-law quarters (ECHO housing in the U.S.)
Home sharing
216
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Approximately what percentage of all health-care expenditures in Canada are accounted for by home care costs?
5 per cent
10 per cent
25 per cent
50 per cent
```
5 per cent
217
What does ADLs stand for?
Activities of Daily Living (such as: dressing, getting out of bed, grooming oneself, or using the toilet)
218
What does iADLs stand for?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (such as: shopping, meal preparation, banking, cleaning and maintaining a home, and driving a car)
219
__________ among older people is related to education, work history, gender, marital history, year of immigration, visible-minority status, savings patterns over the life course, and employment status in retirement.
Economic status
220
Which type of feminism is this? Women’s Inequality is a consequence of unequal opportunity structures between men and women
Liberal feminism
221
Which type of feminism is this? Women’s position of inequality is a consequence of patriarchy (male power)
Radical
222
Which type of feminism is this? Women’s position of inequality is a consequence of capitalism
Marxist
223
Which type of feminism is this? Women’s position of inequality is a consequence of capitalism and patriarchy (male power)
Socialist
224
Discuss: Hegemonic Masculinity
Involves power, authority, aggression, and violence within a context of race, class, and gender.
Not a realistic description of masculine practices, but rather it is a normative pattern or aspiration.
Hegemonic masculine standards rank masculinity
225
_________ in early life is correlated with health & functional status in later life
Socio-economic status
226
Discuss: The medical model of health
Addresses acute illness.
Dominant view in health fields.
Focuses on incidence, causes, and treatments of disease with attention to curing health-related problems.
Sees health in physiological and biological terms.
227
Discuss: Social Model of Health
Bio-psycho-social model that also considers genetics and physiological health.
Emphasizes agency, self-care, and health belief/behaviour change.
Prioritizes prevention.
’Right service, in the right place, at the right time’ (Stephenson & Sawyer, 2002, p. 3)
Includes the medical model in a more integrated model.
Agency in healthcare decision making
Health and community services
228
What are the aims of the health promotion model?
Addressing health challenges & inequities
Supporting health promotion (public health, knowledge, healthy environments, etc.)
Implementing community strategies
229
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence: rate of new cases
Prevalence: current rate
230
Having more than one condition at the same time is referred to as:
comorbidity
231
the tendency for the onset of disease in later life to be compressed into a shorter period at the end of life is referred to as:
morbidity compression
232
Define: Social capital
the physical and social structure of a community that facilitates mutual support, caring, self-esteem, sense of belonging and enriched social relationships
233
Who is most at risk of suicide?
White, widowed men over age 85
234
What are the common conditions that are 'reversible' dementias?
```
D- drugs and alcohol
E - emotional disorders (depression)
M- metabolic (hypothyroidism)
E- Environmental toxins
N- nutrition
T- tumor
I- infections
A - Anemia
```
235
What are the primary dementias?
- alzheimer's disease
- frontotemporal lobar degeneration
- lewy bodies
- huntington's disease
- creutzfeldt-jakob disease
- vascular dementia
236
What are the irreversible dementias?
- alzheimer's disease
- lewy body dementias
- vascular dementia
237
What is the difference between delirium and dementia?
delirium is sudden (acute onset), can be treated and often reversed; dementia is slow to come on, usually irreversible
238
What are the different communication strategies used when working with people who are diagnosed with dementia?
enter their reality , therapeutic fibbing, validation of feelings (inside out video), distraction or redirection, reality orientation (when it’s delirium) (can be useful early on with dementia, but when it starts to get frustrating for the person it is time to switch techniques)
239
Define dementia:
a decline in cognitive abilities that interferes with daily life (has to meet these two criterias
240
T or F: Memory loss is a normal part of aging.
FALSE
241
What are some of the main physiological changes one might expect as they grow older?
muscles lose elasticity which results in decreased range of motion, muscle loss (sarcopenia), Bone loss (osteoporosis) → not normal part of aging once they’re diagnosed… if its just a bit then it is normal
242
Can the frailty cycle be reversed?
yes, can be reversed with the same type of interventions that prevent it.
243
What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Fluid: innate ability, as one ages it does not improve and may actually decline.
Crystallized: Can continue to grow on these skills and abilities throughout life.
244
What is an ADL?
activities of daily living (walk, sit/stand, eating, getting dressed)
245
What is an iADL?
instrumental activities of daily living (driving, cooking, shopping)
246
What is the difference between hospice and palliative care?
Palliative care means comfort care (CAN receive curative treatments)
Hospice is when someone is terminally ill (can’t receive curative treatments)
247
How do the medical and social models of health differ?
medical is set up for treating or curing someone, disease management, acute care; social takes other factors into consideration
248
What are the social determinants of health?
community involvement, social connections/networks, gender/sex/age/ethnicity/race
249
What is the average cost of a funeral in Canada?
$8500
250
What is the aging enterprise?
products and services that are made for and marketed to older adults
251
What are the two types of employer pension plans?
- Defined Benefit
| - Defined Contribution
252
Who are the main recipients of public support in Canada?
Look in textbook
253
What are the names of the financial assistance programs run by the government?
- Old Age Security
- Guaranteed Income Supplement
- Government based pension plan
254
True or False: Elder abuse is likely under-reported and under-studied.
True
255
What are the factors of an age friendly city?
- Outdoor spaces and buildings
- transportation
- housing
- respect and social inclusion
- social participation
- civic participation and employment
- communication and information
- community support and health services
256
Define individual competence:
an individual's physical/cognitive functioning
257
Describe environmental press:
assessment of one's personal, group, supra-personal, social, and physical environments that can create demands for older people
258
Define: Disability
"reported" difficulty performing activities of daily life or iADLs
259
Who are the main recipients of public support in Canada?
Those 25-54 receive more public support, especially related to child care!
