Final

Question 1

earth’s magnetic field is generated by the

Answer 1

flow of the liquid outer core

Question 2

in Wegener’s evidence for continental drift, continents were proposed to fit together, such as the east coast of south america with the ______ and upper west coast of africa with the ______

Answer 2

lower west coast of africa; east coast of north america

Question 3

common volcanic gasses include

Answer 3

water vapor, carbon dioxide, adn sulfer dioxide

Question 4

if a body of igneous rock (source) is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be

Answer 4

more felsic than the source rock

Question 5

a sill is a

Answer 5

sheet like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

Question 6

compaction and cementation of grains occurs during

Answer 6

lithification

Question 7

rhyolitic lavas

Answer 7

do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do

Question 8

chemical weathering takes place most rapidly in environments that are _____ and _______

Answer 8

warm; wet

Question 9

under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are

Answer 9

deiscrete pieces of lithosphere at the surfacr of the solid earth that move with respect to one anothr

Question 10

minerals are all naturally occuring solid substances with definable chemical composition. they must also possess

Answer 10

a fixed crystalline structure

Question 11

why do geologists classify rocks?

Answer 11

because rocks are the key to determining geologic hisory

Question 12

which is a hard mineral?

Answer 12

quartz

Question 13

the formation of magma within earth is cause by

Answer 13

decompression, addition of volatiles, transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks

Question 14

the silicate tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?

Answer 14

oxygen

Question 15

atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by

Answer 15

explosion of supernova

Question 16

the greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is

Answer 16

pyroclastic flows

Question 17

why do continents have a different polar wander path?

Answer 17

wegener was right, continents move

Question 18

cleavage minerals refer to

Answer 18

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

Question 19

Mt fuji is an example of

Answer 19

stratovolcano

Question 20

of the three primary forms of subacrial volcanoes, ________ have the most gently sloing sides, due to the low viscosity of the balastic lavas that form them

Answer 20

shield volcanoes

Question 21

strong evidence that the universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emmited from distant galaxies appears to be

Answer 21

red shifted

Question 22

a majority of the melts in the earth form through the partial meltin gof ultramafic mantle rock. these newly formed magmas are

Answer 22

mafic

Question 23

coarse grained granite is most similar in mineral compostion to fine grained

Answer 23

rhyolite

Question 24

natural glass is not considered a mineral because it

Answer 24

does not have an organized crystalline structure

Question 25

why dont earthquakes occur everywhere?

Answer 25

rocks break and slip most often along plate boundares, plate interiors do not accommodate much movement

Question 26

why does physical weathering speed up the process of chemical weathering

Answer 26

physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack

Question 27

the shape of earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a

Answer 27

dipole

Question 28

if a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystalization, the rock that results is expected to be

Answer 28

more mafic than the magma

Question 29

deformed lithospohere occurs

Answer 29

on the margins of tectonic plates

Question 30

lithified detritus forms which kind of sedimentary rock

Answer 30

clastic

Question 31

in our current understanding of the big bang

Answer 31

the universe is considerable older than earth

Question 32

hot spots can occur

Answer 32

within either continental or oceanic plates

Question 33

the most common minerals within earth are

Answer 33

silicates

Question 34

if a seismic wave is refrated upward at a boundary, what can be said about the material the wave is traveling through

Answer 34

the wave is moving from a slower material into a faster material

Question 35

distinct internal laminations that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer are called

Answer 35

cross beds

Question 36

the preexisting rock that is subsequently altered t form a metamorphic rock is termed a

Answer 36

protolith

Question 37

all discovered faults are likely to experience earthqueakes in the next few hundered years

Answer 37

false

Question 38

metamorphism, in broadest terms, invovles

Answer 38

changes in mineralogy and texture in reponse to heat and stress

Question 39

a primary force opposing motion on all faults is

Answer 39

friction

Question 40

metamorphism brings changes in mineral arrangement and the texture of rocks, but it never leads to new mineral assemblages

Answer 40

false

Question 41

ms everest is located on the continent of

Answer 41

asia

Question 42

what process must occur for an igneous rock to turn into a sedimentary rock

Answer 42

erosion

Question 43

graded beds tell a geologist that a

Answer 43

turbidity current deposited these beds, depostiing coarser material first

Question 44

why does uplifiting metamorphic rocks during mountain building lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks

Answer 44

because the rocks become exposed to the elements and erode

Question 45

theoretically, there is no reason why mountains substantially taller than mt everest might not one day arise one earth

Answer 45

false

Question 46

short term predictions of earthquae behavior

Answer 46

have been largely unreliable

Question 47

which type of fault does not have a fault trace

Answer 47

blind fault

Question 48

the mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is

Answer 48

dependent on both the mineral assemblage of the protolith and th temperature and pressure of formation

Question 49

physically precipitated limestome that forms in caves is termed

Answer 49

travertine

Question 50

s waves travel ______ than p waves, however unlike p wayves, they _______ travel through liquids

Answer 50

slower; can't

Question 51

the blueschist facies is a metamorphic realm of

Answer 51

high pressure but relatively low temperature

Question 52

individual layers of sedimentary rocks

Answer 52

beds

Question 53

several layers of sedimentary rocks ttogether

Answer 53

strata

Question 54

foliated metamorphic rocks possess

Answer 54

a planar fabric consissting of mineral grains in preferred orientations or preferred patterns of association

Question 55

if a rock is buried and subjected to high heat and pressure, then uplifted, exposed, eroded away, and deposited, which rock type was involved in the sequence

Answer 55

clastic, sedimentary, metamorphic

Question 56

an episode of mountain building is trmed an

Answer 56

orogeny

Question 57

thermal metamorphism produces

Answer 57

nonfoliated rocks only

Question 58

seismometers, being able to detect ground movement of a millionth of a millimeter, are useful to governments worldwide for detecting not only earthquakes, but

Answer 58

nuclear bomb tests

Question 59

the key to finding the location of an earthquake's epicenter is measuring the

Answer 59

difference between the time that the p wave arrives and the time that the s wave arrives at the seismometer station

Question 60

the interesction betwee a fault plane and the ground surface is called the

Answer 60

fault trace

Question 61

sea level rises locally, the marine sediments are depostied on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed

Answer 61

transgressions

Question 62

the point within earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the

Answer 62

hypocenter

Question 63

which must occur for the elevation of a mountain range to increase over time

Answer 63

the rate of erosion must be less than the rate uplift

Question 64

steps to transform an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock and then into an igneous rock

Answer 64

melted and cooled, then buried deeplu. then melted and cold

Question 65

if during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ______ if the fault is shallow

Answer 65

thrust

Question 66

_________ commonl serves as a protolith in the formation of marble

Answer 66

limestone

Question 67

the distinction between joints and faults is that

Answer 67

faults are fractures along which displacement has occured; displacement does not occur along joints

Question 68

orogenesis leads to the production of

Answer 68

metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks

Question 69

physical precipitation of gupsum die to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock

Answer 69

chemical

Question 70

what process transfroms a sedimentary rock into an igneous rock

Answer 70

melting

Question 71

if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, which the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a

Answer 71

syncline

Question 72

the sides of a fold, where curvature is at a minimum are termed

Answer 72

limbs

Question 73

a body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo

Answer 73

stretching

Question 74

s waves cant travel through the ______ because it is ______

Answer 74

outer core; liquid

Question 75

surface waves

Answer 75

produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

Question 76

what is the foremost requirement for the accumulation of sediment

Answer 76

sinking of a portion of the earth's surface

Question 77

low to high grade of metamorphic rocks

Answer 77

slate, phyllite, schiest, gneiss

Question 78

tectonic folations, such as elongation of quartz grains, always occurs parallel to the orginal bedding plane of a body of rock

Answer 78

false

Question 79

earthquakes only occur______ the brittle/ ductile transition depth

Answer 79

above

Question 80

body waves include

Answer 80

boh s and p waves

Question 81

if horizontal sedimentary strata overlie tilted strata, the surface between the horizontal and tilted strata must be a

Answer 81

angular unconfomity