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Earth Dynamics > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

earth’s magnetic field is generated by the

A

flow of the liquid outer core

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2
Q

in Wegener’s evidence for continental drift, continents were proposed to fit together, such as the east coast of south america with the ______ and upper west coast of africa with the ______

A

lower west coast of africa; east coast of north america

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3
Q

common volcanic gasses include

A

water vapor, carbon dioxide, adn sulfer dioxide

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4
Q

if a body of igneous rock (source) is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be

A

more felsic than the source rock

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5
Q

a sill is a

A

sheet like intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

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6
Q

compaction and cementation of grains occurs during

A

lithification

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7
Q

rhyolitic lavas

A

do not flow as far from the vent as basaltic lavas do

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8
Q

chemical weathering takes place most rapidly in environments that are _____ and _______

A

warm; wet

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9
Q

under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are

A

deiscrete pieces of lithosphere at the surfacr of the solid earth that move with respect to one anothr

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10
Q

minerals are all naturally occuring solid substances with definable chemical composition. they must also possess

A

a fixed crystalline structure

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11
Q

why do geologists classify rocks?

A

because rocks are the key to determining geologic hisory

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12
Q

which is a hard mineral?

A

quartz

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13
Q

the formation of magma within earth is cause by

A

decompression, addition of volatiles, transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks

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14
Q

the silicate tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?

A

oxygen

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15
Q

atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by

A

explosion of supernova

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16
Q

the greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is

A

pyroclastic flows

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17
Q

why do continents have a different polar wander path?

A

wegener was right, continents move

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18
Q

cleavage minerals refer to

A

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

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19
Q

Mt fuji is an example of

A

stratovolcano

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20
Q

of the three primary forms of subacrial volcanoes, ________ have the most gently sloing sides, due to the low viscosity of the balastic lavas that form them

A

shield volcanoes

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21
Q

strong evidence that the universe is expanding comes from the fact that the light emmited from distant galaxies appears to be

A

red shifted

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22
Q

a majority of the melts in the earth form through the partial meltin gof ultramafic mantle rock. these newly formed magmas are

A

mafic

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23
Q

coarse grained granite is most similar in mineral compostion to fine grained

A

rhyolite

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24
Q

natural glass is not considered a mineral because it

A

does not have an organized crystalline structure

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25
Q

why dont earthquakes occur everywhere?

A

rocks break and slip most often along plate boundares, plate interiors do not accommodate much movement

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26
Q

why does physical weathering speed up the process of chemical weathering

A

physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack

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27
Q

the shape of earth’s magnetic field is approximately that of a

A

dipole

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28
Q

if a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystalization, the rock that results is expected to be

A

more mafic than the magma

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29
Q

deformed lithospohere occurs

A

on the margins of tectonic plates

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30
Q

lithified detritus forms which kind of sedimentary rock

A

clastic

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31
Q

in our current understanding of the big bang

A

the universe is considerable older than earth

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32
Q

hot spots can occur

A

within either continental or oceanic plates

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33
Q

the most common minerals within earth are

A

silicates

34
Q

if a seismic wave is refrated upward at a boundary, what can be said about the material the wave is traveling through

A

the wave is moving from a slower material into a faster material

35
Q

distinct internal laminations that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layer are called

A

cross beds

36
Q

the preexisting rock that is subsequently altered t form a metamorphic rock is termed a

A

protolith

37
Q

all discovered faults are likely to experience earthqueakes in the next few hundered years

A

false

38
Q

metamorphism, in broadest terms, invovles

A

changes in mineralogy and texture in reponse to heat and stress

39
Q

a primary force opposing motion on all faults is

A

friction

40
Q

metamorphism brings changes in mineral arrangement and the texture of rocks, but it never leads to new mineral assemblages

A

false

41
Q

ms everest is located on the continent of

A

asia

42
Q

what process must occur for an igneous rock to turn into a sedimentary rock

A

erosion

43
Q

graded beds tell a geologist that a

A

turbidity current deposited these beds, depostiing coarser material first

44
Q

why does uplifiting metamorphic rocks during mountain building lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks

A

because the rocks become exposed to the elements and erode

45
Q

theoretically, there is no reason why mountains substantially taller than mt everest might not one day arise one earth

A

false

46
Q

short term predictions of earthquae behavior

A

have been largely unreliable

47
Q

which type of fault does not have a fault trace

A

blind fault

48
Q

the mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is

A

dependent on both the mineral assemblage of the protolith and th temperature and pressure of formation

49
Q

physically precipitated limestome that forms in caves is termed

A

travertine

50
Q

s waves travel ______ than p waves, however unlike p wayves, they _______ travel through liquids

A

slower; can’t

51
Q

the blueschist facies is a metamorphic realm of

A

high pressure but relatively low temperature

52
Q

individual layers of sedimentary rocks

A

beds

53
Q

several layers of sedimentary rocks ttogether

A

strata

54
Q

foliated metamorphic rocks possess

A

a planar fabric consissting of mineral grains in preferred orientations or preferred patterns of association

55
Q

if a rock is buried and subjected to high heat and pressure, then uplifted, exposed, eroded away, and deposited, which rock type was involved in the sequence

A

clastic, sedimentary, metamorphic

56
Q

an episode of mountain building is trmed an

A

orogeny

57
Q

thermal metamorphism produces

A

nonfoliated rocks only

58
Q

seismometers, being able to detect ground movement of a millionth of a millimeter, are useful to governments worldwide for detecting not only earthquakes, but

A

nuclear bomb tests

59
Q

the key to finding the location of an earthquake’s epicenter is measuring the

A

difference between the time that the p wave arrives and the time that the s wave arrives at the seismometer station

60
Q

the interesction betwee a fault plane and the ground surface is called the

A

fault trace

61
Q

sea level rises locally, the marine sediments are depostied on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed

A

transgressions

62
Q

the point within earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the

A

hypocenter

63
Q

which must occur for the elevation of a mountain range to increase over time

A

the rate of erosion must be less than the rate uplift

64
Q

steps to transform an igneous rock into a metamorphic rock and then into an igneous rock

A

melted and cooled, then buried deeplu. then melted and cold

65
Q

if during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ______ if the fault is shallow

A

thrust

66
Q

_________ commonl serves as a protolith in the formation of marble

A

limestone

67
Q

the distinction between joints and faults is that

A

faults are fractures along which displacement has occured; displacement does not occur along joints

68
Q

orogenesis leads to the production of

A

metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks

69
Q

physical precipitation of gupsum die to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock

A

chemical

70
Q

what process transfroms a sedimentary rock into an igneous rock

A

melting

71
Q

if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, which the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a

A

syncline

72
Q

the sides of a fold, where curvature is at a minimum are termed

A

limbs

73
Q

a body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo

A

stretching

74
Q

s waves cant travel through the ______ because it is ______

A

outer core; liquid

75
Q

surface waves

A

produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

76
Q

what is the foremost requirement for the accumulation of sediment

A

sinking of a portion of the earth’s surface

77
Q

low to high grade of metamorphic rocks

A

slate, phyllite, schiest, gneiss

78
Q

tectonic folations, such as elongation of quartz grains, always occurs parallel to the orginal bedding plane of a body of rock

A

false

79
Q

earthquakes only occur______ the brittle/ ductile transition depth

A

above

80
Q

body waves include

A

boh s and p waves

81
Q

if horizontal sedimentary strata overlie tilted strata, the surface between the horizontal and tilted strata must be a

A

angular unconfomity

Earth Dynamics (1 decks)

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