Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are some major changes that influenced the theory of evolution since darwins time.

A

Punctuated equilibrium, altruism, sexual selection, phenotypic selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is evolution

A

change over time, heritable changes in a population spread over many generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the forces of evolutionary change

A

Mutation, migration, Selection, Drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does mutation affect genetic variation within populations and among populations?

A

within= increase, among= increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does migration affect genetic variation within populations and among populations?

A

within= increase, among= increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does selection affect genetic variation within populations and among populations?

A

within and among= diverging=decrease, balancing= increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does drift affect genetic variation within populations and among populations?

A

within= decrease, among= decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what types of natural selection maintain genetic variation?

A

mutation and migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which types of natural selection maintain genetic variation

A

balancing and frequency-dependent selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of genetic variation of inbreeding

A

genetic variation is lowered within a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the effects on genetic variation of random mating

A

increased genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects on genetic variation on non-random mating

A

decreased genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do we estimate evolutionary change using quantitative genetics

A 
Hardy weinberg equilibrium (genotype frequencies) 
Mendalian genetics (phenotype)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines the response to selection

A

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is adaption defined?

A

a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared with individuals without the trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can we test for adaption

A 
experimental 
    floral spur length 
observational 
   giraffe long necks 
comparative 
   bats (testes size)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do we test for adaption at the molecular level?

A

change in gene frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between sexual selection and natural selection

A

sexual selection acts on characteristics involved in mate choice and can trigger rapid divergence
Natural selection causes divergence based on food preferences, habitats used or other ecological differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do we explain the evolution of traits that have no direct fitness benefit

A

inclusive fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is kin selection

A

selection based on reproductive success of relatives since they share genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hamiltons rule

A

rB>C, favors altrustic acts when indirect fitness benefits the reciever, reduced by the coefficient of relatedness, exceeds costs to altruist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cladogenesis

A

creation of new lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is anagenesis

A

evolution within a lineage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is speciation

A

making of a new species through reproductive isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a species

A

group of interbreeding populations that are evolutionary independent of other populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How should we recognize a species

A

Biologically ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the 3 species concepts

A

morphospecies
biological species concept
phylogenic species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe morphospecies

A

morphological differences and similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the biological species concept

A

group of interbreeding populations, reproductively isolated from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe the phylogenic species concept

A

use phylogeny to identify taxonomic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which concept was proposed by Ernst Myer

A

biological species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 3 steps of any speciation process

A

isolation
divergence
reproductive isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is dispersal

A

movement of groups to a new place making a new population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is vicariance

A

the splitting of a populations range causing 2 smaller sub-populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Use the copepod Eurytemora to illustrate each method and its usefulness. Why is the Morphospecies concept misleading for Eurytemora? Describe the evidence.

A

the copepod is morphologically indistinguishable between each of the species making it impossible to identify this genus using the morphological concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Consider the Hawaiian cricket and the snapping shrimp examples. Describe the evidence that supports dispersal as the mechanism in crickets, and vicariance in snapping shrimp.

A

The crickets you can follow the lineage that shows that the oldest crickets lived on the oldest island first and then the next oldest population on the next oldest island
The shrimp the 2 populations are the same age and pre-dated the closing off of the seaway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  1. Which speciation mechanism is Ernst Myer known for?
A

Allopatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

During speciation, what are the major forces cause divergence? Explain how genetic drift works as a possible cause of divergence.

A

drift
natural selection
sexual selection

drift works because in speciation you have, small populations starting out which it is very easy for drift to work and fix alleles early on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What caused divergence in sticklebacks? What is the evidence?

A

Natural selection
marine- armored shells
lakes- no armor, earlier reproductive times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  1. What is secondary contact
A

When two populations that have diverged in isolation from a common ancestro are reunited geographically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is reinforcement

A

selection for mutations that reduce hybrid matings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Explain the process of reinforcement, including a definition of prezygotic and postzygotic isolation.

A

Natural selection is increasing the reproductive isolation of a species to prevent interbreeding and creating of infertile or less fit offspring
Pre- reduce hybrid matings in the first place
Post- hybrid offspring is unfit in some way

43
Q

Why is the fitness of hybrids important?

A

its driving the selection on the two parental species

44
Q

What outcomes are possible, and how do they depend on the fitness of hybrids?

A

stable hybrid zone
assortative mating
high fitness of hybrid (creating an intermediate)

45
Q
  1. How does sexual selection lead to divergence? Explain the evidence for sexual selection as a likely explanation for speciation in cichlid fish in Lake Malawi.
A

sexual selection leads the females to choose males that had a similar color pattern for the most part, this is a form of non-random mating leading to divergence through assortative mating

46
Q

Summarize the key difference in the way that natural selection and sexual selection lead to speciation?

A

NS uses some type of divergence event then reinforcement to lead to assortative mating rather than having assortative mating be the first step

47
Q
  1. How long ago did earth cool enough to be conducive to life?
A

~4bya

48
Q

How old is life on earth?

A

~3.5bya

49
Q

What is life?

A

evolvability,

RNA or DNA genotype with protein phenotype

50
Q

What are the 3 steps in the early chemistry of life?

A

inorganic molecules on earth
building blocks leading to polymers
cellularization

51
Q
  1. Describe the 2 earliest chemical traces of life.
A 
oxidized iron (means seasonal photosynthesis)
chemical fossils graphite enriched C12 isotopes from living sources
52
Q

Describe the earliest fossil evidence for eukaryotes.

A

stone mattress fossils 3-5bya

eukaryote, nuclear membrane, increase in oxygen 2.0-1.5bya

53
Q

How many years ago did

unicellular life arise?

A

3-5bya

54
Q

How many years ago did

Eukaryotic life?

A

2.0-1.5bya

55
Q

How many years ago did

Metazoan life?

A

565 mya

56
Q
  1. Why is the ribosomal RNA gene used to reconstruct ancient ancestors (LUCA)?
A

look at genes that code for ribosomal RNA because these genes show strong stabilizing selection, same function across all life

57
Q

What was learned from a phylogeny of rRNA sequences?

A

Traditional 5-kingdom classification offers a misleading view on evolutionary relationships
3 major classes of life
prokaryotes are not monophyletic
not all protists are closely related

58
Q

What was wrong with the classical 5 kingdoms of life?

A

archea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to true bacteria

59
Q
  1. Describe the rise of metazoan diversity from the beginning of the Cambrian period
A

rapid diversification of species, diverse forms, most phyla represented

60
Q

What are the differences between the taxa and the diversity found in the Ediacaran and Burgess Shale fossils (consider body symmetry, number of tissue layers)?

A

many different lines of symmetry, and tissue layers, as well as evolving structures never seen before

61
Q
  1. Was the Cambrian radiation of diversity explosive or gradual?
A

explosive

62
Q

Describe how the molecular clock helps to answer this question.

A

using a found fossil that is a LCA then you can find the amount of neural divergence between 2 taxa is related to time since the divergence

63
Q

Describe the molecular evidence from two contrasting studies for the protostome/deuterostome divergence?

A

difference in times based on clock/phylogeny

64
Q

Describe the molecular evidence from two contrasting studies for the radial/bilateral divergence?

A

615mya

65
Q

Describe the molecular evidence from two contrasting studies for the
Echinoderm/chordate divergence?

A

1bya

526mya

66
Q
  1. What is adaptive radiation? What are two reasons that adaptive radiations occur? Give examples of each.
A

morphological divergence among many new lineages over a short period of time

darwins finches
mammals

67
Q
  1. What are the two major ideas for the tempo of morphological evolution? Explain each.
A

gradualism vs. punctuated evolution

68
Q

Which tempo of evolution did Darwin envision? Why?

A

gradualism

slow and gradual change over time

69
Q

What is the pattern of morphological evolution seen in the bryozoans?

A

punctuated evolution (evolving into new niches)

70
Q
  1. What are mass extinctions?
A

The extinction of one of more species in a relatively short period of geological time, usually as a consequence of a catastrophic global event, a natural disaster, or an abrupt change in the environment, and based on studies of fossil records and macroscopic evidence.

71
Q

How do they affect macroevolutionary patterns?

A

global, rapid, can create huge new niches for new species to thrive

72
Q

What traits are associated with a greater likelihood of extinction?

A

specialized, concentrated, little variation

73
Q

Describe the evidence from the lab that suggested the occurrence of species selection.

A

the most diverse and widespread species survived

74
Q
  1. Regarding the evolutionary history of biological diversity (cladogenesis and extinction), would you say biodiversity changes are typically rapid or slow? Gradual or punctuated? Give an example of each.
A

I would sat sod the most part it is slow over time unless there is a mass event there niches open up, then you can have rapid punctuated change

75
Q

What is similar and different about adaptive radiation and punctuated equilibrium?

A

both have quick diversification, difference in the way the lineages happen, punctuated you have diversification, and then extinction of all but one or a few lineages
adaptive the species lineage stays the same until a rapid widespread divergence of many species, then long times of staying the same

76
Q

Define species selection.

A

is the process responsible for the proliferation of species that have lower extinction and higher speciation rates

77
Q
  1. Outline the process of vicariance and how it shapes phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Relate this process to the relationship between South American and Australian marsupials.
A

vicariance: the formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in separation of populations

78
Q
  1. Why do dispersal events “mess up” patterns of phylogenetic relationship expected given knowledge of vicariance? Use the curious case of the opossum to illustrate your answer.
A

clouds the relationship of ancestors with continental regions

79
Q
  1. Why are there more species at lower latitudes on Earth? Provide two hypotheses, and feel free to include one not covered by myself in lecture. For each hypothesis, state a prediction that could be tested experimentally.
A

geographic hypothesis
historical perturbation hypothesis

?more neutral environment?

80
Q
  1. Outline the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. In doing so, what two major forces are thought to counteract each other to determine the species number observed on islands.
A

geography will influence rates on immigration and extinction
distance to mainland influences immigration
island size influences extinction rate

81
Q
  1. Give one reason why speciation is only likely to occur on islands that are above a threshold size.
A

more available niches?

82
Q
  1. Describe two potential processes that explain why flightless birds evolve on islands. Is one of these processes also involved in the loss of anti-predator behaviors?
A

there are not normal preditors that require flight, flight is costly, stay on the group
more food resources, causes larger body mass, inability to fly

83
Q
  1. Why do many island lizards evolve “gigantic” body sizes? Describe an experiment to test this adaptive hypothesis.
A

small predators released from predation upon larger individuals on islands, can grow larger.

84
Q
  1. What specifically is wrong with the popular iconography/cartoon that shows the chimp evolving into a human? Did humans evolve from chimps?
A

only one in subfamily Homininae
there was not 1 hominid that evolved into modern humans, but rather many and we all coexisted one human variant is our ancestor
we have a common ancestor with chimps

85
Q
  1. Recall from the beginning of our semester that evolution is often viewed as “progressive”. Explain, using human evolution as an example, why evolution is not progressive.
A

loosing the MYA16 gene for jaw muscle was harmful for eating tubers
low diversity among those in population, occupy a small habitat range

86
Q
  1. Explain briefly the major events in the history of the family Hominidae. Was the family Hominidae successful? How did diversity change over the past 22 million years? Over what time interval did diversity decline dramatically?
A

we were the last species to leave and only one to survive,

87
Q
  1. When did different species of Homo coexist? When and how many times did species of the genus Homo leave Africa? Did they replace other hominids, or interbreed and share genes? What is the evidence for interbreeding?
A

70,000 mya
left africa at various times
some interbreeding
europeans share neanderthal genes

88
Q
  1. In what ways do you think humans provide a great illustration of macroevolutionary processes (cladogenesis and extinction)?
A

many different clades of hminids that all but one became extinct

89
Q
  1. Chimpanzees are our closest hominid ancestor, but did our last common ancestor look like chimps? How has extinction of hominins altered our view of the evolutionary history of humans?
A

no our LCA was probably more of a bipedal hominid

by not having these species around we draw conclusions on that we can see

90
Q
  1. Describe how understanding evolution has helped in understanding drug therapy and the use of AZT to treat HIV. In the development of vaccines for HIV.
A

we know that diseases and parasites are changing over time which then er can concentrate efforts to target the new forms
drug targets reverse transcriptase but NS works on reverse transcriptase to then lead to AZT resistance

91
Q
  1. Why are novel antigenic combinations favored in flu virus? What form of selection acts on them? Why? As a result, are there more substitutions in synonymous or non-synonymous sites? What is the source of new genetic variants in some flu strains?
A

they escape immune detection
negative frequency dependent selection
nonsynomous sites?

bird human, and swine species pass influenza around creating pandemic forms

92
Q
  1. HIV is nearly 100% lethal to human hosts. Explain why HIV virus might harm their host so much. What, in general, are three reasons parasites harm their host?
A

coincident: by product of traits unrelated to the interaction
maximizes within-host growth
Maximizes between host transmission

93
Q
  1. Why might parasites evolve to be benign to their hosts?
A

to be passed on to multiply

94
Q

Why might parasite evolve intermediate levels of virulence?

A

to multiply self

95
Q

How does selection for within-host growth affect the evolution of parasite virulence?

A

increases pathogen growth

96
Q

How does selection for between-host transmission affect the evolution of parasite virulence?

A

decreases pathogen growth

97
Q
  1. How do the details of transmission affect the evolution of virulence? Which type of parasite should have greater virulence: water-borne or directly transmitted? Directly transmitted or vector-mediated? Which depends on a healthy host for transmission?
A

all pathogens want to only make more of themselves
water-borne have greater virulence
vector borne have less virulence

98
Q
  1. Some parasites are vertically transmitted—from parent to offspring. Do you expect these parasite to have high or low virulence?
A

low virulence (direct contact transmission

99
Q
  1. Which source of selection seems to be responsible for the most phenotypic evolutionary change in animals, according to the review of studies of evolution by Darimont et al 2009: natural, human harvest, or other anthropogenic selection? What type of selection on quantitative traits does human harvest typically produce?
A

natural selection

harvest selection

100
Q
  1. For cod and Atlantic silverside, what traits were favored by human harvest selection? Why were they favored? In what way was the harvest-large strategy in the silverside experiment detrimental to human interests?
A

large body size, feeds more people, the strategy was detrimental because it leads to having smaller fish, having to harvest more, over harvesting and then population reduction

101
Q
  1. What are the consequences of habitat conversion or loss for habitat area, habitat patch size, and patch isolation? How does habitat loss affect species diversity in remaining patches? Why? Do you expect a smaller species diversity in a small, distant habitat island, compared to a large, close habitat island?
A

small isolate populations
interbreeding, drift, allele fixation
the vortex of extinction

102
Q

what is inclusive fitness

A

the sum of its classical fitness (how many of its own offspring it produces and supports) and the number of equivalents of its own offspring it can add to the population by supporting others

103
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

is speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant — isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.

104
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

Evolution (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions