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Final Flashcards

1
Q

The use of drugs to treat a disease

A

chemotherapy

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2
Q

interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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3
Q

of biological origin. produced by a microb, inhibits other microbes

A

Antibiotic

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4
Q

synthetic chemicals

A

chemotherapeutic agent

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5
Q

Today distinction -> many newer antibiotics are biological products that are

A

chemically modified or

chemically synthesized

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6
Q

ddrugs kills pathogens without damaging the host

A

selective toxicity

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7
Q

ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose or ration of LD50 to ED50

A

therapeutic index

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8
Q

high therapeutic index

A

less toxic

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9
Q

bacteriostatic vs. bactericidal - range of activity of an antimicrobial against bacteria

A

antimicrobial action

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10
Q

broad-spectrum vs. narrow spectrum

A

activity spectrum

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11
Q

BBB, unstable in acid; half-life duration

A

tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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12
Q

combinations of two antibiotics that have enhanced bactericidal activity when tested together compared with the activity of each antibiotic; to prevent the emergence of of resistant organisms during therapy

A

antibiotic synergism

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13
Q

combination of antiobiotics in which the activity of one antibiotic interferes with the activity of the other

A

antibiotic antagonism

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14
Q

Ideal drug

A 
There is no ideal drug
but
selective toxicity
lack of side effect
bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic
favorable pharmacokinetics
spectrum of activity
little resistance development
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15
Q

selective toxicity

A

against target pathogen but not against host

LD high vs. MIC and/or MBC(low)

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16
Q

Lack of side effects

A

therapeutic index:effective to toxic doees ratio

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17
Q

favorable pharmacokinetics

A

reach target site in body with effective concentration

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18
Q

spectrum of activity

A

broad vs. narrow

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19
Q

susceptibility test

A
  1. broth dilution
  2. agar dilution
  3. agar diffusion –> kirby-bauder disk diffusion test
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20
Q

zones of inhibition depend upon

A 
pH of environment
media components (agar depth, nutrients)
stability of drug
size of inoculum
length of incubation
metabolic activity of organism
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21
Q
  1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
A

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vanomycin

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22
Q
  1. inhibition of protein synthesis
A

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

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23
Q
  1. inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
A

quionolones, rifampin

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24
Q
  1. injury to plasma membrane
A

polymyxin B

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25
5. inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites
sulfanilamide, trimethoprim
26
antimicrobials of class 1 (wall)
beta lactam drugs | non-beta latam drugs
27
beta lactam drugs
penicillins and cephalosporins
28
penicillins are more effective against?
gram posistive bacteria because it has penicillin binding proteins on their walls
29
cephalosporins are most effective against?
Gram negative | currently working with 5th generation cephalosporins
30
bacitracin
non beta lactams inhibit cell wall mycobacterial infections
31
cycloserins, ethiionamide and isoniazid
interferes with transport of peptidoglycan precursors across cytoplasmic meembrane non-precription first aid
32
vancomycin
``` cell wall inhibit formation of glycan chains gram - innately resistnat so effective in gram + intravenously alternation of side chain of NAM USED TO KILL MRSA resistance: VRE and VRSA ```
33
Inhibition of protein synthesis 4 drugs?
aminoglycosides tetracyclins macrolids chloramphenicol
34
aminoglycosides
effective in gram negative Irreversible binds to 30S synergistic combination with beta lactam drugs
35
aminoglycosides examples?
gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, neomycin
36
side ieffects of aminoglycosides?
ototoxicity,nephrotoxicity
37
tetracyclins
reversibly bind to 30S effective Gram - and + dexycycline have longer half life cause discoloration of teeth for young child resistnace due to decreased accumulation by bacterial cell
38
Macrolides
reversibly binds to 50S Gram + for atypical pneumonia choice for patiens allergic to penicilin
39
macrolides examples?
erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin
40
chloramphenicol
binds to 50S effective against a wide variety of organisms last resort for life threatening infecctinos lethal side effect is aplastic anemia
41
Inhibition of DNA RNA synthesis, 2types?
Fluoroquinolones and Rifamycin
42
Fluoroquinolones
inhibit action of topoisomerase DNA gyrase effective Gram + and - ex) ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin
43
rifamycins
block prokaryotic RNA polymerase most widely used effective Gram + and - and also Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hansen's disease, meningitis resistnace develops rapidly
44
4. injury to plasma membrane 2?
Polymxin B and colistin common first aid skin ointment Gram -
45
5. inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolite, 2 types?
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
46
Sulfonamides
Gram - and + similar to paraaminobenzoic acid human cells lack specific enzyme in folic acid pathway-> selective toxicity
47
trimethoprim
inhibits folic acid production | used synergically with sulfonamide
48
Mechanisms of resistance non genetic | Drug inactivating enzymes
penicilinase chloramphenidol acetyl transferase aminoglycosides and transferases
49
Mechanisms of resistance non genetic | alteration of target molecule
Rifampicin naladixic acid streptomycin erythromycin
50
Rifampicin
altered RNA polymerase(mutants)
51
Naladixic acid
altered DNA gyrase
52
Streptomycin
altered ribosomal protein
53
erythromycin
methylation of 23S rRNA
54
Mechanisms of resistance non genetic | decreased uptake of the drug
alteration in porin protein decrese permeability of cells
55
Mechanisms of resistance non genetic | increased elimination of the drug
some organisms produce efflux pumps capacity to eliminate drug resist higher con. of drug tetracycline resistance
56
Mechanisms of resistance-non general | metabolic inactivity
mycobacterium dormancy
57
loss of target
penicillin non-growing cells; L-forms
58
intrinsic resistance
naturally insensitive
59
antimicrobial resistance genetic mechanism 4of them? | 1spontaneous mutation of old gene
vertical evolution
60
antimicrobial resistance genetic mechanism | 2acquisition of new genes
horizontal evolution
61
antimicrobial resistance genetic mechanism 4of them?
1spontaneous mutation of old gene 2acquisition of new genes 3. chromosomal resistance 4. extrachromosomal resistance
62
antimicrobial resistance genetic mechanism | 4. extrachromosomal resistance
integrons, transposons, plasmid
63
antimicrobial resistance genetic mechanism 4. extrachromosomal resistance - plasmids, what kinds?
multiple genes/plasmid restricted or broad host range transfer between cells (conjugation due to tra genes/ non-conjugal - transcution and comobilization of conjugation plasmids)
64
Misuse of antibiotics includes?
using oudated or weakened antibiotics using a ntibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate condition using antibiotics in animal feed failing to complete the prescribed regiment using someone else's leftover prescription
65
Household halogenated antibicrobial agents?
inhibit bacterial growth purpose is to prevent transmission of disease-causing microbes to non-infected person in clinical settings improper use can select for resistant strains
66
triclosan studies?
effect diluted by water one gene mutation for resistance contact time exceeds normal hand wash time (5 sec) allergies
67
Next threat to humanity
multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis

Biotech MC (1 decks)

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