Final

Question 1

what is the frontal lobe of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 1

(1) impulse control, attention, organization / planning movement
(2) apraxis (difficulty performing a skilled movement)

Question 2

what is the pre-central gyrus of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 2

(1) motor control

2) hemiplegia (contralateral side, unless bilateral involvement

Question 3

what is the post-central gyrus of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 3

(1) sensory reception

(2) sensory loss

Question 4

what is the parietal lobe of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 4

(1) orientation in space, vertical alignment, limb position during movement
(2) lateropulsion (pusher syndrome) or apraxia

Question 5

what is the temporal lobe of the brain involved with?

Answer 5

sound perception, long term memory

Question 6

what is the basal ganglia of the brain involved with?

Answer 6

motor planning; controls and regulates movements

Question 7

what is Broca’s Area of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 7

(1) expressive language

(2) expressive aphasia

Question 8

what is Wernicke’s Area of the brain involved with? what can damage to this area cause?

Answer 8

(1) understanding language

(2) receptive aphasia

Question 9

how is an upper and lower motor neuron lesion differentiated with facial weakness?

Answer 9

forehead sparing occurs with UMN lesions (can move eyebrow), while drooping of the forehead occurs with LMN lesions

Question 10

how is somebody diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer 10

when a patient has had an alteration of kidney function for >3 months

Question 11

what are some common causes of CKD? (3)

Answer 11

(1) diabetes
(2) HTN
(3) glomerulonphritis

Question 12

how is somebody diagnosed with end stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Answer 12

the final stage of CKD; occurs with loss of kidney function requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant

Question 13

what is uremia? when does this occur?

Answer 13

• Cluster of Symptoms that occur during End Stage Renal Disease
  (1) kidneys can’t excrete toxins
  (2) kidneys can’t maintain fluid, pH or electrolyte balance
  (3) kidneys can’t secrete hormones (renin, vitamin D, erythropoietin)
  (4) nausea, vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, pruitus, sensory and motor neuropathy, and asterixis

Question 14

what is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a person with normal functioning kidneys?

Answer 14

90 mL / minute

Question 15

what is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a person with kidney failure?

Answer 15

15 mL / minute

Question 16

why does kidney failure cause osteomalacia?

Answer 16

when the kidneys fail, this leads to increased phosphate levels and decreased calcium levels; this decreased calcium causes parathyroid hormone secretion, causes an increases calcium resorption from bone causing osteomalacia

Question 17

what is the leading cause of death in patients with ESRD?

Answer 17

cardiovascular compromise

Question 18

what are some musculoskeletal conditions that can occur as a result of kidney failure?

Answer 18

renal osteodystrophy, which can cause renal rickets, osteomalacia, and osteitis fibrosis

Question 19

what musculoskeletal precautions should a PT be aware of in patients with kidney failure?

Answer 19

(1) bone pain (more so in the spine and LE joints); worse with exercise and WB activities
(2) fractures: in the spine and long bones

Question 20

how can renal failure affect the neurological system?

Answer 20

(1) CNS: sleep disturbances, memory loss, poor concentration, confusion
(2) PNS: death of sensory and motor axons causing neuropathy that occurs symmetrically and bilaterally