Final Flashcards
Anticipatory Warrant
One based upon prior knowledge or an affidavit showing probable causethat at some further time
Curtilage
portion of the residence that is not open to the public
Exclusionary Rule
esetablished that courts cannot accept evidence obtained by unreasonable searches and seizures
Good-Faith Doctrine
established that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible if the police were truly unaware they were violating the suspects fourth amendment rights
Inevitable Discovery Doctrine
established that if illegally obtained evidence would in all likelihood eventually have been discovered legally it may be used
Particularity Requirement
dictates that a search conducted with a warrant must be limited to the specific area and specific items named in the warrant
Terry Stop
detaining, questioning, and possible frisking of an individual based on the officers reasonable suspicion of that individuals involvement in criminal activity
Ballistics
the study of projectiles, from propulsion through flight to impact
Caliber
diameter of a weapons bore as measured between lands, as well as the size of the bullet intended for use with a specific weapon
Cast
the physical reproduction of an impression
Chain of Custody
documentation of what has happened to evidence from teh time it was discovered until it arrives in court
DNA Profiling
forensic analysis of blood, hair, saliva, etc. from almost any part of the body to ascertain a positive identity.
Individual Characteristics
features that distinguish one item from others of the same type
Integrity of Evidence
referring to the requirement that any item introduced in court mus be in the same condition as when it was found a the crime scene
Latent Fingerprints
print impressions transferred to a surface
Prima Facie Evidence
established by law
Probative Evidence
tends to prove guilt or innocence
Admission
statement containing some information concerning the elements of a crime but not quite a confession
Custodial Interogation
questioning by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody
In Custody
that point at which an officer has decided a suspect is not free to leave
Interrogation
questioning people suspected of direct or indirect involvement in the crime being investigated
Testimonial Hearsay
prior testimony made as a result of police interrogation
De Facto Arrest
functional equivalent of an arrest
Entrapment
tricking someone into committing a crime that he or she would not normally commit
Fixed Surveillance
observing a location from a fixed location
Criminal Homicide
includes murder and manslaughter and is a felony
Excusable Homicide
unintentional, truly accidental killing of another person
First Degree Murder
premeditated killing of another person or killing someone while committing or attempting to commit a felony
Heat of Passion
Extremely volatile emotional condition
Hesitation Wounds
less severe cutting marks caused by an individuals attempts to build up nerve before making a fatal cutting wound
Homicide
killing of one person by another
Postmortem Lividity
dark blue or purple discoloration of the body where blood has drained to the lowest level after death
Rigor Mortis
stiffening of the joints of the body after death because of partial skeletal muscle contraction
Toxicology
study of poisons
Cadaveric Spasm
body spaz’s after death and has death grip
What are the 4 categories of death?
Natural
Accidental
Suicide
Homicide
Aggravated Assault
unlawful attack by one person on another to inflict severe bodily injury
Battery
actually hitting or striking someone
Simple Assault
intentionally causing another person to fear immediate bodily harm or death or intentionally inflicting or attempting to inflict bodily harm on another
Stalking
the willful commission of a series of acts that would cause a reasonable person to fear death or serious injury
Date Rape
type of sexual assault where the victim knows the suspect
Indecent Exposure
revealing ones genitals to another person to such an extent as to shock the others sense of decency
Statutory Rape
sexual intercourse with a minor; with or without consent
Voyeurism
the act of gaining sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity
Exploitation
taking unfair advantage of children or using them illegally
Lewdness
touching a minor to arouse, appeal to or gratify the perpetrators sexual desires
Neglect
failure to meet a childs basic needs
Munchausen Syndrome
involves self induced injuries
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
tragic condition that takes the lives of young victims and for which parents may become suspected of child abuse
Robbery
felonious taking of anothers property either directly form the person or in teh persons presence using force or intimidation
Stockholm Syndrome
psychological issue where hostages bear no ill feelings toward the hostage takers and fear the police more than their captors
Ways to break into a safe
Blowing A Safe Burning A Safe Chopping A Safe Dragging A Safe Peeling A Safe Pulling A Safe Punching A Safe
Burglary
unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft
Fence
go-between who receives stolen goods for resale
Target Hardening
altering physical characteristics of a property to make it less attractive to criminals
Verified Response Policy
procedure implemented by some law enforcement agencies whereby they will not respond to a burglary alarm unless criminal activity is first confirmed
Locards Principle of Exchange
basic forensic theory that objects that come in contact with each other always transfer material, how ever minute, to each other
Embezzlement
fraudulent appropriation of property by a person to whom it has been entrusted
Flaggers
thieves who go around neighborhoods targeting mailboxes with their flags up
Battered Woman Sydrome
The set of symptoms, injuries, and signs of mistreatment seen in a woman who has been repeatedly abused by a husband or other male figure.
Dyer Act
made interstate transportation of a stolen motor vehicle a federal crime and allowed for federal assistance in prosecuting such cases
Arson
malicious burning of a building or property
Depth of Char
how deeply wood is burned
Fire Triangle
Air, Fuel, and Heat
Line of Demarcation
The boundary between charred and un-charred material
Cybercrime
a criminal act that is carried out using cyber technology and that takes place in cyberspace
Hacker
a computer buff
Terrorism
unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, in furtherance of political or social objectives
Homeland Security Agencies
Customs, TSA, Coast Guard, Secret Service, FEMA, ICE
Adversary System
justice system used in the US
Prosecution v. Defense and neutral Judge
Cross-Examination
questioning by the opposite side in a trial that attempts to assess the validity of testimony given under direct examination
Direct Examination
initial questioning of a witness or defendant during a trial by the lawyer who is using the persons testimony to further their case
Exceptionally Cleared
disposition of a case when circumstances outside the investigation result in no charges being filed
Expert Witness
person who has had special raining, education or experience
Rebuttal
testimony by a witness for the prosecution given to contradict the testimony presented by the defense
The Well
area within the courtroom that is in front of the judge and between the judge and attorneys tables
Witness Sequestration Rule
common practice of excluding witnesses from the courtroom during a trial to prevent one witness from hearing another witnesses testimony
Criminalistics
specialists trained in recording, identifying, and interpreting the minute details of physical evidence
Crime Mapping
focuses on hot spots where crimes occur
Modus Operendi
refers to the motives and patterns behind a criminal
Baseline Method
Establishes a straight line from one fixed point to another, from which measurements are taken at right angles
Rectangular Coordination Method
uses two adjacent walls of a room as fixed points from which distances are measured at right angles from each wall
Triangulation Method
uses straight line measurements from two fixed objects to the evidence to create a triangle with the evidence in the angle formed by the two straight lines
Cross-Projection Sketch
presents the floor and walls of a room as though they were on the same surface
Photographs should be taken in what order?
General Area, Specific Area, Specific Objects
Fourth Amendment
forbids unreasonable searches and seizures
The most important limitation on searches is…
they must be narrow in scope
AFIS
Automated Fingerprint Identification System
CODIS
Combined DNA Index System
Basic types of equipment used to process a crime scene…..
camera, notebook, gloves, fingerprint brush, tape, magnifying glass
At what point should an arrested individuals rights be told?
Before any questioning
Confession
a statement about a crime and admitting to committing the crime
Human Trafficking & Smuggling difference
The individuals freedom of choice
CTR
Currency Transaction Report
Ritualistic Crime
a crime committed with or during a ceremony
IED
Improvised Explosive Device
Elements of a Crime
specific conditions that must occur for an act to be called a specific kind of crime
Circle of Violence
Tension Building
Acute Battering
Honeymoon
Asset Forfeitures
allows law enforcement agencies to seize funds and property associated with criminal activity and effectively subjects criminals to 100 percent tax on their earnings
