final Flashcards
Transduction
conversion of environmental stimuli to electrical signals
focusing components of eyes
light enters eye; passes through cornea and lens (inside the eye)has muscles attached to it that accommodate
the 1st step of the perceptual process
any type of stimuli from the environment
amplitude
loudness
environmental stimui do they activate the same receptors
NO perceived movement
which one of the following is not a factor
depth
scene schema
in our environment if we dont think it belongs there we will think it will stand out
what is a monochromat?
a person who is truly colorblind (black and white only )
what we perceive is always correct
FALSE
azimuth
left to right of a sound wave
absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulus energy that can still be detected
sensitivity threshold
if your sound threshold is LOW (you can barely detect the sound at very low volumes), your sensitivity is HIGH
Excitatory
(depolarization) Increased positivity and thus chance of generating action potentials
Inhibitory
(hyperpolarization) Decreased positivity and thus chance of generating action potentials
how light enters the eye
enters through pupil, focused on retina by cornea and lens, retinal image is inverted
thalamus
area where signals pass through before going up to cortical area
Blindspot
located in the periphery, not consciously “looking: for it , brain perceptually “fills” in the area
the space between two neurons is called the
synapse or synaptic cleft
Intensity
how bright or how dark something is
saturation
how much gray or white is in the color, pastel vs rainbow
hue
how we think of color
rods and cones
cones are everywhere
electromagnetic spectrum
range of energy that radiates in the form of waves (vibrations of electric/magnetic fields)characterized by wavelength
Inhibition also influences neural circuits
signals from one neuron to the next can cause either excitatory or inhibitory responses in the next neuron depending on the type of neurotransmitter
what does the cornea do
cornea does most focusing and more curved than lens
lateral inhibition
lateral sending of inhibitory signal across the retina. That explains different visual illusions
neurons in V1
simple , complex, hypercomplex
receptive field
area in visual space (or on the retina) that influences the firing of the cell
Parietal lobe (monkey ablation)
Where/how , movement position, Dorsal pathway
Temporal Lobe (monkey ablation)
What, form color of texture, ventral pathway
Inferotemporal cortex
monkey
Fusiforum Face Area
FFA human
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces resulting from damage to FFA
IT/FFA
respond best to faces as well as when context implies a face, complex shapes
MT
responds best to motion , not color
PPA
(parahippocampal) place area responds best to spatial layeout
EBA
(Extrastriate body area)(temporal)responds best to pictures of full bodies and body parts
experiment on house/face
greater activity in FFA when face was perceived & greater activity in PPA when house was perceived
overt
directing our fovea ( eye movements)
Covert
mental aspect, without eye movement
saccadic eye movement
saccades (red lines) and fixations ( yellow dots)
scene schemas
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene can influence where you direct your attention ex: direction of stop signs at intersections
Balint’s Syndrome
parietal lobe damage eg, patient RM- inability to focus on individual objects: illusory conjuctions occur freqeuntly even if stimuli are presented for long durations
Blind walking experiment
people do this pretty well so maybe you dont need optic flow
swinging room experiment
simulates self movement, the walls and ceiling swing to simulate self movement that you are moving through the environment so your sense of balance is very connected to vision
Trichomatic theory
1.color vision depends on three neural mechanisms, each sensitive to different ranges of wavelengths of light 2. the pattern of responses of the 3 mechanisms is coded as color
metameters
lights that are physically different but perceptually identical
why is color vision not possible with one receptor type eg just rods?
because response /absorption is determined by 1.wavelength, & intensity
Monochromat
only requires 1 wavelength in comparison to make a color match. Only rods no cones (grey world ‘color blind’ )
Dichromat
only requires 2 wavelengths in comparison to make a color match , lacking one cone type, can see colors but certain colors are confused
Anomalous trichromat
requires 3 wavelengths , but sets them at proportions that are different than normals , has all 3 cones, percept?
parietal reach region
important for reaching and grasping
Mirror neurons
provide information to help understand others actions
Audiovisual mirror neurons
respond to characteristics of observed action
mirror neurons is influenced by
experience
Focus of Expansion (FOE)
direction of heading , self produced (self movement), invariant (available regardless of location )
Organ of corti
outer hair cells extend and retract to amplify up-down motion 2. Inner hair cells ( d not touch tectorial membrane) bend from fluid vibrations
Indirect sounds vs direct sounds
Indirect sounds(in a classroom or concert)) often reach your ears later than direct sounds( if you were outside), and at all different times but we usually perceive coherent (rather than multiple) sound sources
mechanoreceptors
reside in the skin, respond to mechanical stimulation of the skin( ex: pressure, stretching, vibration) differ by structure, location, and response to stimuli
Nociceptive pain
(nociceptors = pain receptors) warns the body of impending damage to skin/tissue
Inflammatory pain
(chemicals activate nociceptors) damage to tissue , inflammation of joints/tumors
Neuropathic pain
Lesions or other internal damage to the nervous system ( ex: neurons and nerve fibers) usually accompanied by neurological problems ex: paralysis)
Gate control theory of pain
sensory and cognitive contributions, nociceptor pathway, mechanoreceptor, central control, transmission cell ( is not just what physically happens
In the womb can the fetus see?
NO
gymnast or a diver when they do a backflip
when they close their eyes they can’t do a backflip
Inverse projection
problem that is show different things in your environment (same image into the retina)
environmental stimuli do they activate the same receptors?
NO
Akinetopsia
motion blindness, cannot perceive motion in their visual field despite being able to see stationary objects
If someone has deuteranopia they are missing ?
the medium wavelengths code
Auditory system
deliver sound,stimulus to receptors, transduce stimulus from pressure to electrical signals, process the signals ( pitch & location)
binocular rivalry
is a phenomenon of visual perception in which perception alternates between different images presented to each eye
point light walker
are coordinating moving dots that simulate biological motion in which each dot represents specific joints of a human performing an action
