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final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell and separates the interior for the exterior?

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

How is a typical animal cell different from a plant cell?

A

animal cells have centrioles

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3
Q

Which characteristics are common to MOST cells? Select all that apply.

A

cell membrane
DNA
cytoplasm

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4
Q

Human hair, maple leaves, mushrooms and bacteria all share one common characteristic. What is it?

A

they are all composed of cells

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5
Q

Which structures are found in prokaryotic cells? Select all that apply.

A

cell wall

cytoplasm

cell membrane

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6
Q

In a plant cell, a cell wall is found

A

on the most eternal part of the cell

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7
Q

In general, all photosynthetic structures of a plant body will be what color?

A

green

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8
Q

In certain plants, the green color is lacking in specific parts. For example, onion bulbs are yellow or white, but not green. What does this suggest?

A

photosynthesis does not occur in these plant parts

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9
Q

Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? Select all that apply.

A

central vacuole
chloroplast
cell wall

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

to produce sugar

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11
Q

How do central vacuoles help the plant cells to stay rigid?

A

they exert turgor pressure

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12
Q

The __ is the substance found within a cell, bounded by the cell membrane.

A

CYTOPLASM

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13
Q

You observe cells on a microscope slide that are very small with no obvious intracellular structure and no nuclei. They are most likely

A

prokaryotic

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14
Q

Which of the following are found in both plant and animal cells? Select all that apply.

A

golgi apparatus
mitochondria
ER

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15
Q

DNA of eukaryotic cells is found within the

A

nucleus

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16
Q

A solution is a mixture of

A

a solute dissolved in a solvent

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17
Q

Which factor determines which solutes can pass across the membrane of dialysis tubing?

A

molecular size

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18
Q

In the diffusion experiment (involving iodine and glucose), what did you learn about the relative size of glucose and iodine molecules?

A

they are both small enough to pass through the membrane

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19
Q

How does a concentration gradient affect diffusion rate?

A

The bigger the gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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20
Q

A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called a

A

solution

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21
Q

What drives diffusion?

A

the random movement of molecules

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22
Q

What conditions must be present for diffusion to occur? Select all that apply.

A

there must be a concentration gradient

the membrane must be permeable to the solute

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23
Q

Suppose you have solute molecules at a very high concentration at a specific location in a solvent. All molecules move around randomly. What will happen over time?

A

solute molecules will spread out evenly

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24
Q

In the HCl/ammonium chloride experiment, your experiment showed that the ammonium chloride cloud forms

A

closer to the HCl source

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25
Q

In the diffusion experiment, which solute diffused from the dialysis tubing bag INTO the beaker?

A

glucose

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26
Q

Put the substances in order of which has the fastest diffusion rate to slowest diffusion rate.

A

Fastest- air
intermidiate- liquid
Slowest- semi solid

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27
Q

Whether a liquid, gas or semi-solid, diffusion always occurs __.

A

from high to low solute concentration

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28
Q

In which medium are solvent molecules most widely spread?

A

gas

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29
Q

Suppose solute molecules are highly concentrated and that diffusion happens fast. What will the distribution of solute be like after a long time?

A

the concentration of solute will be equal everywhere

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30
Q

In the photosynthesis experiment, what was the purpose of blowing on the surface of the solution?

A

adding carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Photopigments differ from each other in what way?

A

each absorbs light most efficiently at different wavelengths

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32
Q

In which situation would you expect the rate of photosynthesis to be highest?

A

a plant placed in blue light

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33
Q

Which of the following is true about the color of a photopigment?

A

it is the color of light it does not absorb

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34
Q

Why did the fluid level in the glass tube of the volumeter drop when the plant was not receiving light?

A

the light reactions of photosynthesis are not occurring, but cell respiration is

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35
Q

In the photosynthesis experiment, what was the sodium bicarbonate used for? Select all that apply.

A

water source

Carbon dioxide source

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36
Q

In the photosynthesis experiment, what variable was the dye used to control?

A

the color of light the plant receives

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37
Q

In the chromatography experiment, which photopigment was the most soluble in the solvent?

A

carotenes

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38
Q

The overall function of photopigments is

A

to absorb light energy

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39
Q

Different wavelengths of light

A

have different colors

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40
Q

In the photosynthesis experiment, how did you measure the rate of photosynthesis?

A

measuring the volume change due to oxygen production using a volumeter

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41
Q

Why did cell respiration cause a drop in the fluid level of the volumeter when the plant was not receiving light?

A

oxygen is being removed from the solution

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42
Q

Where in the chloroplast are the photopigments located?

A

in the thylakoid membranes

43
Q

Which of the following calculations took into consideration how far the fluid WOULD have risen if the Elodea had not been respiring?

A

gross photosynthesis

44
Q

In the photosynthesis experiment, changes in the fluid level of the volumeter when it was wrapped in foil was a result of gas changes from

A

cell respiration

45
Q

What is seen here?

1- one eyeball
7- two eyeball

A

mitosis

46
Q

Sexually reproducing species produce both sex cells (gametes) and somatic cells (body cells).

A

true

47
Q

Sex cells are created by

A

meiosis

48
Q

By which mechanism do normal body cells divide and multiply?

A

mitosis

49
Q

A parent cell with a chromosome number of 20 divides by mitosis. Each daughter cell will have __ chromosomes.

A

20

50
Q

If the standard number of chromosomes in an organism’s cells is 12, how many chromosomes will be in cells produced by mitosis?

A

12

51
Q

Just prior to cell division DNA condenses into rod shaped structures called

A

chromosomes

52
Q

Which is true of daughter cells produced by meiosis? Select all that apply.

A

they are haploid

they are genetically variable

53
Q

An original diploid parent cell will produce how many daughter cells when meiosis is complete?

A

4

54
Q

What are the functions of mitosis in multicellular eukaryotic organisms such as plants and animals?

A

growth, development and repair

55
Q

What is DNA?

A

the material that carres genetic information from one generation to the next

56
Q

Which is a sequence of two divisions?

A

meiosis

57
Q

All living organisms are composed of

A

cells

58
Q

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells of humans?

A

46

59
Q

How is metaphase I of meiosis different from metaphase of mitosis?

A

the homologous chromosomes are side by side in meiosis I and single file in mitosis

60
Q

Fur color in mice is affected by a gene with two alleles. The B allele causes dark brown fur and is completely dominant over the b allele that causes light brown fur. A mouse with the genotype bb would have __ brown fur.

A

light

61
Q

Fur color in mice is affected by a gene with two alleles. The B allele causes dark brown fur and is completely dominant over the b allele that causes light brown fur. What is the fur color of a mouse with genotype Bb?

A

dark brown fur

62
Q

In the genotype TtAa, which alleles are dominant? Select all that apply.

A

T A

63
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring of a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for the wild type long wing phenotype (Gg)?

A

Tt x tt

64
Q

The independent assortment of allelic pairs during gamete formation, as described by Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, results from:

A

the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I

65
Q

What are the expected phenotypic ratios in the offspring of a cross between a parent that is homozygous for the wild type long wing trait (GG) and a parent that is homozygous for the short wing trait (gg)?

A

all long winged

66
Q

Which of the following BEST describes a gene?

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes a functional product

67
Q

Which of the following is a likely source of error resulting from the failure to remove the adult flies from the experiment after the eggs were deposited?

A

counting the adults would have increased the number of wild type wing flies in the observed resulting in skewed data

68
Q

A __ genotype has two different alleles for a particular gene, such as Tt.

A

Heterozygous

69
Q

How long should you wait before removing adult flies from the breeding tubes in the fruit fly genetics experiment?

A

1 WEEK

70
Q

Hemophilia B is an X linked disorder of blood clotting. If a man without this disease has children with a woman who is heterozygous for this allele, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to have the disease phenotype?

A

50 PERCENT OF SONS

71
Q

Fruit flies should be removed from the breeding tubes after the eggs are laid because:

A

counting adults will alter the phenotypic ratio

72
Q

Which of the following are true of alleles? Select all that apply.

A

alleles determine traits
alleles are found on homologous chromosomes
alleles are variations of genes

73
Q

Degrees of freedom (d.f.) is defined as:

A

the number of classes (phenotypes) minus one

74
Q

In the DNA extraction experiment, which reagent caused the DNA to form a precipitate?

A

ethanol

75
Q

When preparing for gel electrophoresis, you must first __ before pouring the liquid agarose solution into the casting tray.

A

apply tape to the two open ends of the casting tray

76
Q

The collection of DNA on a glass rod is called __.

A

spoolings

77
Q

TNF alpha is a protein involved in the inflammatory and immune responses.

A

true

78
Q

Each newly formed DNA molecule is made of two parental strands.

A

false

79
Q

A complex formed by DNA and its associated proteins is called

A

chromatine

80
Q

All mutations are harmful.

A

false

81
Q

Each group of three nucleotides acts like a code word representing one __

A

amino acid

82
Q

What is the purpose of homogenization during the DNA extraction process?

A

it allows DNA to be suspended in solution

83
Q

The addition of which reagent (in the DNA extraction experiment) removed the proteins from the DNA?

A

meat tenderizer

84
Q

The process of forming mRNA from the template strand of DNA is called

A

transcription

85
Q

Why must the DNA bands in the gel (in the gel electrophoresis experiment) be viewed under UV light?

A

ethidium bromide can only be seen under UV light

86
Q

RNA polymerase is a(n)

A

enzyme

87
Q

DNA functions as the genetic material of the cells.

A

true

88
Q

DNA will travel toward which electrode during gel electrophoresis?

A

positive

89
Q

What happens when iodine is added to a solution containing starch?

A

iodine changes from light yellow to blue-black in color

90
Q

Which compounds tend to travel the greatest distance on the chromatography paper?

A

compounds that are most soluble in the solvent

91
Q

Which color of light is least absorbed by photopigments of plants?

A

green

92
Q

Which of the following are the reactants of Calvin Cycle? Select all that apply.

A

ATP, CO2, NADPH

93
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about the daughter cells produced by mitosis?

A

they will be genetically identical to the parent

94
Q

At the start of mitosis, each chromosome is composed of

A

two identical sister chromatids

95
Q

New cells are only produced when needed to repair damaged tissue.

A

false

96
Q

All the cells of a sexually reproducing organism are diploid.

A

false

97
Q

middle picture

A

metaphase

98
Q

A __ allele can only exert its phenotypic effect in a homozygote.

A

recessive

99
Q

When attaching electrodes to the gel chamber for gel electrophoresis, which electrode should be closest to the sample wells?

A

negative

100
Q

What can happen if the voltage is set too high during electrophoresis?

A

a high voltage can heat up the buffer and cause the gel to melt

101
Q

When using the ladder analogy to describe DNA, the rungs of the ladder are composed of

A

nitrogenous bases

102
Q

DNA size is identified by the number of base pairs (bp). A 100 bp DNA fragment and a 200 bp DNA fragment are separated by gel electrophoresis. Which band should be farther from the wells?

A

100 fragment

103
Q

Each newly formed DNA molecule is made of two parental strands.

A

false

bio lab (2 decks)

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