final Flashcards by Alisha Phillips

Which of the following surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell and separates the interior for the exterior?

cell membrane

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How is a typical animal cell different from a plant cell?

animal cells have centrioles

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Which characteristics are common to MOST cells? Select all that apply.

cell membrane
DNA
cytoplasm

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Human hair, maple leaves, mushrooms and bacteria all share one common characteristic. What is it?

they are all composed of cells

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Which structures are found in prokaryotic cells? Select all that apply.

cell wall

cytoplasm

cell membrane

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In a plant cell, a cell wall is found

on the most eternal part of the cell

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In general, all photosynthetic structures of a plant body will be what color?

green

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In certain plants, the green color is lacking in specific parts. For example, onion bulbs are yellow or white, but not green. What does this suggest?

photosynthesis does not occur in these plant parts

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Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? Select all that apply.

central vacuole
chloroplast
cell wall

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What is the function of the chloroplast?

to produce sugar

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How do central vacuoles help the plant cells to stay rigid?

they exert turgor pressure

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The __ is the substance found within a cell, bounded by the cell membrane.

CYTOPLASM

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You observe cells on a microscope slide that are very small with no obvious intracellular structure and no nuclei. They are most likely

prokaryotic

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Which of the following are found in both plant and animal cells? Select all that apply.

golgi apparatus
mitochondria
ER

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DNA of eukaryotic cells is found within the

nucleus

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A solution is a mixture of

a solute dissolved in a solvent

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Which factor determines which solutes can pass across the membrane of dialysis tubing?

molecular size

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In the diffusion experiment (involving iodine and glucose), what did you learn about the relative size of glucose and iodine molecules?

they are both small enough to pass through the membrane

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How does a concentration gradient affect diffusion rate?

The bigger the gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called a

solution

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What drives diffusion?

the random movement of molecules

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What conditions must be present for diffusion to occur? Select all that apply.

there must be a concentration gradient

the membrane must be permeable to the solute

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Suppose you have solute molecules at a very high concentration at a specific location in a solvent. All molecules move around randomly. What will happen over time?

solute molecules will spread out evenly

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In the HCl/ammonium chloride experiment, your experiment showed that the ammonium chloride cloud forms

closer to the HCl source

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In the diffusion experiment, which solute diffused from the dialysis tubing bag INTO the beaker?

glucose

Put the substances in order of which has the fastest diffusion rate to slowest diffusion rate.

Fastest- air intermidiate- liquid Slowest- semi solid

Whether a liquid, gas or semi-solid, diffusion always occurs __.

from high to low solute concentration

In which medium are solvent molecules most widely spread?

gas

Suppose solute molecules are highly concentrated and that diffusion happens fast. What will the distribution of solute be like after a long time?

the concentration of solute will be equal everywhere

In the photosynthesis experiment, what was the purpose of blowing on the surface of the solution?

adding carbon dioxide

Photopigments differ from each other in what way?

each absorbs light most efficiently at different wavelengths

In which situation would you expect the rate of photosynthesis to be highest?

a plant placed in blue light

Which of the following is true about the color of a photopigment?

it is the color of light it does not absorb

Why did the fluid level in the glass tube of the volumeter drop when the plant was not receiving light?

the light reactions of photosynthesis are not occurring, but cell respiration is

In the photosynthesis experiment, what was the sodium bicarbonate used for? Select all that apply.

water source | Carbon dioxide source

In the photosynthesis experiment, what variable was the dye used to control?

the color of light the plant receives

In the chromatography experiment, which photopigment was the most soluble in the solvent?

carotenes

The overall function of photopigments is

to absorb light energy

Different wavelengths of light

have different colors

In the photosynthesis experiment, how did you measure the rate of photosynthesis?

measuring the volume change due to oxygen production using a volumeter

Why did cell respiration cause a drop in the fluid level of the volumeter when the plant was not receiving light?

oxygen is being removed from the solution

Where in the chloroplast are the photopigments located?

in the thylakoid membranes

Which of the following calculations took into consideration how far the fluid WOULD have risen if the Elodea had not been respiring?

gross photosynthesis

In the photosynthesis experiment, changes in the fluid level of the volumeter when it was wrapped in foil was a result of gas changes from

cell respiration

What is seen here? 1- one eyeball 7- two eyeball

mitosis

Sexually reproducing species produce both sex cells (gametes) and somatic cells (body cells).

true

Sex cells are created by

meiosis

By which mechanism do normal body cells divide and multiply?

mitosis

A parent cell with a chromosome number of 20 divides by mitosis. Each daughter cell will have __ chromosomes.

If the standard number of chromosomes in an organism's cells is 12, how many chromosomes will be in cells produced by mitosis?

Just prior to cell division DNA condenses into rod shaped structures called

chromosomes

Which is true of daughter cells produced by meiosis? Select all that apply.

they are haploid | they are genetically variable

An original diploid parent cell will produce how many daughter cells when meiosis is complete?

What are the functions of mitosis in multicellular eukaryotic organisms such as plants and animals?

growth, development and repair

What is DNA?

the material that carres genetic information from one generation to the next

Which is a sequence of two divisions?

meiosis

All living organisms are composed of

cells

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells of humans?

How is metaphase I of meiosis different from metaphase of mitosis?

the homologous chromosomes are side by side in meiosis I and single file in mitosis

Fur color in mice is affected by a gene with two alleles. The B allele causes dark brown fur and is completely dominant over the b allele that causes light brown fur. A mouse with the genotype bb would have __ brown fur.

light

Fur color in mice is affected by a gene with two alleles. The B allele causes dark brown fur and is completely dominant over the b allele that causes light brown fur. What is the fur color of a mouse with genotype Bb?

dark brown fur

In the genotype TtAa, which alleles are dominant? Select all that apply.

T A

What is the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring of a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for the wild type long wing phenotype (Gg)?

Tt x tt

The independent assortment of allelic pairs during gamete formation, as described by Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, results from:

the separation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I

What are the expected phenotypic ratios in the offspring of a cross between a parent that is homozygous for the wild type long wing trait (GG) and a parent that is homozygous for the short wing trait (gg)?

all long winged

Which of the following BEST describes a gene?

a sequence of DNA that encodes a functional product

Which of the following is a likely source of error resulting from the failure to remove the adult flies from the experiment after the eggs were deposited?

counting the adults would have increased the number of wild type wing flies in the observed resulting in skewed data

A __ genotype has two different alleles for a particular gene, such as Tt.

Heterozygous

How long should you wait before removing adult flies from the breeding tubes in the fruit fly genetics experiment?

1 WEEK

Hemophilia B is an X linked disorder of blood clotting. If a man without this disease has children with a woman who is heterozygous for this allele, what percentage of their offspring would be expected to have the disease phenotype?

50 PERCENT OF SONS

Fruit flies should be removed from the breeding tubes after the eggs are laid because:

counting adults will alter the phenotypic ratio

Which of the following are true of alleles? Select all that apply.

alleles determine traits alleles are found on homologous chromosomes alleles are variations of genes

Degrees of freedom (d.f.) is defined as:

the number of classes (phenotypes) minus one

In the DNA extraction experiment, which reagent caused the DNA to form a precipitate?

ethanol

When preparing for gel electrophoresis, you must first __ before pouring the liquid agarose solution into the casting tray.

apply tape to the two open ends of the casting tray

The collection of DNA on a glass rod is called __.

spoolings

TNF alpha is a protein involved in the inflammatory and immune responses.

true

Each newly formed DNA molecule is made of two parental strands.

false

A complex formed by DNA and its associated proteins is called

chromatine

All mutations are harmful.

false

Each group of three nucleotides acts like a code word representing one __

amino acid

What is the purpose of homogenization during the DNA extraction process?

it allows DNA to be suspended in solution

The addition of which reagent (in the DNA extraction experiment) removed the proteins from the DNA?

meat tenderizer

The process of forming mRNA from the template strand of DNA is called

transcription

Why must the DNA bands in the gel (in the gel electrophoresis experiment) be viewed under UV light?

ethidium bromide can only be seen under UV light

RNA polymerase is a(n)

enzyme

DNA functions as the genetic material of the cells.

true

DNA will travel toward which electrode during gel electrophoresis?

positive

What happens when iodine is added to a solution containing starch?

iodine changes from light yellow to blue-black in color

Which compounds tend to travel the greatest distance on the chromatography paper?

compounds that are most soluble in the solvent

Which color of light is least absorbed by photopigments of plants?

green

Which of the following are the reactants of Calvin Cycle? Select all that apply.

ATP, CO2, NADPH

Which of the following statements is correct about the daughter cells produced by mitosis?

they will be genetically identical to the parent

At the start of mitosis, each chromosome is composed of

two identical sister chromatids

New cells are only produced when needed to repair damaged tissue.

false

All the cells of a sexually reproducing organism are diploid.

false

middle picture

metaphase

A __ allele can only exert its phenotypic effect in a homozygote.

recessive

When attaching electrodes to the gel chamber for gel electrophoresis, which electrode should be closest to the sample wells?

negative

What can happen if the voltage is set too high during electrophoresis?

a high voltage can heat up the buffer and cause the gel to melt

When using the ladder analogy to describe DNA, the rungs of the ladder are composed of

nitrogenous bases

DNA size is identified by the number of base pairs (bp). A 100 bp DNA fragment and a 200 bp DNA fragment are separated by gel electrophoresis. Which band should be farther from the wells?

100 fragment

Each newly formed DNA molecule is made of two parental strands.

false