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final Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: An individual who perceives the costs associated with a current negative behavior (e.g., no physical activity) being equal to the benefits will likely change his/her behavior (e.g., start an exercise program).

A

False

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2
Q

According to the Disconnected Values Model, values are believed to be an impetus for guiding behavior because they

A

influence motivation
provide a standard to assess and evaluate actions against
are less transient than interests and attitudes

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3
Q

According to Motivational Interviewing many people find the change process difficult because they are stuck in a state of

A

ambivilence

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4
Q

For someone in the “precontemplation stage” of behavior change, ___________ is a recommended process to utilize in order to progress to the next stage.

A

concious raising

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5
Q

What term refers to persistent actions that lead to low productivity, unhappiness, or poor health.

A

negative habits

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6
Q

The most reliable method of obtaining knowledge in sport and exercise psychology or sport sociology is _____________.

A

the scientific method

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7
Q

This country established the worlds’ first “Institute of Sport & Physical Cultures” and in doing so brought together the top sport scientists of time. These scientists are believed to have been the first to have studied the psychological aspects of performance.

A

russia

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8
Q

Emotional disorders affecting sport performance, such as eating disorders and drug abuse, would best be treated by a _______.

A

clinical sports psychologist

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9
Q

The least reliable method of obtaining knowledge in sport and exercise psychology or sport sociology is _____________.

A

intuition

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10
Q

Dr. Cooper is a professor at a local university and works in a the Sport & Exercise Psychology Department . Which of the following would be the most likely intervention Dr. Cooper would study as a potential treatment for depression?

A

Moderate levels of exercise

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11
Q

True or False: Sport and exercise psychologists are resources for addressing a wide range of practical psychological concerns within any sport or exercise context.

A

true

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12
Q

True or False: Sport psychology consultants (mental coaches) are licensed by individual states to provide psychological services.

A

false

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13
Q

According to Marten’s model of personality, the most superficial and therefore most easily changed part of a personality structure is its _______________.

A

role related behavior

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14
Q

The phenomenological approach to personality is consistent with the interactional approach except that it focuses on

A

the individual’s interpretation of the situation and himself or herself

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15
Q

Athletes lower in self-esteem are more likely to experience

A

low confidence and high state anxiety

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16
Q

In the competence motivation theory, ______ and _________ influence perceived competence, which in turn influences affect and motivation.

A

feedback; motivational orientations

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17
Q

True or False: One of the recommendations for increasing internal motivation encourages coaches to allow participants opportunities to have input into the decision making process.

A

true

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18
Q

A highly trait-anxious athlete (compared to a less trait-anxious athlete) would perceive competition as

A

more threatening and more anxiety producing

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19
Q

The inverted-U hypothesis predicts that

A

arousal can be either too low or too high

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20
Q

Physiological responses occur in which stage of the stress process

A

Stage 3

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21
Q

According to the catastrophe model, a “catastrophe” occurs with

A

high cognitive anxiety and high physiological arousal

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22
Q

The term “sports”, as defined in Western cultures, typically emphasized what component structure?

A

Competition

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23
Q

One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of

A

the subjective competitive situation

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24
Q

Which of the following explain(s) why players and coaches often neglect psychological skills training?

A

lack of time

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25
Q

Morton Deutsch’s study on competition and cooperation found that

A

communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions

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26
Q

Coakley defines competition as

A

a social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance

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27
Q

One of the primary reasons why punishment is thought to negatively influence intrinsic motivation is that it causes which of the following?

A

fear of failure

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28
Q

In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that

A

athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general when compared to athletes not on scholarship

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29
Q

Besides rewarding the outcome of a person’s performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include:

A

effort
social skills
emotional skills

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30
Q

The principles of reinforcement are complex because

A

different people react differently to the same reinforcement
people are unable to repeat the desired behavior

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31
Q

Schmidt & Wrisberg (2004) conducted a study that addressed how the frequency of feedback (continuous versus intermittent) affected performance on a novel task. Which of the following was a significant finding from the study.

A

The intermittent feedback group performed better during a follow-up retention test when compared to the continuous feedback group.

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32
Q

True or False: There is a negative relationship between cohesion and satisfaction on a team.

A

true

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33
Q

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are

A

more likely to attend more classes

more resistant to group disruption

34
Q

According to Sociologist Bruce Tuckman’s linear model of group development it is common for teams to experience ___________ and ___________ during the second stage.

A

resistance to control; interpersonal conflict

35
Q

What are the two major categories of behaviors according to the Coaching Behavior Assessment System?

A

reactive and spontaneous

36
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic/quality of highly effective leaders?

A

integrity

37
Q

“Great leaders are born, not made.” This statement is an example of which approach to leadership?

A

trait

38
Q

Jerry is about to pass by Sam in the office hallway. The thought comes to Jerry’s mind that it would be a good idea to remind Sam about the staff meeting later this afternoon. What step in the 5-Step communication process has just transpired?

A

step one

39
Q

Nonverbal cues are transmitted via

A

posture

body position

40
Q

Which cognitive thought process (i.e., self-talk statement) would be most characteristic of poor adjustment and denying the severity of the athletic injury?

A

“This isn’t that big of deal. The doctors don’t know how fast I can recover!!”

41
Q

Which type(s) of attitudes have sport psychology consultants identified as being related to injury?

A

Act tough and always give 110%

If you’re injured, you’re worthless

42
Q

Which of the following has research shown to be predictive of increased risk of athletic injury?

A

Negative life stress

43
Q

It is recommended that if a coach suspects an athlete has an eating disorder, the coach should

A

discuss her concerns with the athlete in a private meeting

44
Q

True or False: Male athletes tend to consume alcohol more frequently and in larger quantities compared to female athletes.

A

true

45
Q

Emotional disorders affecting sport performance, such as eating disorders and drug abuse, would best be treated by a

A

clinical sport psychologist

46
Q

Which of the following is (are) true regarding the prevalence of eating disorders in sport?

A

here are no differences in frequency of eating disorders between athlete and nonathlete populations.
Eating disorders in athletics tend to be sport specific.
A significant percentage of athletes engage in some degree of unhealthy disordered eating.

47
Q

True or False: It is not uncommon for many athletes to experience mood disturbances under high volume and high intensity training loads.

A

true

48
Q

Research suggests burnout negatively affects which group(s) in sport?

A

athletes
coaches
offiicials

49
Q

According to Kenta (2001), burnout occurs in the following phase progression (from early to late stages):

A

overload, overtraining, overreach, burnout

50
Q

Define sport and exercise psychology?

A

The scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge

51
Q

Explain the three (3) phases o PST programs.

A

education phase, acquisition,practice,

52
Q

Sport Psychology specialists have 3 roles:

A

Teaching, researching and consulting

53
Q

Sports psychology was formally established in the United States by

A

Coleman Griffith

54
Q

A weakness in the psychodynamic approach is its

A

Sole focus on internal determinants of behavior & lack of attention to the social environment

55
Q

Taking an intra-individual approach to psychological testing means that

A

ndividuals are compared against how they usually score on a particular psychological inventory

56
Q

The “big five” model of personality is important because these 5 characteristics

A

Have been found to exist across individuals

57
Q

An effective technique to use to change undesirable motives of a participant is

A

Behavior modification

58
Q

Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. This is consistent with which view of motivation?

A

Trait-centered

59
Q

Which of the following is a motive for youth to participate in sport or exercise?

A

Fun, friendships, excitement

Number 1 motive is fun

60
Q

The importance placed on an event and the uncertainty that surrounds the actions of the event is a source of

A

Situational stress

61
Q

Given sport psychology a sport sociology are grounded in scientific practices, what are the 6 steps of the scientific method

A

(1) Question, (2) Background research, (3) hypothesis, (4) Experiment, (5) Analyze Data, (6) Conclusions

62
Q

According Jay Coakley, the broader field of sociology explores which of the following concepts as a central aspect of all social worlds?

A

culture

63
Q

T/FAnxiety is a blend of psychological and physiological activation

A

false-Anxiety is a negative emotional State

Feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body

64
Q

t/f Arousal is a blend of psychological and physiological activation

A

true

65
Q

Drive theory - more stress =

A

increased performance

66
Q

Individualized zone of optimal functioning

A

find the sweet spot for performance

67
Q

External Factors cannot influence intrinsic motivation

A

false

68
Q

According to Hanrahan what is included as major competitive orientations towards sport?

A

Competitiveness, Goal Orientation, Win Orientation

69
Q

Athletes at risk for injury =

A

high state anxiety, limited self concept, and pessimistic

70
Q

Most prevalent form of eating problems is

A

disordered eating

71
Q

__%of Olympian hopefuls said they take steroids if it meant they won every competition for the next 5 years if they die from the side effects

A

60

72
Q

Being relationship oriented creates ___ in sports coaches

A

burnout

73
Q

Overtraining refers to a training cycle of approximately a

A

few days to a few weeks

74
Q

According to Sociologist Bruce Tuckman’s linear model of group development it is common for teams to experience resistance to control and interpersonal conflict during the

A

second stage

75
Q

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are more likely to

A

attend more classes and more resistant to group disruption

76
Q

Great leaders are born, not made.” This statement is an example of the

A

trait approach to leadership

77
Q

t/f Breakdowns in communication can occur because the sender fails to listen

A

false

78
Q

One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of

A

the subjective competitive situation

79
Q

t/f Pleasing parents is NOT one of the major internal motives for youth participating in sport and exercise?

A

true

80
Q

True or False: According to Cognitive Evaluation Theory, one of the factors that is believed to influence the degree to which extrinsic reinforcers undermine intrinsic motivation is if the individual perceive the reinforce to be controlling.

A

true

81
Q

True or False: Backwards chaining is a behavior modification technique that involves teaching athletes the last step in the sequence, followed by the next to last step, and so forth.

A

true

82
Q

Intrinsic motivation is characterized by

A

high self determination

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