Final Flashcards
1
Q
Reasons for rise of representative institutions in 13th century
A
- Ruler needs funds and provides taxed people some say in how money spent
- Notions of rights and duty, organically evolving laws and state inherited from Greece and Rome
- Germanic tradition of tribal assemblies
- Sense of community from monasteries
2
Q
13th century England
A
- Death of crusading King Richard the Lionheart leaves state coffers empty –> barons empowered
- Loss of many continental possessions under King John and his demands for tax to encourage urbanization and raise armies –> barons rebel and Magna Carta signed
- Debt-ridden reign of Henry III and his deeply French identity –> signed Provisions of Oxford (baron council that is essentially first parliament begins to govern in King’s name, local knights and burghers begin to join as commoners)
- Edward I begins to convene parliaments to gain popular legitimacy, codifies laws to formalize noble privileges
3
Q
Significance of Magna Carta
A
Pretty conservative document but guaranteed rights of feudal lords, entrenches notion of due process and symbolic because King forced to sign it
4
Q
13th century France
A
- King Philip Augustus very successful in gaining land via victories against English, marital maneuvering. Also begins administration via educated elite class so not as reliant on nobles, establishes Paris as capital and fortress
- Louis VIII grants many territories to lesser nobles in his family as lands became too big to administer
- Blanche of Castile was a very capable regent, managed realm against noble rebellions and left Louis IX fairly unified kingdom
- Louis IX keeps continuity in administration, sends inspectors to regions to hear grievances and deals with problems from Paris where he establishes jurist court
- Philip III also continuous, wars against Spain
- Philip IV wars against England, German states, Flanders and as such raises money by confiscating Templar and Jewish wealth, professionalizes tax collection. Summons Estates General in 1302 to extort money from churches (first action was to declare Pope a heretic subject to French crown)
5
Q
Sixth and Seventh crusades
A
Both led by Louis IX and fail (taken ransom in Egypt, dies in Tunis)
6
Q
13th century antisemitism
A
Arose due to reform in Christianity that expected Jews to finally recognize true religion, uncertainty over new money economy and association of Jews with it
7
Q
13th century HRE
A
- Frederick II was personally flamboyant, was mainly concerned with Italy but led diplomatic crusade after being excommunicated where he convinced Egyptian sultan to cede kingdom of Jerusalem. Afterwards centralizes hold over Italy while ceding most royal authority in Germany to local princes, diet established to select weak emperors afterwards and HRE no longer real empire
- Frederick II son Conrad reigns 4 years and Hohenstaufen dynasty ends, Italy failed to become centralized. Long civil war follows until Rudolf of Hapsburg elected and begins Hapsburg strategy of Eastern conquest since can’t control Germany
- Sicily awarded to Charles of Anjou but deposed and fights war with Aragon which wins out and integrates island, but it is no longer as prosperous as it was
8
Q
13th century Genoa
A
- City state had long benefited from Crusade trade, expulsion of Muslim navies from southern Italy
- Began to lose influence with Catalan control over Sicily but Hohenstaufen demise led to strong role for many more decades
9
Q
13th century Aragon
A
- Catalonia confederates with Aragon via marriage and uses trading gold from Reconquista to finance maritime expansion, James I takes Muslim Valencia and Balearic Islands, his son Peter takes Sicily, Sardinia, parts of Greece
- Very cosmopolitan, acquisition of paper tech allows high literacy, decentralized governance leads to cosmopolitan culture
10
Q
13th century Venice
A
- City lived off trade, sold grain from Italy to the east and textiles + spices to the west, also produced a lot of salt via saltwater evaporation from marshes
- Became main authority in Constantinople after Fourth Crusade and retained eastern trade ties after collapse of Latin Empire
11
Q
13th century Byzantium
A
- Decline of religion and rise of ethnicity as main division (due to inability for one religion to mass convert any others) led to tensions between Byzantines and western states, eventual establishment of Latin Empire
- Rise of Palaeologi dynasty restored much of Byzantine territory in west but not economic or military strength, empire from then on only survived on diplomatic maneuvering
12
Q
13th century Islamic world
A
- Islamic world already took most of Asia Minor and Levant, at large was split between many different kingdoms across North Africa and Near East and main Byzantine opponent was Seljuq turks until arrival of Mongols
- Mongols led by Genghis who confederated nomadic tribes and pressed into Eastern Europe making it as far as Hungary, after Genghis’ death swept into Iran and Iraq before being pushed back by Egyptian mamluks in Syria (who would establish own dynasty in Egypt)
13
Q
13th century scholasticism
A
- Refers to a method employed by schools and universities to find divine ordering in the world
- Marked change in old rationale of believing for sake of believing, spurred by Church attempt to codify doctrine and belief that empirical truth could help convert other religions
- Truth through argument (questioning leads to gradual arrival at truth), authority (from divine), additive (all human knowledge reconcilable)
14
Q
Opposition to scholasticism
A
- People such as St. Bernard of Clairvaux, St. Bonaventura who did not like subordination of faith to human reason, believed that personal goodwill more important for achieving holy union
15
Q
Thomas Aquinas
A
- Dominican priest who taught at Universities of Naples and Paris, advised the Papacy
- Popular among students for knowledge and enthusiasm, wrote more than 30 volumes of books
- Main works summa contra gentiles and summa theologica that were aimed to provide logical basis for Christianity and easy conversion
- Stopped writing in 1272 after receiving vision that divine truth was larger and inexplicable
