Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSCI 2211 - NCD > Final - > Flashcards

Final - Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of CVD?

A

CVD is a wide variety of heart and blood vessel diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of CVD?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease (CHD) + Ischemic heart disease (IHD) + Myocardial infarction (MI) 2. Cerebro-vascular disease + Cerebral infarction (stroke) 3. Hypertensive heart disease 4. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) 5. Congenital heart disease (type of structural heart disease) 6. Heart failure 7. Arrhythmias 8. Coronary artery disease + Coronary vascular disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the cause of CHD, IHD, and MI (heart attack)?

A

These all take place when the blood vessels supplying the heart become diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain cerebro-vascular disease or cerebral infarction (stroke)

A

This is disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain hypertensive heart disease

A

Diseases that are caused due to high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain Peripheral arterial disease

A

Disease of blood vessels supplying arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain congenital heart disease

A

It’s the malformation of the heart since birth. A type of structural heart disease (the other type being aquired after birth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain Heart failure

A

Occurs after the heart is damaged or weakened ~ usually by heart attack or high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Arrhythmias

A

Disorder that causes the heart to beat too fast or too slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain Coronary artery disease and Coronary vascular disease

A

This disease causes the arteries/vessels to become hardened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is CVD in terms of mortality Canada/WW?

A

WW: #1 cause of death
Canada: #2 (cancer is #1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What countries have a high rate of CVD mortality? And Why? Is mortality increasing or decreasing?

A

Most deaths due to CVD occur in low and middle income countries.

The reason is increase exposure to 1. risk factors, and 2. lack of prevention and 3. treatment

Mortality is decreasing because of improved access to prevention/treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is CVDs economic impact on Canada?

A

Huge impact on our budget: In 2000, cost us aprox. 20 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much more likely are people with past of IHD, who survived a heart attack and have heart failure, to die prematurely?

A

3 times, 4 times, 6 times more likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is the rate of incidence and prevalence of IHD and MI/Heart failure?

A

Sex: Males more affected than females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is the mortality rate from MI greater for men or women? Why?

A

Greater for women. This because 1. More comorbidity 2. Chest pain absent; misdiagnosis or under diagnosis so get treatment too late 3. Live longer so likely happen later in life; greater risk for mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What groups are most at risk for CVD?

A
  • men
  • poor: less access to prevention and treatment
  • less educated: less access to prevention and treatment
  • minorities: language barrier, taken less seriously
  • family history of MI or Stroke: similar life style choices, genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the trend of incidence, mortality and prevalence, of IHD in Canada?

A

Incidence: Decrease
Mortality: Decrease
Prevalence: Slight increase before a slow decrease

> > Better prevention awareness and better treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the incidence, mortality, and prevalence of Heart failure?

A

Incidence: decrease
Mortality: decrease
Prevalence: aprox equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the incidence, mortality and prevalence of MI

A

Incidence: slight decrease
Mortality: slight decrease
Prevalence: aprox same/ slight decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for CVD, what are prevention methods you recommend?

A
  • High blood pressure/Hypertension: less salt in the diet, a more balanced diet, cessation of nicotine
  • High blood cholesterol: Diet that includes foods with less trans fat like less processed foods
  • Smoking: cessation of smoking asap
  • Physical inactivity: Atleast 60 minutes of heart rate increasing activity per week
  • Obesity: circumference of the waist above allotted amount
  • Poor diet: A diet high in carbs, sugar, trans fats etc
  • Diabetes: Diet high in carbs and sugar
  • Depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of CVD? The personal level disadvantages?

A

Economic: Loss of productivity, Cost to health care system

Personal/Community: Premature mortality, Comorbidity, Depression and Disability

23
Q

What are the 5 Key prevention methods for CVD?

A

Key prevention:

  1. Stop smoking: carcinogens cause inflammation and nicotine causes narrowing of pathways
  2. Lower Blood Cholesterol: causes build up of plaque in arteries and increases LDLs
  3. Managing weight and diet, through better nutrition and physical activity: can cause comorbidity of diabetes & obesity worsening consequences
  4. Managing stress: causes an overall decline in health and hypertension/heart arrhythmias etc
  5. Early detection
24
Q

What are the ABCs of stroke prevention?

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Hemoglobin A: monitor blood glucose
  3. Blood pressure: prevent and control high blood pressure
  4. Cholesterol: Prevent and control high LDL-cholesterol
  5. Smoking: Stop or prevent smoking
25
Q

Define Hypertension. What are the parameters?

A

A condition where the blood vessels have consistently raised pressure.

Parameters: Diastolic pressure > 89mmHg and Systolic pressure > 139mmHg

26
Q

What influences blood pressure? How can we modify it?

A
  1. Cardiac output*: how much blood your heart pumps out (heart & central nervous system)
  2. Total blood volume*: (kidneys)
  3. Blood viscosity*: thickness of blood, can modify this through pharmacological avenues (kidneys)
  4. Resistance of blood vessels: is it flexible or no?
27
Q

What are the symptoms of hypertension? Why is hypertension called a ‘silent killer’?

A
  1. Hypertensive heart disease, MI, Congestive heart failure
  2. Hypertensive neuropathy
  3. Hypertensive nephropathy (kidney failure)
  4. Hypertensive retinopathy (retina problem)

Silent killer: usually asymptomatic ^^ these symptoms rarely manifest

28
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension? Explain them (cause, risk factors)

A
  1. Essential/ Primary Hypertension: no cause (genetics), obesity and poor lifestyle choices (smoking,alcohol, stress, diet high in salt, and cholesterol)
  2. Secondary Hypertension: caused by hormonal disorders (hyperthyroidism etc), kidney disease. Same risk factors
29
Q

What is pre-eclampsia? What are the complications?

A

Hypertension in pregnant women. Can progress into eclampsia which is life threatening and IUGR in the baby

30
Q

What are the complications and consequences of hypertension?

A

Arteriosclerosis and Arteriolosclerosis + heart damage, retinal damage, kidney damage and even brain damage

31
Q

What are treatment options for hypertension?

A
  1. Lifestyle modifications: this includes quitting smoking, diet low in sodium, sugar and cholesterol (less processed foods, spice as flavour alternative), low or no intake of alcohol, control of BMI (through diet and exercise), and managing stress
  2. Pharmacological: drugs like beta blockers
32
Q

What are the groups most at risk of hypertension?

A

Men under age 60, Women over 60, African americans,

33
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls

34
Q

How many deaths are due to atherosclerosis?

A

CHD is caused by long term atherosclerosis. CHD accounts for half of all CVDs

35
Q

What are the risk factors for developing atherosclerosis?

A

Non-modifiable: age, sex (till age 55), family history

Modifiable: high LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and stress

36
Q

What is the 3 main structural components of plaque?

A
  1. Cells (smooth muscle) 2. Extra cellular matrix (collagen) 3. Cholesterol particles
37
Q

What is the direct cause of atherosclerosis? How did that happen?

A

Damage to the vasculature from high LDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and diabetes

38
Q

What are the 2 ways lipids enter the blood stream? Explain them

A
  1. Exogenous: dietary intake of lipid, absorbed by intestine, packed as chylomicrons, eventually make it to the liver
  2. Endogenous: Secreted by the liver into the blood stream
39
Q

What are the two theories on the mechanism of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Accumulation in arterial walls

2. Inflammation of arteries due to abnormal presence of lipid

40
Q

How do plaques form?

A
  1. Excess cholesterol accumulates on arterial walls
  2. Body reacts by sending white blood cells to attack
  3. Microphage dies after eating cholesterol
  4. Dead cells accumulate causing, scarring, inflammation and eventual, hardening of the arteries
41
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Stenosis and occlusion of arteries (blockage)
  2. Acute plaque change
  3. Vasoconstriction (constricting of the arteries)
  4. Thrombosis and embolization (clot)
42
Q

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Angina/exhaustion 2. Loss of blood flow 3. IHD or MI
43
Q

What are the 3 types of treatment for atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Lifestyle: smoking cessation, BMI levelling, Stress management, better diet (low sodium, low cholesterol, low sugar/carbs), Exercise
  2. Pharmacological: Statins that lower lipids
  3. Surgery: balloon and laser angioplasty, and grafting new vessels
44
Q

Mechanism of CHD (Coronary heart disease)?

A
  1. Long term atherosclerosis of coronary arteries: plaque builds up in arteries, causes narrowing of the arteries and blood clot formation
  2. Conditions that cause blood reduced to heart muscle or completely blocked
  3. Conditions that cause oxygen carrying capacity of blood being reduced
45
Q

What are the 7 symptoms of CHD/IHD?

A

Angina, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Weakness, Dizziness, Nausea, Rapid heartbeat, palpitations

46
Q

What are the 2 types of angina? Explain them

A

Stable: Is predictable (during stress or activity)

Unstable: Happens even when your heart rate is at rest

47
Q

Define Myocardial infarction?

A

When blood supply to the heart is interrupted causing death to part of the heart muscle, usually due to atherosclorosis and occlusion

48
Q

What are the 6 clinical symptoms of MI?

A
  1. Sudden chest pain
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Heart palpitations
  5. Weakness
  6. Sweating
49
Q

What are the risk factors for MI?

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • elevated blood glucose
  • elevated blood cholesterol
  • chronic inflammation
  • increased exertion + stress
50
Q

What is primary, secondary, and tertiery prevention of MI?

A
  1. Decrease or cessation of risk factors ex: stop smoking, lower cholesterol, salt, and sugar diet + increase exercise in order control risk factors like obesity and diabetes, better management of stress, education
  2. Early screening and treatment of disease (anti platelet therapy), cessation of smoking and alcohol
  3. Treatment to decrease comorbidity and overall severity of disease (defibrillation, oxygen, blood thinning medication)
51
Q

Define a cerebral infarction/stroke?

A

Loss of brain function due to intteruption of blood flow to the brain leading to death of neurons

52
Q

What are the 3 types of stroke?

A

Transient ischemic: aka warning stroke. Briefly blocks a cerebral artery causing the patient temporary symptoms

Ischemic stroke: interuption of the cerebral blood supply without bleeding

Hemorhaggic: interuption of cerebral blood supply with the involvement of leaking

53
Q

What are the signs of a stroke? Explain F.A.S.T

A

F: Face (drooping face muscles/crooked smile)
A: Arm (unable to lift one arm)
S: Speech (jarred/slurred)
T: Time to call 911

54
Q

What is the primary and secondary prevention for stroke?

A

Primary: cessation of smoking, maintaining blood pressure and glucose, managing stress

Secondary prevention: treatment: treating high blood pressure and glucose levels, anti platelet therapy (low dose aspirin), and screening

HSCI 2211 - NCD (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions