final

Question 1

What is the world economic forum?

Answer 1

Founded in 1971. Non-profit funded by members.
•Stated mission: “committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas.”
•Annual meetings in Davos, Switzerland.

Question 2

what is the demographic transition?

Answer 2

The transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates. Or more accurately: The movement from high birth and death rates, in rough equilibrium, to declining death rates (resulting in a period of high population growth) and later to declining birth rates (and a new equilibrium).

Question 3

What is limits thinking?

Answer 3

There are very real limits to growth and consequences for exceeding them

Question 4

what were some factors responsible for fertility decline?

Answer 4

a) Declines in infant and child mortality were a cause of initial population explosion, but ultimately had a different effect. People have an idea of completed family size (“wanted total fertilityrate”). They no longer had “extra” children to compensate for expected deaths.
b) Contraception
c) Education and employment opportunities for women d) ”Investment in children

Question 5

what do degrowth proponents worry about?

Answer 5

Degrowth proponents worry about the fact that in a global economy, growth becomes a collective action tragedy. Each nation struggles not to lose its own power. But the result is ruin for all.

Question 6

What is the “all-affected” principle?

Answer 6

All those affected by a given social structure or institution have moral standing as subjects of justice in relation to it. What turns people into fellow subjects of justice is not geographical proximity but their co-involvement in a common situation.

Question 7

According to Rodrik, global markets are “weakly embedded.” what does this mean?

Answer 7

here are no global governance institutions that can provide what Polanyi called the “protective covering of social institutions.” According to Rodrik, economic institutions at the global level are not able fill the gap by providing new forms of protection.

“There is no global antitrust authority, no global lender of last resort, no global regulator, no global safety net, and of course, no global democracy.”

Question 8

what is a social class?

Answer 8

Common definitions emphasize categorizing people….a division of a society based on social and economic status a collection of individuals sharing similar economic circumstances.

But class is also a social relationship. Not just the worker in isolation but the relationship between worker and employer.

Question 9

According to Daly, when does “uneconomic growth” happen?

Answer 9

When production and consumption increase so much that disutility exceeds utility

Question 10

True or false: the global Gini value is much greater than that in even the most wealthy countries.

Answer 10

true :/

Question 11

what is Jevon’s paradox?

Answer 11

why developing resource-saving technologies does not always lead to conservation…

Efficiency yields savings in the short-term but greater use in the long term. Because greater efficiency lowers prices and that increases consumption.

Question 12

According to the continuum of marketness, where is market breaking in terms of marketness, instrumentality, and embededness?

Answer 12

Low marketness and instrumentality, and high embeddedness. hooray for the destruction of capitalism!

Question 13

what is the citizenship premium/penalty?

Answer 13

If income differences between countries are large, then your income will significantly depend on where you live. This is what Milanovic calls a ‘citizenship premium’ (or a ‘citizenship penalty’) – the “unearned benefit”that a person receives if he or she happens to be born in a rich country. For example, migrants from Nigeria earn, on average, 16 times more in the U.S. than their age- and education-equivalent peers in Nigeria.

Question 14

Nancy Fraser’s goal is “reframing justice in a globalized world.” what does that mean?

Answer 14

Her goal is to move beyond the Keynesian-Westphalian frame. (The idea that the world is made up of discrete nations and each nation is responsible for the welfare of its citizens).

Today, many people believe that their chances for living good lives depend at least as much on processes that trespass the borders of territorial states as on those contained within them.

Question 15

What did Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen believe?

Answer 15

The Entropy Law and Economic Process (1971) he pointed out that neoclassical economics does not take into account the second law of thermodynamics—does not recognize the importance of entropy, the degradation of matter and energy.

He argued that resources were finite and the earth’s carrying capacity was limited.

Question 16

What is “one big labor market”

Answer 16

The world used to be divided into many, many local and regional labor markets. A labor market is basically a recruitment area for different kinds of jobs. Today, increasingly workers in different parts of the world compete against one another.

Putting workers in different countries with different wage scales and job quality in competition with one another shrinks the gap between jobs in different places. The wages of Honduran and Bangladeshi workers came up a little bit. The wages of U.S. workers went down. The safety standards in the developing world improved and those in the U.S. declined. One big labor market has winners and losers.

Question 17

According to John Stuart Mill, what is the stationary state?

Answer 17

t is scarcely necessary to remark that a stationary condition of capital and population implies no stationary state of human improvement. Even the industrial arts might be as earnestly and as successfully cultivated, with this sole difference, that instead of serving no purpose but the increase of wealth, industrial improvements would produce their legitimate effect, that of abridging labor.

Question 18

What is the fishbowl model of organizing? what does it create?

Answer 18

Two fronts in organizing. One building solid worker organizations in the factory. The other putting pressure on the brand.

“Fishbowl” because it is about making what the brand does far away visible to US consumers. Creating “communities of accountability.”

Question 19

How do Karl Marx and Franz Fanon’s views differ?

Answer 19

Class vs. colonialism as main cause of inequality

Inequality within nations vs. inequality between nations

Question 20

What is the World Social Forum?

Answer 20

An annual meeting of civil society organizations, whose goal is to develop an alternative future through the championing of counter-hegemonic globalization. Meets in January of each year at the same time as World Economic Forum.

Question 21

Who has a stronger prediction of your outcomes: Marx or Fanon

Answer 21

Fanon–Being born in a rich country matters more than being born in a rich family.

Question 22

What is deep globalization?

Answer 22

The decades since the 1970s—what Rodrik calls “deep globalization”— reversed Bretton Wood priorities, making domestic economic management subservient to the demands of international trade and finance, and challenging the ability of nations to protect citizens from disruptions caused by global trade

Question 23

What is natural capital made out of, according to Ellwood?

Answer 23

Sources—Energy and basic raw materials
Sinks—Absorption of used and degraded materials and byproducts
Services—Natural cycles essential to life and health of biosphere

Question 24

Degrowth can only happen in conjunction with _____ _____ _____

Answer 24

egalitarian social transformation

Question 25

what are the three tensions discussed by Dani Rodrik?

Answer 25

1) Demand for low-skilled labor becomes more elastic, so burden of risk falls disproportionately on workers/bargaining power erodes
2) Engenders conflicts between nations: nations with very different sets of values, norms, institutions, and collective preferences begin to compete head on in markets for similar goods (ex: child laborers in Honduras replacing workers in SC)
3) globalization has made it exceedingly difficult for governments to provide social insurance: can’t tax international capital, so tax domestic income instead

Question 26

Overall, Dani Rodrik points to two main tensions that resulted from globalization: what are they? what is the biggest consequence of this tension?

Answer 26

Tension between free-market globalization and the ability to socialize risk

This results in a new set of class divisions: the upper class that benefits from globalization, and the lower class who does not. This inequality causes social fissures and social disintegration.

Question 27

What are degrowth advocates optimistic about?

Answer 27

Growth is an acceleration in the production of goods and services and so it is a material process. But it is also an idea. Ideas are more easily changed than material constraints.

Question 28

According to the continuum of marketness, where is market access in terms of marketness, instrumentality, and embeddedness?

Answer 28

Market Access, like U.S. fair trade, has high marketness and instrumentality, and low embeddedness

Question 29

what is Buen Vivir?

Answer 29

(“Good Living”) is a Spanish expression for a paradigm coming from indigenous traditions from the Andean and Amazon regions in South America such as the Kichwa “sumak kawsay”, the Aymara “suma qamaña” or the Guarani “ñande reko”. It refers to the welfare or “good life” of the community, not the individual. These are systems or ways of living that conceive relationships between human beings and nature in holistic, relational, and harmonic terms, considering community as the fundamental axis of the reproduction of life, based on principles of reciprocity and complementarity .The concept is incorporated into the constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia.

Question 30

What is techno-optimism?

Answer 30

human creativity and technological change, innovation means that we have an unlimited ability to solve problems

Question 31

What lead to the Zapatista uprising?

Answer 31

A 1994 rebellion in Mexico, coordinated by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in response to the implementation of the NAFTA agreement. NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico’s constitution, the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata’s revolution of 1910–1919.

Under Article 27, native communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization. However, this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA. With the removal of Article 27, native farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands, and cheap imports from the US. The Zapatistas labelled NAFTA as a “death sentence” for native communities all over Mexico and declared war on the Mexican state on January 1, 1994, the day NAFTA came into force.

Question 32

what is the precariat?

Answer 32

The term “precariat” refers to workers who lack job security, due to intermittent employment or underemployment, and who must have multiple jobs or engage in unpaid activities to earn enough to live. The term is a portmanteau obtained by merging precarious with proletariat.

Question 33

What the Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC)?

Answer 33

A new class that has interests that lie in the world economy as a whole (not a single nation)and in a system of international private property that allows the free movement of capital (goods and cash) between countries. Includes executives of transnational corporations, global financiers and bankers, “globalizing” bureaucrats and politicians.

The “inner circle” of the TCC are the nations of the World Economic ForumNot a unified group – different interestsFor example, industrial, commercial, financial, information sectors have different interests.

Question 34

What is Daly’s concept of “through-put”

Answer 34

The rate at which the economy uses resources, taking them from low-entropy* sources in the ecosystem, transforming them into useful products, and ultimately dumping them back into the environment as high entropy wastes.

Question 35

Fraser’s two kinds of justice claims are ____ and _____

Answer 35

redistribution: assumes that social injustice is socio-economic, it afflicts classes (which are products of unjust political economy), and remedying it requires re-slicing the economic pie.
recognition: sees social injustice as primarily a matter of cultural devaluation of a status group’s culture, and remedying it as a matter of cultural or symbolic change.

Question 36

What are Daly’s three precepts for the economy?

Answer 36

1. Limit use of all resources to rates that ultimately result in levels of waste that can be absorbed by the ecosystem.
2. Exploit renewable resources at rates that do not exceed the ability of the ecosystem to regenerate the resources.
3. Deplete nonrenewable resources at rates that, as far as possible, do not exceed the rate of development of renewable substitutes.

Question 37

According to Malthus, substinence grows _____ while population grows _____, so the point of crisis is when the two intersect

Answer 37

arithmetically, geometrically

Question 38

What is embedded liberalism?

Answer 38

The nations that endorsed “free trade” principles at Bretton Woods were allowed to adopt social welfare policies and protections at home to shield their citizens from the ups and downs that came with global market competition.