Final Flashcards
Bi-directional view of Evolutionism
Environmental and biological conditions influence each other.
Natural Selection focus
Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Mitosis
Cell nucleus duplicates. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. During mitosis, the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. The resulting cell is a clone.
Types of Genotype-environment correlations
Passive, evocative, active (niche-picking)
Epigenetic view of development
Bi-directional interchange of heredity/environment
teratogens
agents causing birth defects. caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, blood types, diseases, diet, stress
Apgar Scale test
heart, breathing, muscle, color, reflex
Brain regions and their general functions
Frontal: movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, attention. Occipital: vision. Temporal: hearing, language, memory. Parietal: spatial location, attention, motor control
Define lateralization
Specialization of functions in one hemisphere of cerebral cortex.
What is meant by “blooming & pruning”
Infancy, increased dendrites and synapses. Those that get used strengthen, those that aren’t are “pruned”
Know some of the side effects to poor diet
Obesity: medical, pulmonary, diabetes. self-esteem, depression, exclusion by peers.
Infant reflexes are important because…..
Allows newborns to respond adaptively before they have had a chance to learn.
Define rooting reflex
When cheek is stroked, infant turns to where touched and begins to suck.
Define Gross Motor Skills/Fine Motor Skills
Gross: large muscle activites. Fine: finger dexterity, reaching, grasping. Palmar, pincer grasp.
Define sensation
Information as stimuli processed by sensory receptors
Define Assimilation
Children use existing schemas to incorporate new information. All moving vehicles are cares.
Know Piaget’s cognitive developmental stages
Cog stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Define Object Permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard or touched
Define egocentricism
The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
Define conservation in regards to Piaget’s theory
The awareness that altering an object or a substance’s appearances does not change its basic properties (volume of glass regardless of height)
Vygotsky’s theory focused on & differs from Piaget in what ways
Piaget, little emphasis on sociocultural context, cognitive constructivist, strong stages, language not significant.
Define scaffolding
Changing the level of support over a teaching session to fit the guidance with the child.
Define zone of proximal development
The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance from adults or more skilled peers.
Define postformal thought
Thinking that is reflective, realistic, and contextual, provisional (more skeptical about truth), realistic and influenced by emotions.
Know the process of Information Processing
Stimulus, attention, encoding, memory, thinking, response. Manipulate, monitor, create strategies.
Define meta-cognition
Knowing about knowing.
Define the different kinds of attention (e.g., selective)
selective,divided,sustained, executive
What are the three processes required for memory
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Define schema theory
People construct and reconstruct memories, and mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds, filling in gaps in memory.
Define infantile amnesia
We can’t remember the first three years of life, because of the immaturity of the prefrontal lobe.
Define working memory
Mental workbench for manipulating and assembling information, more active and powerful than short term. Makes decisions, solves problems, comprehends language.
Define reminiscence bump
Adults remember many more events from the second and third decades of their lives
Know the different kinds of memory
implicit (skills/routine), explicit (episodic versus semantic), source (where) , prospective
Define thinking
Manipulating and transforming information in memory.
Define intelligence
Ability to solve problems, adapt to and learn from everyday experience.
IQ scores should be cautioned - why?
Predictor of school success, not necessarily work success. Can lead to false expectations, generalizations, self-fulfilling prophecies.
Know Sternberg’s theory of intelligence
Triarchic: analytic, creative, practical intelligence
Know the different kinds of intelligence (e.g., Specific intelligence)
verbal,math, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body, music, nature, existential, emotional
Define Flynn effect
IQ scores going up worldwite
Define fluid intelligence
crystalized versus fluid
What is considered a gifted/mildly retarded IQ
55-70 retarded. 130+ gifted
Define creativity
ability to think in novel.useful ways, and come up with good solutions. divergent thinking
Define language
form of communication whether spoken, written or signed, based on system of symbols
Define morphology
words are formed based on meaning and units of meaning (morphemes)
Know how language develops through the life span
infants babble, begin recognizing. First words at 13 mo, then a spirt. 2 years=200 words. Complex sentences 2-3, all vowel sounds. 4-5 change speech style at will. 6-11, 14000 to 40000 words
Define emotion
feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state of interaction that is important to him or her, especially well-being.
Define arousal as it relates to emotion
A state of alertness or activation which can reach levels too high for executive fxn
What is regulation of emotion
Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.
Define emotional coaching
Monitor child emotions, help child label and coach on how to process. Negative is opportunity.
Know what socioemotional selectivity theory is
Older adults become more selective abt social networks. Withdraw from outliers and enjoy close and deep relationships with a few close friends.
Define personality
An individual’s personal characteristics, encompassing self and identity.
Define self
All characteristics of a person – the central aspects of a personality
Define self-awareness
Awareness of strengths and weaknesses
Define self-regulation
Ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others for help.
Know identity stagnation in relation to Marcia theory
diffused, moratorium or foreclosure, achieved.
Know the big five factors of personality
OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroiticism
Define gender
Characteristics of being female or male
Know social cognitive theory of gender
G development results from observation and imitation, rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate behavior
Difference between report and rapport talk
Relationship versus information
Define sexual harassment
Sexual persecutions that can take many forms, using power over another
Define moral development
Changes in thoughts, feelijngs, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
Know the different types of morality (e.g., autonomous morality)
Piaget (Heteronomous=unchangeable properties, Autonomous=judge intent too). Kohlberg: Pre-conventional->conventional->post-conventional
What is the care perspective on moral behavior
Viewing people in terms of connectedness with others, communication, relation and concern
What are moral rules
Obligatory, widely accepted, somewhat impersonal ethical standards that exist apart from convention
Know Bronfernbrenner terms in relation to family processes (e.g., microsystem)
Micro/meso/exo/macro/chrono
Know Baumrind’s parenting styles (e.g., authoritarian)
Authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent
Know Kubler-Ross stages of grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
How can denial be a positive response to death
Can avoid/insulate dealign with intense feelings of anger, hurt and shock.
Piaget’s sensorimotor substages
Simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, 2nd circulary reactions, coordination of secondary, tertiary, internalization, 4mo intervals
