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Lifespan Development > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Bi-directional view of Evolutionism

A

Environmental and biological conditions influence each other.

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2
Q

Natural Selection focus

A

Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell nucleus duplicates. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. During mitosis, the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. The resulting cell is a clone.

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4
Q

Types of Genotype-environment correlations

A

Passive, evocative, active (niche-picking)

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5
Q

Epigenetic view of development

A

Bi-directional interchange of heredity/environment

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6
Q

teratogens

A

agents causing birth defects. caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, blood types, diseases, diet, stress

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7
Q

Apgar Scale test

A

heart, breathing, muscle, color, reflex

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8
Q

Brain regions and their general functions

A

Frontal: movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, attention. Occipital: vision. Temporal: hearing, language, memory. Parietal: spatial location, attention, motor control

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9
Q

Define lateralization

A

Specialization of functions in one hemisphere of cerebral cortex.

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10
Q

What is meant by “blooming & pruning”

A

Infancy, increased dendrites and synapses. Those that get used strengthen, those that aren’t are “pruned”

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11
Q

Know some of the side effects to poor diet

A

Obesity: medical, pulmonary, diabetes. self-esteem, depression, exclusion by peers.

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12
Q

Infant reflexes are important because…..

A

Allows newborns to respond adaptively before they have had a chance to learn.

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13
Q

Define rooting reflex

A

When cheek is stroked, infant turns to where touched and begins to suck.

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14
Q

Define Gross Motor Skills/Fine Motor Skills

A

Gross: large muscle activites. Fine: finger dexterity, reaching, grasping. Palmar, pincer grasp.

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15
Q

Define sensation

A

Information as stimuli processed by sensory receptors

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16
Q

Define Assimilation

A

Children use existing schemas to incorporate new information. All moving vehicles are cares.

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17
Q

Know Piaget’s cognitive developmental stages

A

Cog stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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18
Q

Define Object Permanence

A

the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard or touched

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19
Q

Define egocentricism

A

The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

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20
Q

Define conservation in regards to Piaget’s theory

A

The awareness that altering an object or a substance’s appearances does not change its basic properties (volume of glass regardless of height)

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21
Q

Vygotsky’s theory focused on & differs from Piaget in what ways

A

Piaget, little emphasis on sociocultural context, cognitive constructivist, strong stages, language not significant.

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22
Q

Define scaffolding

A

Changing the level of support over a teaching session to fit the guidance with the child.

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23
Q

Define zone of proximal development

A

The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance from adults or more skilled peers.

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24
Q

Define postformal thought

A

Thinking that is reflective, realistic, and contextual, provisional (more skeptical about truth), realistic and influenced by emotions.

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25
Q

Know the process of Information Processing

A

Stimulus, attention, encoding, memory, thinking, response. Manipulate, monitor, create strategies.

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26
Q

Define meta-cognition

A

Knowing about knowing.

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27
Q

Define the different kinds of attention (e.g., selective)

A

selective,divided,sustained, executive

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28
Q

What are the three processes required for memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

29
Q

Define schema theory

A

People construct and reconstruct memories, and mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds, filling in gaps in memory.

30
Q

Define infantile amnesia

A

We can’t remember the first three years of life, because of the immaturity of the prefrontal lobe.

31
Q

Define working memory

A

Mental workbench for manipulating and assembling information, more active and powerful than short term. Makes decisions, solves problems, comprehends language.

32
Q

Define reminiscence bump

A

Adults remember many more events from the second and third decades of their lives

33
Q

Know the different kinds of memory

A

implicit (skills/routine), explicit (episodic versus semantic), source (where) , prospective

34
Q

Define thinking

A

Manipulating and transforming information in memory.

35
Q

Define intelligence

A

Ability to solve problems, adapt to and learn from everyday experience.

36
Q

IQ scores should be cautioned - why?

A

Predictor of school success, not necessarily work success. Can lead to false expectations, generalizations, self-fulfilling prophecies.

37
Q

Know Sternberg’s theory of intelligence

A

Triarchic: analytic, creative, practical intelligence

38
Q

Know the different kinds of intelligence (e.g., Specific intelligence)

A

verbal,math, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body, music, nature, existential, emotional

39
Q

Define Flynn effect

A

IQ scores going up worldwite

40
Q

Define fluid intelligence

A

crystalized versus fluid

41
Q

What is considered a gifted/mildly retarded IQ

A

55-70 retarded. 130+ gifted

42
Q

Define creativity

A

ability to think in novel.useful ways, and come up with good solutions. divergent thinking

43
Q

Define language

A

form of communication whether spoken, written or signed, based on system of symbols

44
Q

Define morphology

A

words are formed based on meaning and units of meaning (morphemes)

45
Q

Know how language develops through the life span

A

infants babble, begin recognizing. First words at 13 mo, then a spirt. 2 years=200 words. Complex sentences 2-3, all vowel sounds. 4-5 change speech style at will. 6-11, 14000 to 40000 words

46
Q

Define emotion

A

feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state of interaction that is important to him or her, especially well-being.

47
Q

Define arousal as it relates to emotion

A

A state of alertness or activation which can reach levels too high for executive fxn

48
Q

What is regulation of emotion

A

Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal.

49
Q

Define emotional coaching

A

Monitor child emotions, help child label and coach on how to process. Negative is opportunity.

50
Q

Know what socioemotional selectivity theory is

A

Older adults become more selective abt social networks. Withdraw from outliers and enjoy close and deep relationships with a few close friends.

51
Q

Define personality

A

An individual’s personal characteristics, encompassing self and identity.

52
Q

Define self

A

All characteristics of a person – the central aspects of a personality

53
Q

Define self-awareness

A

Awareness of strengths and weaknesses

54
Q

Define self-regulation

A

Ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others for help.

55
Q

Know identity stagnation in relation to Marcia theory

A

diffused, moratorium or foreclosure, achieved.

56
Q

Know the big five factors of personality

A

OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroiticism

57
Q

Define gender

A

Characteristics of being female or male

58
Q

Know social cognitive theory of gender

A

G development results from observation and imitation, rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate behavior

59
Q

Difference between report and rapport talk

A

Relationship versus information

60
Q

Define sexual harassment

A

Sexual persecutions that can take many forms, using power over another

61
Q

Define moral development

A

Changes in thoughts, feelijngs, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

62
Q

Know the different types of morality (e.g., autonomous morality)

A

Piaget (Heteronomous=unchangeable properties, Autonomous=judge intent too). Kohlberg: Pre-conventional->conventional->post-conventional

63
Q

What is the care perspective on moral behavior

A

Viewing people in terms of connectedness with others, communication, relation and concern

64
Q

What are moral rules

A

Obligatory, widely accepted, somewhat impersonal ethical standards that exist apart from convention

65
Q

Know Bronfernbrenner terms in relation to family processes (e.g., microsystem)

A

Micro/meso/exo/macro/chrono

66
Q

Know Baumrind’s parenting styles (e.g., authoritarian)

A

Authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent

67
Q

Know Kubler-Ross stages of grief

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

68
Q

How can denial be a positive response to death

A

Can avoid/insulate dealign with intense feelings of anger, hurt and shock.

69
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor substages

A

Simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, 2nd circulary reactions, coordination of secondary, tertiary, internalization, 4mo intervals

Lifespan Development (1 decks)

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