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Speech Anatomy Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

organ that orchestrates actions, thoughts and emotions

A

Brain

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2
Q

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

A

CNS (Central Nervous System)

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3
Q

all nerves in body

A

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

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4
Q

communicate everything head and neck

A

Cranial Nerves

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5
Q

all (other) nerves; innervate toes, muscles, arms, ect.

A

Spinal Nerves

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6
Q

outer area of brain

A

Cortex

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7
Q

helps process visual information; connects with parietal and temporal lobe - [VISION]

A

Occipital Lobe

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8
Q

specific spot where vision “takes place”

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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9
Q

helps process all sensory information; visual spacial, pain - [SENSORY]

A

Parietal Lobe

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10
Q

executive lobe; involved with planning and executing motor behavior and higher order aspects of cognition - [EXECUTIVE]

A

Frontal Lobe

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11
Q

involved in execution of motor movements

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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12
Q

primary area for speech expression and planning and sequence of speech output; feed forward problems

A

Broca’s Area

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13
Q

processes info related to sound, language and memory - [AUDITORY PROCESSOR]

A

Temporal Lobe

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14
Q

processes low level auditory information

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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15
Q

speech! anything speech related; where language comes in and we undertsand

A

Wernicke’s Area

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16
Q

areas that are underneath cortex

A

Subcortical Nuclei

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17
Q

main feedback control area; helps compare sensory info to motor plan & provide corrections if they don’t match - [COORDINATION]

A

Cerebellum

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18
Q

group of subcortical nuclei that process cortical info to aid in response selecting (helps change responses) - [RESPONSE SELECTOR]

A

Basal Ganglia

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19
Q
  1. neural transmitter is released
  2. NT binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
  3. ion channels open
  4. ions flow into the postsynaptic cell, changing electrical charge of the neuron
  5. electrical potentials are summed in the cell body to determine if a new Action Potential with be generated
A

Neurotransmitter (NT) Release

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20
Q
  1. Stimulus
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
  5. Return to Resting State
    SALTY BANANA
A

Action Potential (Electrical Firing of a Neuron)

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21
Q 
resting state: -70
discharge threshold: -55
depolarization: +40
repolarization: ^^downside
hyperpolarization: anywhere under -70 (like -90)
resting state again: -70
A

Action Potential Graph

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22
Q

“pockets” inside axon terminal that hold certain neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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23
Q

special chemicals we produce in body (soma) that are responsible for activating the next neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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24
Q

**exitatory (+) GLUTAMATE

A

**makes post synaptic cell more likely to fire

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25
**inhibatory (-) GABA
**makes post synaptic cell less likely to fire
26
fatty cells that line the axon to be sure message is sent down axon quickly; insulate and structure also
Myelin Sheath
27
chemical charge of a neuron at rest; negative intracell, positive extracell - electrical charge -70
Resting Membrane Potential
28
Na+ Ca2+
Intracellular Space
29
K+ Cl-
Extracellular Space
30
causes cell to fire; allows for positive rush inside
-55 mV
31
involved in reward learning, cognition and movement; also involved in emotions, arousal and memory
Dopamine
32
regulates arousal, pain perception and emotions; helps us regulate activity level; "happy neurotrasnmitter"
Seratonin
33
in central and peripheral nervous system; in central regulates automatic functions; in peripheral it tells muscle fibers to contract
Acetylcholine
34
helps regulate sleep; also "fight or flight:
Norepinepherine
35
EITHER 1. taken back up into cell (reuptake) doesn't waste resources 2. enzymes break down in synaptic cleft 3. binds to ion receptor & opens channel (#2 neurotransmitter - "successful")
Fate of Neurotransmitter(s)
36
not something you think about, responses that are automatic!! involuntary; sleep, heartbeat, breathing, also habitual motor sequences
Automatic Control
37
controlled, intending to do something; responses are purposeful or goal intended, under cognitive control (grabbing a coke can)
Volitional Control
38
making error and fixing; plans based on sensory information, received based on change of real time state information caused by execution of plan; sensory driven - cat --> "bat" --> oops! "cat"
Feeback Control
39
(past experience); system executes procedure with little reliance on feedback, systems are predicting and ignore online feedback; swallowing kind of
Feedforward Control
40
implementation of habits and automatic components of movement
Sensorimotor Loop
41
involved in implementation of goal directed movements and actions (also motoric decision making)
Associative Loop
42
if Vagus nerve gets nicked during heart surgery? (bc its lower in the thorax)
Vocal Paralysis Possible
43
dopamine is produced here, most superior (upper) part of brain stem; also helps mediate auditory and visual reflexes
Midbrain
44
medial portion of brainstem; contains motor centers involved with maintenance in posture and walking
Pons
45
inferior portion of brainstem; helps automatic functions that keep us alive like breathing and heartrate
Medulla
46
neural networks that produce rhythmic pattern outputs without sensory feedback (3 branches)
Central Pattern Generator
47
cranial nerve that innervates muscles of jaw (helps w articulation and mastication ((chewing))
V (5) Trigeminal Nerve
48
cranial nerve that innervates muscles of the face, sensory component for taste - think of Jeanne, 6th & 7th cranial nerves
VII (7) Facial Nerve
49
cranial nerve that innervates laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles; allows adduction of VF, also velopharyngeal part
X (10) Vagus Nerve
50
cranial nerve responsible for communicating w muscles of tongue, articulation, mastication, vowels, ect. - [TONGUE]
XII (12) Hypoglossal
51
"information lifeline", allows brain to communicate with perifery; contains descending motor signals and ascending sensory signals - [INFORMATION HIGHWAY]
Spinal Cord
52
circuits that help us to refine movements aka be more precise and accurate
Motor Control Circuts
53
modulate automatic & background component; involved in posture and balance
Basal Ganglia
54
helps us coordinate movements also detects errors so we can fix them
Cerebellum
55
proper initiation and timing of motor plans, important for initiating movements
Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)
56
specifically planning and programming
Premotor Cortex (PMC)
57
specific for speech and language
Broca's Area (2?)
58
where all movements re activated
Motor Strip (Primary Motor Cortex)
59
2 neuron circuit that sends commands from the motor cortex to muscles
Direct Activation Pathway
60
cortex to brainstem/spinal cord; "everything in brain" until medulla, at medulla, 2 cross and right controls left
Upper Motor Neuron
61
brainstem/spinal cord to muscle; motor component of nerve, communicates with muscle
Lower Motor Neuron
62
starts at dorsal connects to outside then sensory information comes up from muscle
Sensory Nerve (From Muscle Into Spinal Cord)
63
how movement is accomplished
Primary Motor Cortex
64
innervates opposite side of body (spinal nerves)
Contralateral Innervation
65
innervates same side of body (cerebellum)
Ipsilateral Innervation
66
innervates both sides of body (cranial nerves except hypoglossal)
Bilateral Innervation
67
paresis (weakness) or paralysis
LMN Damage
68
happens on opposite side of injury; spaztic weakness
UMN Damage
69
loss of acetocoline receptors at the nerve/muscle junction
Myasthenia Gravis
70
less dopamine
Parkinsons
71
too much dopamine
Schizophrenia
72
lack of seratonin, also some issues with dopamine
Depression
73
excessive release of neurotansmitters called excitotoxicity
Brain Injury
74
action potential & NT Release
Neurophysiology

Speech Anatomy Final (1 decks)

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