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Speech Anatomy Final > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

organ that orchestrates actions, thoughts and emotions

A

Brain

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2
Q

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

A

CNS (Central Nervous System)

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3
Q

all nerves in body

A

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

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4
Q

communicate everything head and neck

A

Cranial Nerves

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5
Q

all (other) nerves; innervate toes, muscles, arms, ect.

A

Spinal Nerves

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6
Q

outer area of brain

A

Cortex

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7
Q

helps process visual information; connects with parietal and temporal lobe - [VISION]

A

Occipital Lobe

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8
Q

specific spot where vision “takes place”

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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9
Q

helps process all sensory information; visual spacial, pain - [SENSORY]

A

Parietal Lobe

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10
Q

executive lobe; involved with planning and executing motor behavior and higher order aspects of cognition - [EXECUTIVE]

A

Frontal Lobe

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11
Q

involved in execution of motor movements

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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12
Q

primary area for speech expression and planning and sequence of speech output; feed forward problems

A

Broca’s Area

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13
Q

processes info related to sound, language and memory - [AUDITORY PROCESSOR]

A

Temporal Lobe

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14
Q

processes low level auditory information

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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15
Q

speech! anything speech related; where language comes in and we undertsand

A

Wernicke’s Area

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16
Q

areas that are underneath cortex

A

Subcortical Nuclei

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17
Q

main feedback control area; helps compare sensory info to motor plan & provide corrections if they don’t match - [COORDINATION]

A

Cerebellum

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18
Q

group of subcortical nuclei that process cortical info to aid in response selecting (helps change responses) - [RESPONSE SELECTOR]

A

Basal Ganglia

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19
Q
  1. neural transmitter is released
  2. NT binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
  3. ion channels open
  4. ions flow into the postsynaptic cell, changing electrical charge of the neuron
  5. electrical potentials are summed in the cell body to determine if a new Action Potential with be generated
A

Neurotransmitter (NT) Release

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20
Q
  1. Stimulus
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
  5. Return to Resting State
    SALTY BANANA
A

Action Potential (Electrical Firing of a Neuron)

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21
Q 
resting state: -70
discharge threshold: -55
depolarization: +40
repolarization: ^^downside
hyperpolarization: anywhere under -70 (like -90)
resting state again: -70
A

Action Potential Graph

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22
Q

“pockets” inside axon terminal that hold certain neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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23
Q

special chemicals we produce in body (soma) that are responsible for activating the next neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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24
Q

**exitatory (+) GLUTAMATE

A

**makes post synaptic cell more likely to fire

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25
Q

**inhibatory (-) GABA

A

**makes post synaptic cell less likely to fire

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26
Q

fatty cells that line the axon to be sure message is sent down axon quickly; insulate and structure also

A

Myelin Sheath

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27
Q

chemical charge of a neuron at rest; negative intracell, positive extracell - electrical charge -70

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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28
Q

Na+ Ca2+

A

Intracellular Space

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29
Q

K+ Cl-

A

Extracellular Space

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30
Q

causes cell to fire; allows for positive rush inside

A

-55 mV

31
Q

involved in reward learning, cognition and movement; also involved in emotions, arousal and memory

A

Dopamine

32
Q

regulates arousal, pain perception and emotions; helps us regulate activity level; “happy neurotrasnmitter”

A

Seratonin

33
Q

in central and peripheral nervous system; in central regulates automatic functions; in peripheral it tells muscle fibers to contract

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

helps regulate sleep; also “fight or flight:

A

Norepinepherine

35
Q

EITHER

  1. taken back up into cell (reuptake) doesn’t waste resources
  2. enzymes break down in synaptic cleft
  3. binds to ion receptor & opens channel (#2 neurotransmitter - “successful”)
A

Fate of Neurotransmitter(s)

36
Q

not something you think about, responses that are automatic!! involuntary; sleep, heartbeat, breathing, also habitual motor sequences

A

Automatic Control

37
Q

controlled, intending to do something; responses are purposeful or goal intended, under cognitive control (grabbing a coke can)

A

Volitional Control

38
Q

making error and fixing; plans based on sensory information, received based on change of real time state information caused by execution of plan; sensory driven - cat –> “bat” –> oops! “cat”

A

Feeback Control

39
Q

(past experience); system executes procedure with little reliance on feedback, systems are predicting and ignore online feedback; swallowing kind of

A

Feedforward Control

40
Q

implementation of habits and automatic components of movement

A

Sensorimotor Loop

41
Q

involved in implementation of goal directed movements and actions (also motoric decision making)

A

Associative Loop

42
Q

if Vagus nerve gets nicked during heart surgery? (bc its lower in the thorax)

A

Vocal Paralysis Possible

43
Q

dopamine is produced here, most superior (upper) part of brain stem; also helps mediate auditory and visual reflexes

A

Midbrain

44
Q

medial portion of brainstem; contains motor centers involved with maintenance in posture and walking

A

Pons

45
Q

inferior portion of brainstem; helps automatic functions that keep us alive like breathing and heartrate

A

Medulla

46
Q

neural networks that produce rhythmic pattern outputs without sensory feedback (3 branches)

A

Central Pattern Generator

47
Q

cranial nerve that innervates muscles of jaw (helps w articulation and mastication ((chewing))

A

V (5) Trigeminal Nerve

48
Q

cranial nerve that innervates muscles of the face, sensory component for taste - think of Jeanne, 6th & 7th cranial nerves

A

VII (7) Facial Nerve

49
Q

cranial nerve that innervates laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles; allows adduction of VF, also velopharyngeal part

A

X (10) Vagus Nerve

50
Q

cranial nerve responsible for communicating w muscles of tongue, articulation, mastication, vowels, ect. - [TONGUE]

A

XII (12) Hypoglossal

51
Q

“information lifeline”, allows brain to communicate with perifery; contains descending motor signals and ascending sensory signals - [INFORMATION HIGHWAY]

A

Spinal Cord

52
Q

circuits that help us to refine movements aka be more precise and accurate

A

Motor Control Circuts

53
Q

modulate automatic & background component; involved in posture and balance

A

Basal Ganglia

54
Q

helps us coordinate movements also detects errors so we can fix them

A

Cerebellum

55
Q

proper initiation and timing of motor plans, important for initiating movements

A

Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)

56
Q

specifically planning and programming

A

Premotor Cortex (PMC)

57
Q

specific for speech and language

A

Broca’s Area (2?)

58
Q

where all movements re activated

A

Motor Strip (Primary Motor Cortex)

59
Q

2 neuron circuit that sends commands from the motor cortex to muscles

A

Direct Activation Pathway

60
Q

cortex to brainstem/spinal cord; “everything in brain” until medulla, at medulla, 2 cross and right controls left

A

Upper Motor Neuron

61
Q

brainstem/spinal cord to muscle; motor component of nerve, communicates with muscle

A

Lower Motor Neuron

62
Q

starts at dorsal connects to outside then sensory information comes up from muscle

A

Sensory Nerve (From Muscle Into Spinal Cord)

63
Q

how movement is accomplished

A

Primary Motor Cortex

64
Q

innervates opposite side of body (spinal nerves)

A

Contralateral Innervation

65
Q

innervates same side of body (cerebellum)

A

Ipsilateral Innervation

66
Q

innervates both sides of body (cranial nerves except hypoglossal)

A

Bilateral Innervation

67
Q

paresis (weakness) or paralysis

A

LMN Damage

68
Q

happens on opposite side of injury; spaztic weakness

A

UMN Damage

69
Q

loss of acetocoline receptors at the nerve/muscle junction

A

Myasthenia Gravis

70
Q

less dopamine

A

Parkinsons

71
Q

too much dopamine

A

Schizophrenia

72
Q

lack of seratonin, also some issues with dopamine

A

Depression

73
Q

excessive release of neurotansmitters called excitotoxicity

A

Brain Injury

74
Q

action potential & NT Release

A

Neurophysiology

Speech Anatomy Final (1 decks)

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