Final Flashcards
Sex
Biological XX or XY
Gender
socially constructed roles
evolution
change in allele frequencies in a population acoss generations
population
a group of organisms that belong to the same species
species
a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
3 requirements for natural selection
- genetic variability
- heritability
- differential reproductive success
fitness
measure of genes
3 types of fitness
- direct (genes passed on via reproduction- # offspring)
- indirect (genes contributed by helping related individuals)
- inclusive (sum of direct and indirect)
4 mechanisms for evolution
adaptation
genetic drift
gene flow
mutation
adaptation
an evolutionary process where a population becomes better suited for its habitat
- natural selection
- survival of the fittest
gene flow
any movement of genes from one population to another
mutation
a random change in DNA
female external anatomy
clitoris, anus, urethra, labia minora and majora, vaginal opening
female internal anatomy
bladder, fallopian tubes, ovary, anus, rectum, uterus, vagina, cervix
menstruation cycle
beginning of cycle ovum starts to mature lining begins to thicken to prepare for pregnancy release of mature ovum (ovulation) ovum travels to uterus beginning of next cycle
when did circumcision begin?
late 1800s in the sexually repressive Victorian Era
genetic drift
change in allele frequency due to random sampling & chance
when did circumcision start to peak?
1970s
what does the foreskin protect?
urinary opening
what does the foreskin contain?
immunologically active cells
natural infant penis
fused to glans
tight outlet
overhang
intact penis
foreskin covers glans
foreskin is pulled away from glans prior to removal
causes abrasions to glans since skin is attached
what do babies feel and remember?
pain
what did the AAP recommend using in 1999 for pain relief?
procedural analgesia
medical benefits of circumcision
reduction in UTIs reduciton in penile cancer easier to clean reduction in cervical cancer reduction in STDs and HIV
what does circumcision remove?
most sensitive parts of the penis
mating theory Bateman (1948)
reported a stronger relationship between mating and reproductive success in male fruit flies compared w females
regarding reproduction, what are males limited by?
of females he can convince to mate w him
regarding reproduction, what are females limited by?
of eggs or offspring she can have
sexual selection
occurs when (1) males compete against themselves for access to females (intrasexual selection) and try to attract females w flashy colors or behaviors (intersexual selection)
Masters and Johnson Research 1950s
excitement / arousal
plateau
orgasm
resolution
excitement phase
vasocongestion thickening vaginal walls uterus raising vagina lengthening nipple erection sex flush
plateau phase
outer 1/3 of vaginal wall swells
breasts enlarge
sex flush increases
HR and BP increase
orgasmic phase
release of muscle tension
0.8s contractions
pelvic thrusting
resolution phase
body returns to normal state
2 types of orgasms
vaginal
clitoral
male excitement phase
same as females
urethra diameter doubles
male plateau phase
no loss of erection
increase in testes size (50%)
male orgasmic phase
ejaculatory inevitability
0.8 muscle contractions
perspiration
male resolution phase
nearly 50% of all erection is lost
body returns to normal state
20min-2hrs
male refractory period
increases w age
cannot be re-stimulated to ejaculation
2009
APA concluded that conversion therapies are ineffective
homophobia
antagonistic feeling and behaviors toward homosexuality
heterosexism
social norm
bisexuality
more common in women
pansexual
attraction to any sex or gender
known as “gender-blind”
where does the word “lesbian” come from?
Greek island of Lesbos
gaydar
ability to identify a person’s sexual orientation
pre-natal hormone theory
more androgens (male sex hormone) will be attracted to females –known as gynephilic
less androgens will be more attracted to men – known as androphilic
congenital hormone hyperplasia
results in exposure of female fetus to high levels of androgens
does homosexuality appear to be a product of childhood events?
no, self-reports of homosexual feelings do
how many regions do men have regarding their sexual orientation?
4
who was Magnus Hirschfield and what did he do?
he was a gay jewish doctor/sexologist
he found the world’s first gay rights organization in Berlin, Germany in 1897
what happened after World War II?
gay activism moved to US
what began the modern gay movement?
a riot outside the Stonewall Inn in New York’s Greenwich Village in 1969
in which 3 countries are gay discrimination most notable?
Africa
South Asia
Middle East
biphobia
negative attitudes toward bisexual people
bisexual erasure
denying or ignoring their existence
paraphilic disorders
paraphilia that causes distress to the individual or may lead to harm in others
examples of paraphilia
exhibitionism fetishism frotteurism pedophilia sexual masochism sexual sadism transvestic fetishism voyeurism
bestiality
sexual acts w an animal
zoophile
romantic relationship w an animal (not harmed)
STI
when a bacterium enters a person’s body during a sexual encounter
gonorrhea
causes a pest like discharge
oozing pus
mutating @ a very fast rate
signs of emerging antibiotic resistance
chlamydia
infects the urethra travels the digestive tract watery discharge and burning sensation people who have this are asymptomatic treatment: arythromyacin
syphilis
wartlike infection in penis
body spots
herpes
virus
painful blisters/sores that discharge when broken
