FINAL Flashcards
What is rhetoric?
THE ABILITY TO USE ALL AVAILABLE MEANS TO ESTABLISH
INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION IN A
GIVEN SITUATION.
In public speaking: THE ART OF SPEAKING
EFFECTIVELY AND CONNECTING WITH THE AUDIENCE.
EXAMPLE: SPEAKERS WHO MAKE THE
AUDIENCE “FEEL” SOMETHING
DURING THE SPEECH ARE
USING “RHETORIC”
What is ethos?
APPEAL TO CREDIBILITY OR
IMAGE
A
PERSON’S
CREDIBILITY WITH A
GIVEN AUDIENCE.
HAVING SINCERITY, AUTHORITY, EXPERTISE OR ANY ADJECTIVE THAT DESCRIBES SOMEONE YOU CAN DO THE JOB
DEVELOPED
DIRECTLY THROUGH THE SPEAKER’S
QUALIFICATIONS OR INDIRECTLY
THROUGH CITING OTHERS.
EX. JUDGES COMMENTING ON LAWS WILL
HOLD THE AUDIENCE’S ATTENTION MORE
THAN A AN UNQUALIFIED INDIVIDUAL
MAKING THE SAME COMMENT.
What is pathos?
Pathos appeals rely on
emotions and feelings to
persuade the audience
They are often direct,
simple, and very powerful
ARISTOTLE WARNS THAT A SPEECH BASED ON PURE
PATHOS CAN BE UNETHICAL AND DANGEROUS.
What is logos?
LOGOS APPEALS RELY
ON THE AUDIENCE’S
INTELLIGENCE TO
PERSUADE THEM.
LOGOS STATES THAT A SPEAKER SHOULD MAKE THE SPEECH ACCESSIBLE AND LOGICAL TO THE AUDIENCE.
What is impact calculous?
HOW WE DETERMINE WHO WINS A CLOSE DEBATE ROUND
AN IMPACT IS HOW THE ARGUMENT AFFECTS THE WORLD.
HOW AN EVENT EFFECTS PEOPLE
THE ENVIRONMENT
VALUES, CULTURE ETC.
SO FOR EXAMPLE:
IN POLICY DEBATE WE COMPARE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES AGAINST EACH
OTHER AND DETERMINES WHICH ARE MORE IMPORTANT BASED ON THEIR
CORRESPONDING IMPACT.
EXAMPLE: MINIMUM WAGE
What is the magnitude of an argument?
MAGNITUDE IS THE SIZE OF THE IMPACT WITHIN THE ARGUMENT.
HOW MANY TANGIBLE OBJECTS DOES THE ARGUMENT AFFECT.
PEOPLE, PLANET, ANIMALS ETC.
THE SIZE OF THE IMPACT IS OFTEN MEASURED IN THE NUMBER OF DEATHS.
What is the timeframe discussed in an argument?
TIMEFRAME IS A QUESTION OF WHEN THE IMPACT OCCURS AND/OR HOW LONG AN
IMPACT WILL AFFECT SOMEONE OR THING.
TIMEFRAME ANALYSIS SHOULD EXPLAIN THAT IMPACTS THAT HAPPEN SOONER
AND/OR LAST LONGER ARE MORE IMPORTANT
FOR EXAMPLE:
ECONOMY ARGUMENT HAS A TIME FRAME OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN
TWO MONTHS.
CLIMATE CHANGE ARGUMENT HAS A TIME FRAME OF HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
What is the criteria?
THE STANDARDS THAT ARE USED TO JUDGE AN
ARGUMENT OR ARGUMENTS
CRITERIA ARE THE INDIVIDUAL LENSES EACH PERSON EVALUATES
ARGUMENTS THROUGH.
CRITERIA CAN BE THE VALUES/BELIEFS, IDEOLOGIES, OR
PERSPECTIVES OF THE AUDIENCE.
EVERY ARGUMENT IS EVALUATED BASED ON A PERSON’S INDIVIDUAL
CRITERIA.
What are the four ways humans appraise arguments?
THE LANGUAGE USED IN THE ARGUMENT.
THE FACTS USED IN THE ARGUMENT.
THE AUDIENCE’S INDIVIDUAL PRESUMPTIONS.
THE COMMON SENSE (OR LACK OF) POSSESSED BY THE LISTENER.
How do ethos pathos and logos apply to a debater making an argument?
Each appeal is equally important and
potentially affects the others.
What is probability of an argument?
PROBABILITY IS A QUESTION OF HOW LIKELY THE IMPACT IS TO OCCUR.
DUE TO THE FACT THAT POLICY DEBATE DISCUSSES FUTURE PREDICTIONS ABOUT
CURRENT EVENTS, THERE IS A SPECIFIC PROBABILITY THAT THE EVENT(S) WILL OR WON’T
OCCUR.
DEBATERS MUST ARGUE WHY THEIR ARGUMENTS ARE MORE PROBABLE THAN THEIR
OPPONENTS.
FOR EXAMPLE: AN ARGUMENT ABOUT SANCTIONS LEADING TO POVERTY VS. AN ARGUMENT
CLAIMING WWIII WILL HAPPEN.
What to consider for language?
LANGUAGE CONSISTS OF WORDS (SOUNDS) WHICH REPRESENT SOMETHING.
WORDS ARE VISUAL OR VERBAL SYMBOLS.
SYMBOLS COMMUNICATE SPECIFIC MEANING.
RED LIGHT SIGNAL
SPECIFIC WORDS CONVEY MEANING BEYOND THEIR DEFINITIONS.
CHEAP
THRIFTY
two examples, diff stories, diff ways of using language
What to consider for facts?
FACTS CONSIST OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE DERIVED FROM
OBSERVATION, RESEARCH, OR EXPERIENCE WHICH IS
BELIEVED 100% TRUE.
FACTS CAN BE OBJECTIVELY TRUE OR FALSE.
REGARDLESS OF TRUTH, FACTS ARE BELIEVED TRUE FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL.
HARD TO PERSUADE PEOPLE TO REJECT THE “FACTS” THEY BELIEVE.
CLAIMS BASED ON FACTS ARE PRESENTED AS OBJECTIVELY TRUE
REGARDLESS OF ACTUAL VALIDITY.
What to consider about facts?
ACCEPTING A BELIEF/PERSPECTIVE/WORLDVIEW (CRITERIA) AS TRUE
WITHOUT ACTIVELY SEEKING PROOF.
DIFFERENT FROM FACTS: FACTS ARE DERIVED FROM OUR CONSCIOUS
RESEARCH/OBSERVATIONS.
PRESUMPTIONS ARE BELIEFS AND IDEAS ABOUT THE WORLD CREATED
UNCONSCIOUSLY THROUGH EXPERIENCES.
PRESUMPTIONS START IN INFANCY AND CHANGE THROUGHOUT ONE’S
LIFE.
Example on presumptions
EX: LISTENING TO AN OPPOSING POLITICAL SPEAKER DISCUSS A NONCONTROVERSIAL
TOPIC.
DEBATERS MUST ANALYZE THE POTENTIAL PRESUMPTIONS OF THEIR AUDIENCE,
AND ADAPT THEIR ARGUMENTS TO CONNECT WITH THEM.
