Final Flashcards
1
Q
What happened at the Confessions of Augsburg?
A
Charles V tried & failed to save religious unity
2
Q
What were the effects of the Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
A
Two decades of political and military confrontation
3
Q
Who was Luther’s “right hand man”?
A
Melanchthon
4
Q
What was the confession of Augsburg?
A
Declaration of Luther’s beliefs
5
Q
What was the schmalkaldic?
A
Collection of Lutheran cities to defend beliefs
6
Q
What happened at the Schmalkaldic war?
A
Catholic v. Lutheran, Lutherans lost and refused to convert
7
Q
What did Charles V do that was unusual?
A
In 1555 he gave up emperor title at the defeat of the Lutherans (who just wouldn’t convert!)
8
Q
Explain the Peace of Augsburg
A
Treaty passed in 1555 by Diet of HRE- declared rulers right to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism/ Tolerated Lutheranism but did not recognize any other kinds of Protestantism
9
Q
What is the Peace of Augsburg an example of?
A
Compromise
10
Q
“Culusregio, eius religio”
A
Whosoevers realm there his religion
11
Q
How does the peace of Augsburg est. religious groups?
A
Creates areas mostly catholic/lutheran/calvinist
12
Q
Is the peace of Augsburg more northern or southern/italian?
A
Northern
13
Q
What did Calvinism stress?
A
- God’s omnipotence and omniscience
- predestination
- Most militant form of Protestantism/ Often rebellious against the state
14
Q
Explain the Consistory
A
a council of the closest advisors of the Roman emperors/ or a papal consistory (cardinals)/to meet every Thursday and exercise church discipline by summoning and formally rebuking Genevans who had refused to repent when confronted by elders and pastors in private with issues of sin. These sins included adultery, illicit marriages, cursing, unauthorized luxury, disrespectfulness in church, bearing traces of Roman Catholicism, blasphemy, or gambling, among others
15
Q
Define Predestination
A
Fate decided before existence (by god)
16
Q
What would John Calvin say about good works?
A
You can try- but they don’t matter
17
Q
How are Calvinism and Lutheranism similar?
A
Both critique Catholicism’s belief in “good works”
18
Q
How would Calvinism affect common people’s beliefs?
A
Encouraged hard work and thrift
19
Q
Where was Calvinism based?
A
Switzerland (Geneva)
20
Q
Who inspired Calvin?
A
Martin Luther
21
Q
What did people want from religion during the 16th century?
A
Discipline
22
Q
Who were the elect?
A
saved
23
Q
what was reflective of being saved or not?
A
Good works, successful in life/profession
24
Q
How does Calvinism affect modern economics?
A
Money –> work—> saved
25
What practice did Calvinism make legal?
Usury (Lending with interest)
26
What are the other versions of Calvinism?
Presbyterians, Puritans
27
Why does Calvinism spread?
Activist based
28
Who was Anne Boleyn?
Henry's mistress
29
Who was the defender of the faith?
Henry VIII
30
What did Luther do for marriage?
Secularized it/ allowed divorce
31
Who was Catherine of Aron?
Henry VIII's first wife
32
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
Henry VIII's first wife
33
What was one critique of Catholicism?
Idolatry
34
Why did Catholics encourage idolatry?
create revenue for works
35
What were 2 artistic expressions founded in religion that became interesting aspects of humanism? Why?
Painting and Music; separated from religious domain
36
What did Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) do for Protestants?
Bring back purges/hunts heretics
37
What did Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) do for Protestants?
Catholic; Bring back purges/hunts heretics
38
What is the religion of England under Queen Elizabeth?
Protestant (Moderate)
39
What do Puritans dislike about Elizabeth's England?
She allows too much compromise between Catholics and Protestants
40
Where does Charles think his right to rule comes from?
Divine Right
41
How did Puritans escape?
Mayflower; America (Why first American settlements were all Puritan)
42
How did Puritans escape?
Mayflower; America (Why first American settlements were all Puritan)
43
Why did Puritans go to America?
Complete the Reformation
44
Describe the 30 years war
- Economics/Territory/Religion
| - Battle of emerging modern European states
45
How many Germans died in the 30 years war?
30-40%
46
How did the 30 years war end?
Peace of Westphalia of 1648/Compromise to allow religions to coexist --> as a response to disorder and loss of life
47
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Leader of Puritans/ Calvinists
48
What gave puritans the grounds to execute Charles I?
He had lost 2 wars (which shows gods displeasure)
49
What was the Puritan cleansing of England?
Execution of Charles I
50
What was the Puritan cleansing of England?
Execution of Charles I
51
Describe the rule of Edward VI
Protestant;
52
To what extent did the Catholic Church carry out its own "Reformation," and with what results?
- Reformation set the stage for the Renaissance
- Restructuring of the Church (Remove from Papacy)
- Council of Trent, Uniformity, Tradition, better training of clergy, Loyola --> Jesuits, Obedience, Mysticism (direct experience with God)
53
Who was the head of the Church under Henry VIII?
The King (Henry VIII)
54
What 2 benefits did Henry VIII gain from the restructuring of the Church?
1) Strengthen religious supremacy
| 2) Ability to Divorce
55
What did the 1534 Act of Supremacy do?
Made Henry the Church of England
56
During whose reign did the English Renaissance occur?
Queen Elizabeth
57
According to Mornay: What led French Calvinists to reexamine their attitudes towards government authority and monarchy?
Massacre of St. Bartholomew
58
Describe the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
"So it was determined to exterminate all the Protestants, and the plan was approved by the queen....The Duke of Guise, who was put in full command of the enterprise, summoned by night several captains of the Catholic Swiss mercenaries...and some commanders of French companies, and told them that it was the will of the king that, according to God's will, they should take vengeance on the band of rebels while they had the beasts in the toils....As some children were in the act of throwing the body [of the leading Huguenot] into the river, it was dragged out and placed upon the gibbet..., where it hung by the feet in chains of iron; and then they built a fire beneath, by which he was burned without being consumed; so that he was, so to speak, tortured with all the elements, since he was killed upon the earth, thrown into the water, placed upon the fire, and finally put to hang in the air."
59
Describe the election and establishment of Kings
"Elected" by God, established by the people
60
Explain Mornay's thoughts on Hereditary Kingdoms?
Heirs should reaffirm their rights to rule from people/ the election
61
Why are the people more powerful than the king?
The King Derives his power from them
62
According to John Calvin, the making of the reformer (Video): What were three things resulting from Calvinism?
1) Moral Code
2) Capitalism
3) Religious Edifice
63
What was important about Calvinist Geneva?
Double emancipation; Political independence and liberation from Catholic Church
64
Why was Calvin banished from Geneva?
Collision between church and state; he was a foreign religious dictator
65
Why did Calvin's 2nd sojourn in Geneva prove more successful?
His recall after banishment gave him power to implicate his wishes
66
Why is Geneva's location important?
Crossroads of Europe- Attracts believers and non believers
67
What 2 roles does Anne Askew illustrate of the English Reformation?
1) Popular Dimension
| 2) Role of Women
68
What made up the Evangelical movement?
Reformers (Pre-Luther) who stressed inward piety based on personal scripture reading (vernacular language)
69
Why was the French version of "Institutes" a major breakthrough?
Showed the merits of the French Language
70
Describe what happened to "evangelicals" after action from the King/ Roman Inquisition
"Fled or bled"
71
Why did the Reformation not succeed in Italy/Italian Peninsula?
Suppressive clime/expulsion/persecution/ inquisition
72
Why did the Reformation not succeed in Italy/Italian Peninsula?
Suppressive clime/expulsion/persecution/ inquisition
73
Why were protestant advances in the East reversed?
Jesuit response --> support of pope authority
74
What were the 3 aims of the Roman Church in response to Protestant Challenge?
1) Reassert Authority
2) Reaffirm validity of sacramental system
3) Renew Spirituality
75
What was Ignatius of Loyola (Jesuit) presenting in his Spiritual Exercise?
Renewed Spirituality and obedience
76
What was the passage, "Oh the most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist" from the Council of Trent, defending?
Defends the doctrine of transubstantiation
77
What was one scene described in St. Theresa's autobiography that "reasserts Catholic Authority"?
Vision of angel/ experiences of divine grace (Convince people of the rightness of their religion)
78
What was one scene described in St. Theresa's autobiography that "reasserts Catholic Authority"?
Vision of angel/ experiences of divine grace (Convince people of the rightness of their religion)
79
What did the Jesuit order serve as?
Aim of Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church
80
What was the objective of the Catholic Reformation? How was it obtained?
Response to Protestant challenge/ self evaluation and reform; Council of trent --> denied all Protestant claims
81
How was the "confessional" a tool to connect with people?
Direct Conversation/ encourage certain behaviors; lay devotion, charity, aid poor/ill
82
Give examples of how the church brough conformity to its "intellectuals". Did they go against the ideas of the renaissance?
Prohibited books/ inquisitions/ limited free expression; Yes --> covered nudes
83
What caused the English Civil Wars (1642- 1660)
Attempt to create Constitutional Monarchy
84
List examples of the ways the renaissance and reformation intersected
Humanism/ Printing press/ Baroque style/ music/ literary styles
85
List four areas in which Humanism coincided with the Reformation
1) Examination of Sources
| 2) Questioning of Authority
86
List four areas in which Humanism coincided with the Reformation
1) Examination of Sources
2) Questioning of Authority
3) Renewed emphasis on what it is to be human
4) Promoted Education
87
Which form of Protestantism was the most militant/resistant to the state
Mornay's
88
Why were Jesuits important?
Great teachers, missionaries, convert people to catholicism/counter reformation
89
Was the Reformation successful?
Missions to new world/convert... yes?
90
Who were the priests during the Reformation/Inquisition?
Paul III, Julius III, Paul IV, Pius IV
91
What was the Inquisition's philosophy on Punishment?
It not to save the person being punished, its to instill fear in the public
92
Explain the Index of Forbidden books
Protestant Erasmus; all books against Catholic teachings (1559-1966)
93
What was important about Pope Pius V?
Excommunicated Queen Elizabeth/ Militant Pope/ Holy League
94
Were all groups apart of the Holy League?
No; some were trading with turks
95
Why were nobleman turning to Calvinism?
To fight against the centralization of monarchial power
96
Who were the "new monarchs"
Edward VI, Mary I, Charles V, Henry IV, Ferdinand & Isabella (Spain),
97
What were the aims and policies of "new monarchs"?
- Centralize Power
98
What were the aims and policies of "new monarchs"?
- Centralize Power
- Control nobility/ bourgeoisie
- Maintain army
- Taxation
- Trade
- Establish Colonies (New World)
- National Identification with Monarch (Only Queen Elizabeth was really successful with this)
- Enforce religious unity or toleration
99
Explain Martyrs
Victims of the intersection between religion and politics
100
Examples of Martyrs
Thomas More (catholic), Thomas Cranmer (Protestant under Mary I), Anne Askew (Protestant)
101
Who were Catholic Threats to Queen Elizabeth?
Mary, Queen of Scots, Pope Pius V, Philip II of Spain
102
Describe the French Wars of Religion
Warfare between Catholic Majority (nobles) and Calvinists/Huguenots (minority)/ Politiques who were "above religious matters"
103
Describe the Edict of Nantes (King Henry IV)
Leader of protestants --> converted to Catholicism/ dual commitment to restoration of monarchical power and religious toleration
104
Describe the Edict of Nantes (King Henry IV)
Leader of protestants --> converted to Catholicism/ dual commitment to restoration of monarchical power and religious toleration
105
In what context did the French Renaissance develop?
Centralized state & powerful monarchy
106
In what area was the monarchy most evident in the unfolding of the French Renaissance?
Arts/ Henry IV/ Francis I/ Louis XIV
107
How did French Humanists shift north to paris?
The papal court in Avignon --> pope leaves --> humanism moves north
108
How did the French and English emerge differently from the Hundred Years War?
French--> Modern/Centralized
| English --> Civil War
109
Describe the English Civil War/ War of the Roses
Yorkist and Lancastrian factions struggle for Supremacy
110
What decisive battle established the tudor dynasty with Henry Tudor/Henry VII?
Bosworth Field- Defeat of Richard III
111
If Renaissance is no longer, "the age of the discovery of the individual" what is it?
Dignity of man/ worth of woman/ self presentation/ human condition/ authenticity
112
Summarize the subject of Montaigne's "of the inequality that is between us"
We should judge the real person and not their public persona
113
Who were the skeptics?
Montaigne, Galileo (and Shakespeare)
114
What was Montaigne skeptic of?
Wars on religion (any unfounded prejudice)
115
What was discussed in Moliere's comedy, Tartuffe?
Piety v. Hypocrisy
116
Describe Queen Elizabeth's 39 Articles
Establish guidelines for national protestant observance- between Catholic and Calvinist
117
What was successful about Queen Elizabeth's reign?
Protect throne, manage religious matters, resistance to spain, colonial exploration, absolutism
118
Under what circumstances was Charles I executed?
Clash between King and Parliament after Charles I refused reforms demanded by Parliament- Parliament raised an army against a legitimate king
119
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Served as Lord Protector of English until 1653/ Officer in Army and Puritan
120
Who was the king after the monarchs restoration? What did he do?
Charles II; religious toleration
121
Describe England's "second bloodless (glorious) revolution"
Parliament dipsoed James II --> established William of Orange and Mary/ Bill of Rights
122
How was English Humanism intertwined with the Reformation?
Humanism promoted study of classical texts/historical context --> set the sage for reformation/ Humanists also used education to argue against reformation
123
Describe the Schoolmaster by Roger Ascham
Treatise on Education to Upper class/ tutor of Queen Elizabeth
124
List important authors of English Renaissance who were influenced by classical ideas
Spenser, Milton, Chaucer
125
Describe Holbein's Painting, "the Ambassadors"
Promotes position of ambassadors/ humanist education/ hidden religions icons (during Catholic reformation)/ anamorphic skull
126
What did Baigio de Cesena say about Michelangelo's The Last Judgement? What happened to him?
That it would be more appropriate in a tavern; Michelangelo painted him as Minos, one of the judges of hell
127
What was the Council of Trent's decree on Art? How did that effect Michelangelo's The Last Judgmeent?
“...[A]ll lasciviousness [shall] be avoided; in such wise that figures shall not be painted or adorned with a beauty exciting to lust... there be nothing seen that is disorderly, or that is unbecomingly or confusedly arranged, nothing that is profane, nothing indecorous, seeing that holiness becometh the house of God. And that these things may be the more faithfully observed, the holy Synod ordains, that no one be allowed to place, or cause to be placed, any unusual image, in any place, or church, howsoever exempted, except that image have been approved of by the bishop.”
;Coverings of genitalia were added after M’s death in 1564 by Daniele da Volterra.
128
Describe Baroque
Elaborate/ Emotion/ Movement; Portraying the splendor of the Catholic church
129
What was the context of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Quest for power>>many plays of the time focus on rulers and power struggles.
Religious strife, with Elizabeth’s compromising Protestantism as her solution.
Growing desire among elites for social order>>complex relationship between elite and popular culture (as discussed in Klaits).
The Querelle des femmes (”debate about women”) and witch hunt.
Late Renaissance culture in northern Europe: humanism, realism, and skepticism
130
What was the context of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Quest for power>>many plays of the time focus on rulers and power struggles.
Religious strife, with Elizabeth’s compromising Protestantism as her solution.
Growing desire among elites for social order>>complex relationship between elite and popular culture (as discussed in Klaits).
The Querelle des femmes (”debate about women”) and witch hunt.
Late Renaissance culture in northern Europe: humanism, realism, and skepticism
Englands Emergence as a world power/ navy
Instability over succession
Relative Stability supported drama/arts
131
What does Pico say on rationalism?
“Whatever seeds each man cultivates will grow to maturity and bear in him their own fruit. If they be vegetative, he will be like a plant. If sensitive, he will become brutish. If rational, he will grow into a heavenly being. If intellectual, he will be an angel and the son of God.“
132
Who were the "others" of the Reformation
Heretics, Muslims, Jews, Pagan, Sexual Deviants, Witches
133
Define Heresey
Having the wrong beliefs
134
How were Jew's treated during the reformation? Paul IV's view
Ghettos/ scapegoats/guilty condemned to eternal slavery
135
Define Iconoclasm
- Destruction of religious art --> art falsely reflects god/ idolatry/ calvinism
- triggered by Prot/Calvin preaching outside city limits to destroy art
136
What are the three "G"s
Gold, Glory, God
137
What were the motivators for the three "G"s
Competing for souls/ saved souls/ way to dominate countries people
138
What was important about the King James Bible?
English Bible that spoke to all the nation, transcending religious divisions that had placed three different translations in the hands of English subjects
139
Describe Shakespeare's verse/poetry
non-rhyming iambic pentameter, ten syllables wit every second one stressed; upperclass
140
Describe Shakespeare's Prose
spoken by lowerclass
141
List the basic beliefs of Protestants
Priesthood of all believers, baptism, eucharist (as communion), sola fida, sola scriptura, iconoclasm
142
List the basic beliefs of Catholics
Monarch/pope, sacraments, transubstantiation, good works, indulgences, religious art
