Final Flashcards
What is the most frequently occurring special education category?
SLD
What percent of special education is identified as SLD?
40-50%
What percent of of the total population is identified as SLD?
4-5%
What schools do special education regulations apply to?
Only public/ private schools that get federal funding
PL 94- 142 (1975)
Education for all Handicapped Children
What law tripled LD?
PL 94- 142 (1975)
What law enabled school-aged children to have right to FAPE?
PL 94- 142 (1975)
(1986)
reauthorized as PL 99-457
extended age to birth- 21 (EI)
FAPE mandated for ages 3-21
(1990)
IDEA PL 101-476
dropped handicapped - changed to disabilities
added Autism and TBI
Inclusion
(1997)
Expanded LRE
(2004)
IDEIA most recent aligned with NCLB 2001 focus on increasing expectations Changed SLD evaluation procedures
What does the ‘I” in IDEIA stand for?
Improvement
What was the LD definition based off of in the mid- late 1800s?
neurology, psychology, education, and clinicians observations
How did Sam Kirk (1963) contribute to SLD?
defined LD
didn’t develop it, but played a part
Alfred Strauss
“Brain injured child”
final brain damage
medical model - etiology (whats causing this issue)
How can you show a discrepancy, but not be illegible for special education in school?
Child could be achieving fine in the classroom
What did IDEA (2004) emphasize?
Underachievement
What are the main classification systems (but not limited to)?
- Ability- Achievement
- MTSS/ TRI
- Research-Based Procedures
EX: Strengths/ Weaknesses Model
Who was the father of the testing movement from England? Also what did he discover?
Sir Francis Galton
regression to the mean and correlation also found gain knowledge through senses, higher IQ = higher sensory discrimination
Who created the product movement correlation from England?
Karl Pearson
Who was James McKeen Cattle?
USA
Individual differences in behavior
Established lab at Penn
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus discover? (Germany)
sent comp, presenter of group administered IQ tests, tests of memory, and math computation
What did Carl Wernicke (Germany) discover?
brain localization, temporal, left, detection of ID
Henry H Goddard?
introduced the Binet Simon scales to the US
Revised the 1908 scale and standardized it on 2000 American children
viewed intelligence as a single underlying function
binet viewed it as shifting
Lewis M Terman?
The Stanford revision and extension of the Binet Simon scale
used mental quotients
Robert M Yerkes
against the age-scale - items are standardized on different ages
published point scale- quality of responses and correctness
What is a mental quotient?
how far does IQ divert from others of his/her age
What is metacognition?
how we think about thinking
David Wechsler
wechsler-bellevus intelligence scale, form 1
point scale developed after reviewing the standardized test of the 1930s
Considered intelligence to be a part of the larger construct of personality
Common definitions of intelligence?
adaptions to the environments, basic mental processes, higher-order thinking
Differences in definitions of intelligence?
metacognition and executive processes
knowledge of the interaction between knowledge and mental processes
context, particularly the value culture places on intelligence
What was Terman’s definition of intelligence?
ability to carry on abstract thinking
What was Binet’s definition of intelligence?
collection of faculties, judgement, practical sense, initiative, and the ability to adapt to circumstances
What was Wechsler’s definition of intelligence?
composed of the qualitatively different abilities
What is the factor analytic theory?
how items load
Cattle and Horn’s fluid and crystallized intelligence
2 types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized
What is fluid intelligence?
Nonverbal, relatively culture-free mental efficiency, adaptive and new learning capabilities
More dependent on physiological structure
More likely to decline
Sensitive to TBI
What is crystallized intelligence?
Acquired skills and knowledge, dependent on exposure to culture
Continues and stays the same
Gardner’s multiple Intelligence
8 competencies
What did Thordikes theory of intelligence include?
social, concrete, abstract (all separate)
What did Piaget’s theory of intelligence include?
intelligence is a form of biological adaptations to one’s environment
Assimilation and accommodations
What are learning disabilities?
Umbrella term for a wide variety of disorders
Dyslexia
inability to read
What are the 2 types of dyslexia?
Developmental and Acquired
What is developmental dyslexia?
acquired before or just after birth or from injury/ brain damage
What percentage of the school-aged population have a learning disability?
10-15%
What is acquired dyslexia?
Due to brain damage after learning to read
what fraction students lack fundamental reading skills?
1/3
What are some common symptoms associated with SLD?
hyperactivity perceptual motor impairments emotional libability general coordination deficits disorders of attention (short attention span, distractibility) disorders of memory and thinking disorders in speech and hearing neurological signs and irregular EEG
What skills are required for reading?
- Letter identification
- phonological skills
- Grapheme skills
- Sequencing skills
- Short-term memory
What is lexicon?
Your store of words and their meanings that you know
you combine and use the words
Phonological Reading
being able to recognize and manipulate sound
decode by the sounds of words
converts a letter or group of letters into sounds
Graphemic Reading
word is memorized
whole word reading
Phonemes
the smallest unit of sound in language
Morphemes
smallest unit that has meaning
EX: pre
What does dyslexia in preschoolers look like?
articulation problems
trouble with phoneme awareness, rhyming, and saying polysyllabic words EX: animals
difficulty recalling basic information
What does dyslexia in elementary age children look like?
difficulty remembering the names of letters, then learning the sounds, and sound blending
automatic word recognition is more slow and labored
speed up and make more pronunciation errors or do not read every word in the text
What does dyslexia beyond 3rd grade look like?
difficulty correctly guessing low frequency words
What is phonological Dyslexia?
Poor phonological processing skills Poor auditory processing Poor receptive language Difficulty with basic word attack skills Poor pseudoword performance likely significant history of ear infections tend to activate the occipital lobe
What is orthographic dyslexia?
read in a slow, laborious matter
Problems with sight words
Left ventral stream important in orthography
What are the Feifer and Della Toffalo (2007) 4 subtypes of Dyslexia?
- Dysphonetic
- Surface
- Mixed
- Comprehension
What does Dysphonetic mean?
learn by the whole word
over reliant on picture words
inaccurate oral readers
What does Surface mean?
over reliance on the sound symbol relationship
reading never become automatic
What does mixed mean?
dysphenetic and surface, so learn by picture and sound/ symbol relationship
Comprehension
difficulty with meaning
What is semantics?
individual words and sentence structure
What is pragmatics?
function of the message conveyed
What is a semantic subsection error?
words have similar meanings, but different word
What is phonemic substitution?
substitutes letters within words
What is configuration substitution?
Ssing beginning letters or whole word and making errors that way
EX: photography said as photograph
EX: Card said as cart
Sequencing/ reversal?
reserves word order for parts of words
Syntax errors?
ignores or adds punctuation
Metacognitive (executive) correction
automatically. corrects words
What are some causes of reading disabilities?
phonological deficiency, attention deficiency, sensory deficiency, motor deficiency, evaluating the theories
What is the prevalence of math LD?
6%
What are the 3 subtypes of math LD?
semantic memory, procedural, and visual-spatial
What does semantic memory in math LD look like?
poor number-symbol association, poor math fact automaticity, comorbid Res and language disorders
What does the procedural subtype in math LD look like?
poor strategy/ algorithm
poor working memory, limited flexibility
rely on immature strategies
comorbid ADHD
What does the visual-spatial subtype in math LD look like?
problems with column alignment, place values, and operand adherence
What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, maturational log?
cognitive functions undergo hierarchically development
if 1 level lags, subsequent levels will be delayed
learning disabilities persistent after maturation
What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, environmental deprivation
deprivation can have long lasting consequences on physical and intellectual devlopment
EX: books and talking
What is the birthday effect?
maturational age could aggravate performance in learning disabled children
What are the main concepts of the IDEA (2004) definition of SLD?
refers to a specific learning disability, implying that the disability or disorder affects specific academic skills or domains
disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes
Can you ever just use one classification system to identify SLD
no, because they are somewhat vague and ambiguous terms
Ability-Achievement Discrepancy
discrepancy between intellectual ability and academic achievement
Ysseldyke
wait to fail method
Can a child can have an SLD in only 1 academic area. True or False?
False
What are the 8 categories of SLD?
Oral Expression Listening Comprehension Written Expression Basic Reading Skill Reading Fluency Skill Reading Comprehension Mathematics Calculation Mathematics Problem Solving
what percent of identified SLD students have deficits in reading skills?
80%
What does “lexia” mean?
word
What does aphasia mean?
loss of language ability resulting from a brain injury
Who created dyslexia strephosymbolia and what does it mean?
Samuel Orton
tendencies to reverse or invert letters or words when learning to read or write
What is the description of ID?
impairment that affects adaptive functioning in conceptual social and practical domains
What is the description of a communication disorder/
impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication
What is the description of ASD?
impairment in social interactions; repetitive behavior pattern
What is the description of ADHD?
impairments in attention to detail, hyperactivity exemplified by excessive talking, fidgeting, or inability to remain seated in appropriate situations
What is the description of SLD?
persistent difficultuies in reading, writing, arithmetic or math reasoning skills during formal schooling
What is the ability to decompose words into their constituent speech sounds?
phonemic awareness
How does the cerebellum affect reading?
timing and attention
What loads into math problem solving on the WIAT?
Math Problem Solving
What loads into Math Calculation on the WIAT?
Math Fluency and Numerical Operations
What loads into Written Expression on the WIAT?
Spelling, Sentences, Essay, Alphabet
What loads into Oral Expression on the WIAT?
Sentence Repetition, Expressive Vocabulary, and Word Fluency
What loads into Listening Comprehension on the WIAT?
Receptive Vocabulary and Oral Discourse
What loads into Basic Reading on the WIAT?
Psuedoword and Word Reading
What loads into Reading Comprehension on the WIAT?
Reading Comprehension
Hyperlexia
unusual reading ability
What is habituation?
response to a stimulus weakens with repeated exposure
Geschwind-Galaburda Theory
gondola hormones may affect brain development and learning
What loads into verbal comprehension?
Similarities and Vocabulary
What loads into fluid reasoning?
matrix reasoning and figure weights
What loads into visual spatial?
Block Design and (visual puzzles)
What loads into working memory?
digit span and (picture span)
What loads into processing speed?
coding, (symbol search) and (cancellation)
What are the 3 conditions that must be met for the federal classification of SLD?
- Underachievement
- RTI or Psychoeducational Assessment
- Exclusionary factors
What are some reasons ability-achievement is not always considered the ideal method?
- assumption that IQ is a near perfect predictor or achievement
- applied inconsistently
- statistically significant but not clinically significant
- wait-to-fail —- usually not till 3 or 4 grade
- doesn’t always identify processing deficits
- over identification on minority students
What is RTI/MTSS based on?
treatment validity
Dysgraphia
inability to produce the motor patterns needed for writing OR the inability to spell both novel and familiar words
oral language impairments
exhibit difficulties with written expression, handwriting, spelling. lack necessary lexical, morphological, orthographic, and syntactic knowledge to express their thoughts in writing
What are the 3 subtests of a writing disability?
Dyslexia
Oral Language Impairment
Dysgraphia
Subitizing
judge the numbers of objects in a group rapidly, accurately and confidently