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SLD > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most frequently occurring special education category?

A

SLD

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2
Q

What percent of special education is identified as SLD?

A

40-50%

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3
Q

What percent of of the total population is identified as SLD?

A

4-5%

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4
Q

What schools do special education regulations apply to?

A

Only public/ private schools that get federal funding

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5
Q

PL 94- 142 (1975)

A

Education for all Handicapped Children

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6
Q

What law tripled LD?

A

PL 94- 142 (1975)

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7
Q

What law enabled school-aged children to have right to FAPE?

A

PL 94- 142 (1975)

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8
Q

(1986)

A

reauthorized as PL 99-457
extended age to birth- 21 (EI)
FAPE mandated for ages 3-21

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9
Q

(1990)

A

IDEA PL 101-476
dropped handicapped - changed to disabilities
added Autism and TBI
Inclusion

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10
Q

(1997)

A

Expanded LRE

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11
Q

(2004)

A 
IDEIA
most recent
aligned with NCLB 2001
focus on increasing expectations 
Changed SLD evaluation procedures
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12
Q

What does the ‘I” in IDEIA stand for?

A

Improvement

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13
Q

What was the LD definition based off of in the mid- late 1800s?

A

neurology, psychology, education, and clinicians observations

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14
Q

How did Sam Kirk (1963) contribute to SLD?

A

defined LD

didn’t develop it, but played a part

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15
Q

Alfred Strauss

A

“Brain injured child”
final brain damage
medical model - etiology (whats causing this issue)

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16
Q

How can you show a discrepancy, but not be illegible for special education in school?

A

Child could be achieving fine in the classroom

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17
Q

What did IDEA (2004) emphasize?

A

Underachievement

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18
Q

What are the main classification systems (but not limited to)?

A
  1. Ability- Achievement
  2. MTSS/ TRI
  3. Research-Based Procedures
    EX: Strengths/ Weaknesses Model
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19
Q

Who was the father of the testing movement from England? Also what did he discover?

A

Sir Francis Galton

regression to the mean and correlation also found gain knowledge through senses, higher IQ = higher sensory discrimination

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20
Q

Who created the product movement correlation from England?

A

Karl Pearson

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21
Q

Who was James McKeen Cattle?

A

USA
Individual differences in behavior
Established lab at Penn

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22
Q

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus discover? (Germany)

A

sent comp, presenter of group administered IQ tests, tests of memory, and math computation

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23
Q

What did Carl Wernicke (Germany) discover?

A

brain localization, temporal, left, detection of ID

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24
Q

Henry H Goddard?

A

introduced the Binet Simon scales to the US
Revised the 1908 scale and standardized it on 2000 American children
viewed intelligence as a single underlying function
binet viewed it as shifting

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25
Q

Lewis M Terman?

A

The Stanford revision and extension of the Binet Simon scale
used mental quotients

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26
Q

Robert M Yerkes

A

against the age-scale - items are standardized on different ages
published point scale- quality of responses and correctness

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27
Q

What is a mental quotient?

A

how far does IQ divert from others of his/her age

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28
Q

What is metacognition?

A

how we think about thinking

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29
Q

David Wechsler

A

wechsler-bellevus intelligence scale, form 1
point scale developed after reviewing the standardized test of the 1930s
Considered intelligence to be a part of the larger construct of personality

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30
Q

Common definitions of intelligence?

A

adaptions to the environments, basic mental processes, higher-order thinking

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31
Q

Differences in definitions of intelligence?

A

metacognition and executive processes
knowledge of the interaction between knowledge and mental processes
context, particularly the value culture places on intelligence

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32
Q

What was Terman’s definition of intelligence?

A

ability to carry on abstract thinking

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33
Q

What was Binet’s definition of intelligence?

A

collection of faculties, judgement, practical sense, initiative, and the ability to adapt to circumstances

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34
Q

What was Wechsler’s definition of intelligence?

A

composed of the qualitatively different abilities

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35
Q

What is the factor analytic theory?

A

how items load

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36
Q

Cattle and Horn’s fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

2 types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized

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37
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Nonverbal, relatively culture-free mental efficiency, adaptive and new learning capabilities
More dependent on physiological structure
More likely to decline
Sensitive to TBI

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38
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Acquired skills and knowledge, dependent on exposure to culture
Continues and stays the same

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39
Q

Gardner’s multiple Intelligence

A

8 competencies

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40
Q

What did Thordikes theory of intelligence include?

A

social, concrete, abstract (all separate)

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41
Q

What did Piaget’s theory of intelligence include?

A

intelligence is a form of biological adaptations to one’s environment
Assimilation and accommodations

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42
Q

What are learning disabilities?

A

Umbrella term for a wide variety of disorders

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43
Q

Dyslexia

A

inability to read

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of dyslexia?

A

Developmental and Acquired

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45
Q

What is developmental dyslexia?

A

acquired before or just after birth or from injury/ brain damage

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46
Q

What percentage of the school-aged population have a learning disability?

A

10-15%

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47
Q

What is acquired dyslexia?

A

Due to brain damage after learning to read

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48
Q

what fraction students lack fundamental reading skills?

A

1/3

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49
Q

What are some common symptoms associated with SLD?

A 
hyperactivity 
perceptual motor impairments
emotional libability 
general coordination deficits 
disorders of attention (short attention span, distractibility)
disorders of memory and thinking 
disorders in speech and hearing 
neurological signs and irregular EEG
50
Q

What skills are required for reading?

A
  1. Letter identification
  2. phonological skills
  3. Grapheme skills
  4. Sequencing skills
  5. Short-term memory
51
Q

What is lexicon?

A

Your store of words and their meanings that you know

you combine and use the words

52
Q

Phonological Reading

A

being able to recognize and manipulate sound
decode by the sounds of words
converts a letter or group of letters into sounds

53
Q

Graphemic Reading

A

word is memorized

whole word reading

54
Q

Phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound in language

55
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit that has meaning

EX: pre

56
Q

What does dyslexia in preschoolers look like?

A

articulation problems
trouble with phoneme awareness, rhyming, and saying polysyllabic words EX: animals
difficulty recalling basic information

57
Q

What does dyslexia in elementary age children look like?

A

difficulty remembering the names of letters, then learning the sounds, and sound blending
automatic word recognition is more slow and labored
speed up and make more pronunciation errors or do not read every word in the text

58
Q

What does dyslexia beyond 3rd grade look like?

A

difficulty correctly guessing low frequency words

59
Q

What is phonological Dyslexia?

A 
Poor phonological processing skills
Poor auditory processing
Poor receptive language 
Difficulty with basic word attack skills
Poor pseudoword performance
likely significant history of ear infections
tend to activate the occipital lobe
60
Q

What is orthographic dyslexia?

A

read in a slow, laborious matter
Problems with sight words
Left ventral stream important in orthography

61
Q

What are the Feifer and Della Toffalo (2007) 4 subtypes of Dyslexia?

A
  1. Dysphonetic
  2. Surface
  3. Mixed
  4. Comprehension
62
Q

What does Dysphonetic mean?

A

learn by the whole word
over reliant on picture words
inaccurate oral readers

63
Q

What does Surface mean?

A

over reliance on the sound symbol relationship

reading never become automatic

64
Q

What does mixed mean?

A

dysphenetic and surface, so learn by picture and sound/ symbol relationship

65
Q

Comprehension

A

difficulty with meaning

66
Q

What is semantics?

A

individual words and sentence structure

67
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

function of the message conveyed

68
Q

What is a semantic subsection error?

A

words have similar meanings, but different word

69
Q

What is phonemic substitution?

A

substitutes letters within words

70
Q

What is configuration substitution?

A

Ssing beginning letters or whole word and making errors that way
EX: photography said as photograph
EX: Card said as cart

71
Q

Sequencing/ reversal?

A

reserves word order for parts of words

72
Q

Syntax errors?

A

ignores or adds punctuation

73
Q

Metacognitive (executive) correction

A

automatically. corrects words

74
Q

What are some causes of reading disabilities?

A

phonological deficiency, attention deficiency, sensory deficiency, motor deficiency, evaluating the theories

75
Q

What is the prevalence of math LD?

76
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of math LD?

A

semantic memory, procedural, and visual-spatial

77
Q

What does semantic memory in math LD look like?

A

poor number-symbol association, poor math fact automaticity, comorbid Res and language disorders

78
Q

What does the procedural subtype in math LD look like?

A

poor strategy/ algorithm
poor working memory, limited flexibility
rely on immature strategies
comorbid ADHD

79
Q

What does the visual-spatial subtype in math LD look like?

A

problems with column alignment, place values, and operand adherence

80
Q

What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, maturational log?

A

cognitive functions undergo hierarchically development
if 1 level lags, subsequent levels will be delayed
learning disabilities persistent after maturation

81
Q

What is the developmental influence on learning disabilities, environmental deprivation

A

deprivation can have long lasting consequences on physical and intellectual devlopment
EX: books and talking

82
Q

What is the birthday effect?

A

maturational age could aggravate performance in learning disabled children

83
Q

What are the main concepts of the IDEA (2004) definition of SLD?

A

refers to a specific learning disability, implying that the disability or disorder affects specific academic skills or domains
disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes

84
Q

Can you ever just use one classification system to identify SLD

A

no, because they are somewhat vague and ambiguous terms

85
Q

Ability-Achievement Discrepancy

A

discrepancy between intellectual ability and academic achievement
Ysseldyke
wait to fail method

86
Q

Can a child can have an SLD in only 1 academic area. True or False?

87
Q

What are the 8 categories of SLD?

A 
Oral Expression
Listening Comprehension
Written Expression
Basic Reading Skill
Reading Fluency Skill
Reading Comprehension
Mathematics Calculation
Mathematics Problem Solving
88
Q

what percent of identified SLD students have deficits in reading skills?

89
Q

What does “lexia” mean?

90
Q

What does aphasia mean?

A

loss of language ability resulting from a brain injury

91
Q

Who created dyslexia strephosymbolia and what does it mean?

A

Samuel Orton

tendencies to reverse or invert letters or words when learning to read or write

92
Q

What is the description of ID?

A

impairment that affects adaptive functioning in conceptual social and practical domains

93
Q

What is the description of a communication disorder/

A

impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication

94
Q

What is the description of ASD?

A

impairment in social interactions; repetitive behavior pattern

95
Q

What is the description of ADHD?

A

impairments in attention to detail, hyperactivity exemplified by excessive talking, fidgeting, or inability to remain seated in appropriate situations

96
Q

What is the description of SLD?

A

persistent difficultuies in reading, writing, arithmetic or math reasoning skills during formal schooling

97
Q

What is the ability to decompose words into their constituent speech sounds?

A

phonemic awareness

98
Q

How does the cerebellum affect reading?

A

timing and attention

99
Q

What loads into math problem solving on the WIAT?

A

Math Problem Solving

100
Q

What loads into Math Calculation on the WIAT?

A

Math Fluency and Numerical Operations

101
Q

What loads into Written Expression on the WIAT?

A

Spelling, Sentences, Essay, Alphabet

102
Q

What loads into Oral Expression on the WIAT?

A

Sentence Repetition, Expressive Vocabulary, and Word Fluency

103
Q

What loads into Listening Comprehension on the WIAT?

A

Receptive Vocabulary and Oral Discourse

104
Q

What loads into Basic Reading on the WIAT?

A

Psuedoword and Word Reading

105
Q

What loads into Reading Comprehension on the WIAT?

A

Reading Comprehension

106
Q

Hyperlexia

A

unusual reading ability

107
Q

What is habituation?

A

response to a stimulus weakens with repeated exposure

108
Q

Geschwind-Galaburda Theory

A

gondola hormones may affect brain development and learning

109
Q

What loads into verbal comprehension?

A

Similarities and Vocabulary

110
Q

What loads into fluid reasoning?

A

matrix reasoning and figure weights

111
Q

What loads into visual spatial?

A

Block Design and (visual puzzles)

112
Q

What loads into working memory?

A

digit span and (picture span)

113
Q

What loads into processing speed?

A

coding, (symbol search) and (cancellation)

114
Q

What are the 3 conditions that must be met for the federal classification of SLD?

A
  1. Underachievement
  2. RTI or Psychoeducational Assessment
  3. Exclusionary factors
115
Q

What are some reasons ability-achievement is not always considered the ideal method?

A
  1. assumption that IQ is a near perfect predictor or achievement
  2. applied inconsistently
  3. statistically significant but not clinically significant
  4. wait-to-fail —- usually not till 3 or 4 grade
  5. doesn’t always identify processing deficits
  6. over identification on minority students
116
Q

What is RTI/MTSS based on?

A

treatment validity

117
Q

Dysgraphia

A

inability to produce the motor patterns needed for writing OR the inability to spell both novel and familiar words

118
Q

oral language impairments

A

exhibit difficulties with written expression, handwriting, spelling. lack necessary lexical, morphological, orthographic, and syntactic knowledge to express their thoughts in writing

119
Q

What are the 3 subtests of a writing disability?

A

Dyslexia
Oral Language Impairment
Dysgraphia

120
Q

Subitizing

A

judge the numbers of objects in a group rapidly, accurately and confidently

SLD (1 decks)

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